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Contents vii
Classification and Definitions of Major Crimes 86

Violent Crime 86
Crimes against Property 88
Crimes Excluded from the Uniform Crime Reports 90
Theories of Criminality and Causes of Crime 99
Classical versus Positivist Theory of Crime 99
Nature versus Nurture 100
Other Theories to Explain Criminality 101
Offenders 104
Career Criminals or Recidivists 104
Juvenile Offenders 105
Victims of Crime and Violence 106
Types of Victims 106
Victimization Factors—Who Is at Risk? 107
Other Factors in Victimization 107
Effects of Victimization 108
Fear of Victimization 108
The “Second Wound”: Further Victimization by the Criminal Justice System 109
Support Groups to Assist Victims 110
The Movement toward Crime Victims’ Rights—A Brief Historical Overview 110
Programs and Services for Crime Victims 112
A Parallel Justice System for Victims? 112
The Police Role 113
Police Officers as Victims 114
SECTION II:
CONTEMPORARY LAW ENFORCEMENT 119
Chapter 4: Today’s Police and Police Agency:
An Overview 121
Introduction 122
Policing and the People 124
The Police Role 125
Traditional Functions of Policing 126
Contemporary Goals Resulting from Community Policing 132
Organization of the Police Department 132
Administrative Services 134
Field Services 143
Rural Policing 145
The Police Organizational Culture 146
Styles of Policing: A Call For Change 148
The Police Image 151
Factors Influencing Police Image 152
Stereotypes 153
Satisfaction with and Confidence in the Police 155
viii Contents
Chapter 5: Policing in a Post-9/11 Society 159

Introduction 160
Contemporary Community Policing 161
The Importance of Community 165
Serving and Protecting Our Increasingly Diverse Population 169
Involving and Educating Citizens 171
Partnerships 173
Changes in Management Style and Organization 181
Potential Benefits of Community Policing 182
Resistance to and Pitfalls in Implementing Community Policing 182
Evaluating Progress 185
Problem-Solving Policing 186
The Key Elements of Problem-Solving Policing 188
The SARA Model of Problem Solving 189
Common Barriers to and Mistakes in Problem Solving 190
Data-Driven Strategies to Policing 190
CompStat Policing 191
Intelligence-Led Policing 193
Evidence-Based Policing 197
Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety 201
Predictive Policing 201
Putting it all Together: the Safe City Program 203
Chapter 6: Patrol: The Backbone of Policing 209
Introduction 210
Patrol Officer Responsibilities and Functions 211
Management of Patrol Operations 213
Patrol Techniques and Strategies 214
General Patrol 214
Directed Patrol 216
Activities While on Patrol 219
Responding to Calls for Service 219
Self-Initiated Tasks 221
Administrative Duties 223
Methods of Patrol 223
Foot Patrol 224
Automobile Patrol 225
Motorcycle Patrol 228
Bicycle Patrol 228
Segways 229
Mounted Patrol 230
Air Patrol 230
Water Patrol 231
Special-Terrain Patrol 231
Contents ix
Combination Patrol 232

High Visibility versus Low Visibility 232
The Traffic Division: An Overview 233
Directing and Controlling Traffic 234
Enforcing Traffic Laws 234
Educating the Public 245
Assisting at and Investigating Traffic Crashes 245
Responsibilities of the Officer Called to a Crash Scene 246
Crash Reconstruction 247
Chapter 7: Specialized Roles of Police 252
Introduction 253
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Specialization 254
Investigators 254
The Preliminary Investigation 255
The Follow-Up Investigation 257
General Investigative Responsibilities 257
Identifying Missing Persons and Human Remains 266
Crime Scene Investigators 266
Forensic Scientists 268
Fingerprints 269
DNA 270
Firearms 274
Criminal Investigative Analysts (AKA Profilers) 275
Intelligence Officers 277
Undercover Officers 278
Internal Affairs 279
Juvenile Officers 280
Vice Officers 281
Gambling and Bookmaking 283
Prostitution and Pornography 283
Swat Officers 284
K-9 Units 286
Reserve Officers 289
Other Specialized Police 290
SECTION III:
CHALLENGES TO THE PROFESSION 295
Chapter 8: Policing within the Law 297
Introduction 298
Police Discretion and the Law 299
The Fourth Amendment 301
Reasonable 302
Probable Cause 302
x Contents
The Police–Citizen Contact Continuum 303

Voluntary Contact 304
Investigative Detention:The Terry Stop 305
Road Blocks and Checkpoints 311
Lawful Searches 312
Searches Conducted with a Warrant 313
Searches Conducted without a Warrant 315
Lawful Arrests 327
Arrest Warrants 328
Arrests without a Warrant 328
Right to Resist Arrest 329
De Facto Arrests 329
Protecting a Suspect’s Rights—The Miranda Warning 330
Related Cases 332
Waiving the Right 333
Beachheading or “Question First” 334
The Public Safety Exception 334
How Long Do Miranda Warnings Last? 335
Protecting the Rights of Foreign Nationals 335
Involuntary Confessions 336
Entrapment 336
A Recap of the Landmark Cases 337
Chapter 9: Issues Concerning Police Conduct 346
Introduction 347
Discretion 348
Discrimination or Disparity in Policing: Gender, Class, and Race Issues 348
Gender Issues 350
Class Issues 350
Racial Issues 351
Use of Force 358
Gender and Use of Force 358
Use-of-Force Continuums 359
Sudden In-Custody Death 359
Reasonable Force 361
Excessive Force 362
Less-Lethal Force 363
Deadly Force 366
Use of Force and Race 368
Avoiding Use-of-Force-Related Problems 369
Officers’ Rights in Use-of-Force Lawsuits 371
Police Pursuits 371
To Pursue or Not to Pursue 372
Pursuit Policies 373
Liability in Police Pursuits 374
Contents xi
Civil Liability 375

Lawsuits and SWAT 376
Reducing Civil Liability 377
Corruption, Ethics, and Integrity 378
What Constitutes Corruption? 379
How Corruption Arises and Perpetuates 381
How Police Learn about Ethics 382
The Importance of Police Integrity and Core Virtues 383
Building an Ethical Department 384
Chapter 10: Gangs and Drugs: Threats to Our National Security 390
Introduction 391
The Threat of Gangs: Current Trends 391
Defining and Classifying Gangs 394
Street Gangs 395
Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 397
Prison Gangs 400
Characteristics of Gangs 401
Criminal Activities 401
Organization 402
Leadership 403
Domain Identification 403
Symbols 403
Names 404
The Gang Subculture 404
Why People Join Gangs 405
Risk Factors 405
Responding to a Gang Problem 407
Gang Intelligence 407
Gang Control Strategies 408
Prosecuting Gang Members 415
Gangs, Drugs, Crime, and Violence 415
Drug Cartels 417
The Mexican Drug War 417
Other U.S. Borders 419
The History of Drug Use in the United States 419
National Drug Threat Assessment 420
Monitoring the Future 420
National Survey on Drug Use and Health 422
Controlled Substances: An Overview 422
Controlled Prescription Drugs 423
Heroin 424
Methamphetamine 425
Cocaine 427
Marijuana 427
xii Contents
Synthetic Designer Drugs 428

Other Controlled Substances 428
Over-the-Counter Drugs 429
The “War on Drugs” and the National Drug Control Strategy 430
Prevention: Stopping Drug Use before It Starts 430
Treatment: Healing America’s Drug Users 432
Crime Control: Disrupting the Market 432
Punishment 436
Legalization 437
The Nexus Between Illicit-Drug Abuse and Crime 438
Chapter 11: Terrorism and Homeland Security 444
Introduction 445
What is Terrorism? 446
Asymmetric Warfare 447
The Evolution of Terrorist Ideology 448
Classification of Terrorist Acts 449
International Terrorism 449
Homegrown Violent Extremists 450
Domestic Terrorism 452
The “Lone Wolf” Offender 453
Motivations for Terrorism 453
Methods Used by Terrorists 454
Arson, Explosives, and Bombs 454
Weapons of Mass Destruction 457
Technological Terrorism 459
Kidnappings and Hostage-Takings 460
Active Shooters 460
The U.S. Response to 9/11—Detect, Prepare, Prevent, Protect,
Respond, and Recover 460
The Department of Homeland Security 461
The USA Freedom Act 462
Increased Border Security 463
The National Incident Management System 463
The National Response Framework 464
The National Response Plan 465
Intelligence Gathering and Sharing:The Need for Interoperability 465
Addressing Obstacles to Intelligence Sharing 467
The Critical Role of Local Law Enforcement in Homeland Security 467
Knowing the Enemy and Being Vigilant—Prevention 468
Completing Suspicious Activity Reports and Sharing Information 468
Preparing—The Agency and the Community 470
Practicing the Response 470
Assessing Risks and Identifying Potential Terrorist Targets 471
Being Proactive and Forming Partnerships 472
Contents xiii
Responding to Terrorist Attacks 473

Investigating Terrorist Acts 473
Funding Terrorism 473
Terrorists as Criminals 474
Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism 474
Concern for Civil Rights 476
Retaliation or Discrimination against People of Middle Eastern Descent 476
A Final Consideration 477
Chapter 12: Becoming a Law Enforcement Professional 483
Introduction 484
Evaluating and Selecting an Agency for Employment 485
Desired Qualities of Law Enforcement Officers 486
Finding Qualified Applicants 487
Other Recruiting Challenges 489
Recruiting Strategies 490
The Law Enforcement Recruitment Toolkit 490
Recruiting for Diversity 491
The Importance of Hiring Well 493
The Selection Process 494
The Formal Application—Basic Requirements to Become a Police Officer 494
The Written Examination 499
Physical Fitness Tests 499
Psychological Testing 501
The Interview 501
The Background Investigation 502
Testing or Assessment Centers 503
The Medical Examination 504
The Final Result 504
Federal Guidelines and Regulations 504
Equal Employment Opportunity Act 505
Affirmative Action 505
Americans with Disabilities Act 507
Probation and Training 508
Training and Civil Liability 509
Retention 511
Why Officers Leave 511
Salary and Benefits 512
Elimination of Sexual Harassment 513
Stress and Burnout 514
Retention Strategies 516
Unions 516
Moonlighting 518
Accreditation 519
xiv Contents
Police Professionalism 521

Specialized Knowledge 521
Autonomy 521
A Service Ideal 522
SECTION IV:
COURTS AND CORRECTIONS: LAW ENFORCEMENT’S
PARTNERS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 527
Chapter 13: U.S. Courts 529
Introduction 530
The Court System: An Overview 531
The State Court System 532
Juvenile Courts 532
The Federal Court System 534
The United States Supreme Court 535
Specialized Courts 535
Tribal Courts 536
Community Courts 536
Problem-Solving Courts 536
The Adversary System 540
Key Players in the Judicial Process 542
The Defendant 542
The Prosecutor 543
The Defense Attorney 545
The Judge 545
The Jury 545
Critical Stages in the Criminal Justice Process 546
Bail and Writ of Habeas Corpus 549
The Preliminary Hearing 549
The Arraignment 550
Omnibus Hearing 550
Alternatives to a Trial 551
Diversion 551
Plea and Charge Bargaining 552
The Trial 553
Jury Selection 553
Testimony 554
Closing Statements and Jury Deliberation 554
Sentencing 554
Case Review and Appeal 556
The Police Officer in Court 556
Preparing a Case for Prosecution 557
Appearing as a Witness 558
Contents xv
Testifying under Direct Examination 560

Testifying under Cross-Examination 561
Expert Testimony 562
After Testifying 563
Courtroom Security 564
Chapter 14: Corrections 569
Introduction 570
An Overview of U.S. Corrections: Philosophy and Principles 571
Purposes and Goals of Corrections 571
Two Conflicting Views of Corrections 574
Correctional Ideologies and Models 575
Pretrial Services, Detention, and Diversion 576
Alternatives to Incarceration 577
Financial Sanctions: Fines, Forfeiture, and Restitution 578
Intensive Supervision Probation 578
House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring 579
Day Reporting Centers 579
Residential Community Corrections 579
Probation 579
Incarceration 581
Jails 581
Prisons 583
Parole 585
Who Gets Parole 586
Conditions of Parole 586
Pros and Cons of Parole 586
Police, Probation, and Parole 587
Reentry and Reintegration 588
Community-Based Reintegration Programs 588
Elements of Successful Reentry Programs 589
Death Row Versus Life Without Parole 590
Juvenile Corrections 592
Intermediate Sanctions for Juveniles 593
Residential Placement 594
Aftercare 595
APPENDIX A: State Hate Crime Statutory Provisions 601

GLOSSARY 604
AUTHOR INDEX 617
SUBJECT INDEX 621
PrEfaCE
L
aw enforcement and criminal justice in the United States have evolved
tremendously since the country was founded more than 200 years ago.
Actually, the changes that have occurred in the past three decades alone
are impressive.
Most of you were not yet born when the first edition of this text was published
in 1979. Students studying law enforcement at that time were not exposed to the
breadth and depth of topics you are about to explore. The inaugural edition of
this book had no mention of the Internet, cybercrime, phishing, or identity theft.
Coverage of drugs did not include methamphetamine, spice, synthetic designer
drugs, or prescription drug abuse. There were no sections devoted to terrorism and
homeland security, school shootings, or hate crimes. Students did not learn about
use-of-force continuums, how to interact with the media, or how to communicate
with immigrant populations and increasingly diverse communities. Acronyms such
as BAC, DUI, CAD, GIS, MIS, IEDs, WMDs, HIV, and AIDS were meaningless.
Concepts such as racial profiling, accreditation, and community policing had not
yet taken shape. Clearly, the issues facing students of law enforcement and criminal
justice have changed substantially during the past 30 years.
Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice was written to present
an overview of the field and the numerous complexities within it. It also seeks
to instill an appreciation for those who “serve and protect” our society and an
understanding of this exciting, challenging profession. The future of our lawful,
democratic society depends largely on those currently in the field of criminal
justice and those preparing to enter it. Law enforcement officers have awesome
power and tremendous responsibilities that must be met under constantly changing
circumstances and in a way that protects individual rights and society’s rights
simultaneously—a tremendous challenge.
When we wrote the first edition of this text more than 35 years ago, law
enforcement seemed more predictable and faced different challenges than it does
now. In the 1970s, law enforcement was focused on restoring its image after the
disturbances and civil unrest of the 1960s. It saw organized crime as a major
national threat. Crime fighting was its most obvious mission. Victims were seen
primarily as sources of information. AIDS, crack cocaine, drive-by shootings and
children shooting children, domestic violence, and terrorism were not perceived as
problems. The first edition contained no chapters on community policing, prob-
lem solving, juveniles, or victims because these were not priorities. The beginnings
of community policing could be seen, however, in the discussions of team policing
and community service—helping citizens help themselves. The first edition also
xvi
Preface xvii
had no chapters on courts or corrections, focusing solely on the law enforcement

component of the criminal justice system.
This current edition recognizes the interrelationships of the components of
the criminal justice system and the need for coordination among them. As you
learn about law enforcement, you will find three recurring themes in this text. The
first theme is that of community or service orientation to law enforcement and
the critical importance of partnerships, viewing citizens as co-producers of justice.
A second theme is that of police officers as peace officers as well as crime fighters
and a concern for not only criminal justice but social justice as well—the need to
identify as guardians of their communities, not warriors. The third theme is that of
police officers’ discretion in their role as gatekeepers to the criminal justice system.
Each chapter in the text serves as an overview of an area that could be expanded
into an entire course.
MAJor FEATurES—ConTEXT THEMES

Not unexpectedly, the text begins with chapters that provide needed background
(Section I). Our present system of law enforcement did not just magically appear.
It has evolved slowly, shaped by numerous factors, including social and political
influences. Chapter 1 describes the evolution of law enforcement and the criminal
justice system from its ancient roots to the present system. Chapter 2 describes the
laws all U.S. citizens are expected to obey and how they came to be. Chapter 3
explores crime in the United States: what types of crimes are occurring and theo-
ries about why, who commits crime, and the effect it has on victims. This section
provides the context within which to understand contemporary policing in the
United States: its history and traditions and the laws under which it operates and
which it enforces, as well as the individuals who choose to disobey the laws and
their victims. Policing is, at its heart, about people.
Section II helps you understand the traditional organization and functions
of law enforcement, most of which can still be found within our law enforce-
ment agencies. First, an overview of the organization, goals, characteristics, and
culture is presented (Chapter 4). This is followed by a discussion of the current
approaches to policing being used in our post-9/11 society—community policing,
problem-solving policing, intelligence-led policing, and evidence-based policing
(Chapter 5). Next is a look at the vital function of patrol, considered the backbone
of policing, as well as the role of traffic duty (Chapter 6). The section ends with
an examination of the specialized assignments frequently found in larger agencies,
such as investigators, SWAT teams, school resource officers, and reserve officers
(Chapter 7).
Section III explores important challenges to the profession in the 21st
century. It begins with a discussion of the challenge of policing within the law,
apprehending criminals without violating their constitutional rights (Chapter
8). Next, significant issues involved in policing are described, including discre-
tion, discrimination, racial profiling, use of force, pursuit, liability, corruption,
and ethics (Chapter 9). Then the challenges posed by gangs and drugs, prob-
lems that have overshadowed the previous concern with organized crime, are
xviii Preface
presented (Chapter 10). This is followed by an examination of the latest threat to

our country—terrorism—and the role of local police in securing our homeland
(Chapter 11). The section concludes with a discussion of departmental issues,
including recruiting and retaining officers, civilian review boards, sexual harass-
ment, unions, moonlighting, privatization of law enforcement, accreditation, and
professionalism (Chapter 12).
The final section places law enforcement into the context of the criminal
justice system, examining its role with the other two components of the criminal
justice system: the courts and corrections. The need for collaboration and coop-
eration among the three components has become an important focus during the
past several decades. Chapter 13 describes the U.S. court system, its structure, key
players, critical stages, the trial itself, and the role of the law enforcement officer
in the court system. Chapter 14 explains the U.S. corrections system, its purposes,
components, alternatives, and issues, including that of capital punishment. Both
Chapters 13 and 14 also explain these two components within the juvenile justice
system.
nEW To THiS EdiTion

This 12th edition has been completely updated, with many sources cited being
published after 2012, including the Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st
Century Policing (2015). Included are 19 new terms, nine new Supreme Court case
rulings, and more than 50 new references. Specific changes within each chapter
include the following:
■ Chapter 1—The Evolution of Law Enforcement:
● We reorganized the Federal Law Enforcement Agencies section slightly
to bring discussion of agencies into alignment with new Department of

Justice and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) structures, moved
the DHS organizational chart from the terrorism chapter to this chapter,
added the Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 to section on Tribal Law
Enforcement, and added content related to President’s Task Force on
21st Century Policing.
■ Chapter 2—The American Quest for Freedom and Justice: Our Laws:
● In this chapter, we added a new section called “What is Law?” to introduce
the concept of social control (formal and informal) and Black’s sociological
theory that law varies inversely with other forms of social control. Addi-
tionally, the actual text of the Bill of Rights is now included with each
amendment section. There is a brief discussion about religious diversity
added to the section on Freedom of Religion and an added section on
McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) in the discussion of the Second Amend-
ment. We expanded the discussion about zones of privacy, per reviewer
suggestion, with an example of drones, reorganized the sections on crimi-
nal and civil law, and added key terms: penumbra, social contract, unenumerated
rights, zones of privacy.
Preface xix
■ Chapter 3—Crime in the United States: Offenses, Offenders,Victims:

● We have made many updates to this chapter, including the Crime Clock
statistics, National Incident-Based Reporting System offenses (to include new

crimes and categories), and the definition of rape, per the new Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI) definition (revised and legacy definitions provided).The
section on victims has been revised to include the Crime Victims’ Rights Act
of 2004 and an added discussion on police as victims, per reviewer suggestion.
The distinction between murder and homicide has also been clarified.
■ Chapter 4—Today’s Police and Police Agency: An Overview:
● This chapter has an added discussion of and content from the Final Report
of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing and a significantly

expanded discussion on styles of policing to emphasize the requisite shift
in law enforcement culture from warrior to guardian mindset. We have
introduced the concept of procedural justice; scaled back the discussion
on span of control; and updated the discussion of communication
and technology, adding information on police use of social media to
disseminate and receive information from the public, and the growing use
of tablets in field operations. The section on the public’s confidence in the
police has been updated to reflect recent survey results, and we’ve added
to the discussion of police image to address the influence of the media and
trends in public opinion polls. The section on 10-codes has been modified
to explain their phase out, and new key terms have been added, including
Ferguson effect, guardian, procedural justice, and warrior.
■ Chapter 5—Policing in a Post-9/11 Society:
● Most significantly, this chapter now comes earlier in the text; it was
Chapter 7 in the previous edition. It has been updated to include more
current examples of policing in action, new content on implicit bias and
how it factors into delivering procedural justice, and a new section on
asset mapping under evidence-based policing. We have clarified the role of
the community policing philosophy and the emphasis of its relevance to
today’s police mission, as supported by the President’s Task Force on 21st
Century Policing and post-Ferguson assessments of policing, including
an example of the Salinas (California) Police Department (2016), and
elaborated on how a sense of community benefits the policing mission and
provided links to stories where police departments acknowledge the
importance of sense of community. We have expanded the discussion to
support how the SARA (scanning, analyzing, responding, and assessing)
model and the idea of “broken windows” are still relevant to post-9/11
policing, added content related to predictive policing (PredPol), and added
a new figure on the four stages of the PredPol cycle. Additionally, we
replaced content related to National Law Enforcement Research Agenda
with discussion of the National Police Research Platform, as the preceding
has been discontinued, and updated the list of current research priorities.
Other notable additions include a new figure showing the primary
elements of community policing, with focus placed on the organizational
xx Preface
transformation of a police agency, an example of a school-based program

to build positive relationships between youth and the police, and two new
key terms: asset mapping, implicit bias.
■ Chapter 6—Patrol: The Backbone of Policing:
● There have been some minor reorganization and scaling back on some
of the content in this chapter because of the shuffling of chapters in this
edition. We have added to the discussion on CompStat, speed cameras,
and updated statistics throughout. We included information on Missouri v.
McNeely (2013), a case that impacted police taking warrantless blood draws
from DWI (driving while intoxicated) suspects, and included using drug
recognition experts to detect impairment in drivers. We also deleted the
term road rage and added aggressive driving to reflect change in terminology
used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
■ Chapter 7—Specialized Roles of Police:
● Within this chapter, we reorganized and placed all forensic science and
crime scene investigation content together to avoid disjointedness and

changed the title of the section on “Profilers” to “Criminal Investigative
Analysts” to follow change in terminology used by the FBI. We added the
requirements specified by the International Crime Scene Investigators
Association to become certified as a forensic crime scene investigator,
content about the National Commission on Forensic Science and
its purpose, information about biometric analysis and the FBI’s new
Biometric Center of Excellence, a note about the Supreme Court
ruling allowing the preconviction collection of DNA, a paragraph on
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its usefulness to investigators, and
detail on the requirements to becoming a criminal profiler or investigative
analyst. There is additional discussion on school resource officers,
specifically about the National Association of School Resource Officers’
mission and training programs, new examples of how various police
agencies approach vice problems, and more information on bookmaking
in the section on gambling. We have expanded the discussion on K-9 units
to include more on training and certification requirements and factors to
consider when applying to become a K-9 handler and added more about
the requirements to become a reserve officer. There is one new key term
(biometrics) and a new case, Florida v. Jardines (2013), which discusses the
legality of dog sniffs at houses.
■ Chapter 8—Policing within the Law:
● We have added discussion of several new cases to this chapter: Horton v.
California (1990) to the section on plain view evidence, to better clarify
how plain view does not always invoke the plain view doctrine; Riley v.
California (2014) and U.S. v.Wurie (2014), which deal with warrantless
searches of digital data on cell phones; U.S. v. Davis (2014), which ruled
that police do not need a warrant to retrieve cell phone location records in
the course of an investigation; and State v. Brossart (2015), which addresses
Preface xxi
the emerging law regarding drones. Table 8.2 has been expanded to include
the new cases presented in the chapter. There is also clarified discussion of
“beachheading” or questioning first tactics under Miranda section.
■ Chapter 9—Issues Concerning Police Conduct:
● This chapter was moved to follow Chapter 8 (it was Chapter 11 in the
previous edition). There is new content regarding officer interaction
with the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning)
community, the criminalization of immigration in the United States, the
use of body cameras and their pros and cons, Brady-Giglio impaired officers,
credibility issues, and the negative repercussions of unethical behavior by
officers. We deleted the use-of-force continuum figure and discussed the
national trend of moving away from the use of such continuums. We added
mention of the Deaths in Custody Reporting Act of 2000 and data from
the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ Arrest-Related Deaths Program and noted
the replacement of the Secure Communities immigration enforcement
program by the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) in July 2015. There
are new data on excited delirium syndrome deaths, two new key terms
(Brady rule, impeach), and one new case (Giglio v. United States, 1972).
■ Chapter 10—Gangs and Drugs: Threats to Our National Security:
● This chapter contains thoroughly updated statistics regarding gang
membership and the prevalence of gangs, including results from the

2015 National Gang Report, a new discussion on Changing Course, a gang
prevention publication co-produced by the National Institute of Justice
and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and a brief addition of
reasons why police and city officials may fear admitting a gang presence
in their community. There is updated content related to the drug problem
and how street gangs are teaming up with Mexican transnational criminal
organizations and other transnational criminal organizations to expand
drug trade and increase revenue, an added section on the National Survey
on Drug Use and Health as a source of information about trends in
national drug use and abuse, and an expanded discussion of heroin to
cover the increasing number of heroin overdoses and the use of Naloxone
(Narcan) by first responders, including police officers. We also note two
documents related to cleanup of drug labs—the Drug Enforcement
Agency’s Redbook and the Environmental Protection Agency’s Voluntary
Guidelines—and added content about legalized marijuana and the
increasing threat posed by synthetic marijuana (Spice, K2, and so on) and
other designer drugs (“bath salts”).
■ Chapter 11—Terrorism and Homeland Security:
● Given the timeliness of this particular topic, this chapter has been expanded
and revised greatly. We added new content about the threat of ISIL (ISIS),
more recent examples of and statistics regarding terrorism in the U.S.
post-9/11, a paragraph about the State and Local Anti-Terrorism Training
Program, and discussion of resources available to help law enforcement
xxii Preface
agencies develop a terrorism response (e.g., training, equipment).

We modified the Homegrown Terrorist section to become homegrown
violent extremists (HVEs), per current terminology, and discussed the
formation of the Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Task Force by
the DHS. We have greatly expanded the discussion of domestic terrorist
groups (per reviewer request) to include hate groups identified and tracked
by the Southern Poverty Law Center: the Ku Klux Klan, neo-Nazis,
white nationalists, racist skinheads, Christian identity, neo-Confederates,
black separatist, and general hate groups. We revised the section on the
USA PATRIOT Act to reflect its expiration and replacement by the USA
Freedom Act, with discussion of modified provisions related to surveillance
and bulk data collection (per reviewer feedback), updated discussion on
DHS vision and core missions, and added mention of the Homeland
Security Digital Library (HSDL.org) for students to peruse, per reviewer
suggestion. There are new examples and links to terrorist plots thwarted in
New York since 9/11 and several new key terms: crowdsourcing, Islamic State
of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and “lone wolf” offender.
■ Chapter 12—Becoming a Law Enforcement Professional:
● This chapter has new findings and recommendations of the President’s Task
Force on 21st Century Policing related to hiring and training and more
information on the increasing popularity of right-to-work laws, which is also
included as a new key term.
■ Chapter 13—U.S. Courts:
● Along with updated statistics, this chapter includes a brief addition of
juveniles’ rights in court; more information on the consequences of

Brady-Giglio violations; per reviewer suggestion; and a new key term, charge
bargaining.
■ Chapter 14—Corrections:
● This chapter has been reorganized slightly, with updated statistics
throughout. There is added content on the “pay-to-stay” concept for jails
and reasons for wrongful convictions, as well as new data on victimization
of juvenile offenders while in custody.
HoW To uSE THiS TEXT

Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice is more than a text. It is a learn-
ing experience requiring your active participation to obtain the best results.
You will get the most out of the book if you first familiarize yourself with the
total scope of law enforcement: Read and think about the subjects listed in the
table of contents. Then follow five steps for each chapter to achieve triple-strength
learning:
Preface xxiii
1. Read the learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter. This is your first
exposure to the key concepts of the text. Also review the key terms and think
about their meaning in the context of law enforcement.
2. Read the chapter, underlining or taking notes if that is your preferred study
style. Pay special attention to all information set apart in the text with a graphic
symbol. This is your second exposure to the chapter’s key concepts. Also pay at-
tention to all words in bold print. All key terms will be in bold print when
they are first used and defined.
3. Read the summary carefully. This will be your third exposure to the key con-
cepts. By this point, you should have internalized the information.
4. To make sure you have learned the information, when you have finished read-
ing a chapter, reread the list of learning objectives given at the beginning of
that chapter to make certain you can address each one. If you find yourself
stumped, find the appropriate material in the chapter and review it. Often
these main topics will be used for essay questions during testing.
5. Review the key terms to be certain you can define each. These also are fre-
quently used as test items.
Note: The material selected as learning objectives, to be highlighted using the tri-
ple-strength learning instructional design, includes only the chapter’s key concepts.
Although this information is certainly important because it provides a structural
foundation for understanding the topic(s) discussed, you cannot simply glance over
the learning objective boxes and summaries and expect to have mastered the chap-
ter. You are also responsible for reading and understanding the material that sur-
rounds these basics—the “meat” around the bones, so to speak.
Good reading and learning!
AnCiLLAriES
For the instructor
online instructor’s Manual The manual includes learning objectives, key terms, a
detailed chapter outline, student activities, and media tools. The learning objectives
are correlated with the discussion topics, student activities, and media tools. The
manual is available for download on the password-protected website and can also
be obtained by e-mailing your local Cengage Learning representative.
online Test Bank Each chapter of the test bank contains questions in multi-
ple-choice, true/false, completion, and essay formats, with a full answer key. The
test bank is coded to the learning objectives that appear in the main text, refer-
ences to the section in the main text where the answers can be found, and Bloom’s
taxonomy. Finally, each question in the test bank has been carefully reviewed by
experienced criminal justice instructors for quality, accuracy, and content coverage.
The Test Bank is available for download on the password-protected website and
can also be obtained by e-mailing your local Cengage Learning representative.
xxiv Preface
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero This assessment software is a flex-

ible, online system that allows you to import, edit, and manipulate test bank con-
tent from the Criminal Investigation test bank or elsewhere, including your own
favorite test questions; create multiple test versions in an instant; and deliver tests
from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want.
online Powerpoint Lectures Helping you make your lectures more engaging while
effectively reaching your visually oriented students, these handy Microsoft Power-
Point slides outline the chapters of the main text in a classroom-ready presenta-
tion. The PowerPoint slides are updated to reflect the content and organization of
the new edition of the text and feature some additional examples and real-world
cases for application and discussion. Available for download on the password-pro-
tected instructor companion website, the presentations and can also be obtained by
e-mailing your local Cengage Learning representative.
For the Student

Mindtap for Criminal investigation
With MindTap™ Criminal Justice for Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal
Justice, you have the tools you need to better manage your limited time, with the ability
to complete assignments whenever and wherever you are ready to learn. Course
material that is specially customized for you by your instructor in a proven, easy-
to-use interface, keeps you engaged and active in the course. MindTap helps you
achieve better grades today by cultivating a true understanding of course concepts
and with a mobile app to keep you on track. With a wide array of course specific
tools and apps—from note taking to flashcards—you can feel confident that Mind-
Tap is a worthwhile and valuable investment in your education.
You will stay engaged with MindTap’s video cases and career scenarios and
remain motivated by information that shows where you stand at all times—both
individually and compared with the highest performers in class. MindTap elim-
inates the guesswork, focusing on what’s most important with a learning path
designed specifically by your instructor and for your Law Enforcement course.
Master the most important information with built-in study tools such as visual
chapter summaries and integrated learning objectives that will help you stay orga-
nized and use your time efficiently.
aCkNOwlEdgmENTS
First, we must acknowledge Henry M. Wrobleski (1922–2007), the original lead

author for the first six editions of this text. Henry was the former coordinator of the
Law Enforcement Program at Normandale Community College, Bloomington,
Minnesota. He was a respected author, lecturer, consultant, and expert witness with
30 years of experience in law enforcement. He was also the dean of instruction for
the Institute for Professional Development and a graduate of the FBI Academy.
Other Cengage texts Mr. Wrobleski coauthored are Introduction to Private Security,
4th edition, and Police Operations, 3rd edition. He is truly missed.
We would like to thank the reviewers for the 12th edition:
John C. Gregory, Tidewater Community College
Don Haley, Tidewater Community College
Rick James, Tidewater Community College
Aaron Pomeranz, Tidewater Community College
David L. White, Tidewater Community College
For their valuable suggestions for the previous editions of Introduction to Law
Enforcement and Criminal Justice, thank you to Constance M. Bennett, Seminole
Community College; Kenneth Bowser, Westfield State College; Robert Brode,
College of the Canyons; Roger Brown, Golden Valley Lutheran College; Steven
Brown, East Tennessee State University; William Castleberry, University of
Tennessee–Martin; Megan Cole, Brown College; Lisa Kay Decker, Indiana State
University; Vincent Del Castillo, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Elizabeth
DeValve, Fayetteville State University; Rita Dorsey, Shelby Community College;
David G. Epstein, Brunswick Junior College; Chris W. Eskridge, University of
Nebraska; Mary Beth Finn, Herzing University; Judith Fitzgerald, Bowie State
University; Larry Gaines, Eastern Kentucky University; James N. Gilbert, University
of Nebraska; Larry A. Gould, Northern Arizona University; George Green, Mankato
State University; Martin A. Greenberg, Ulster County Community College;
Edmund Grosskopf, Indiana State University; Daniel Gunderson, Chippewa
Valley Technical College; Burt C. Hagerman, Oakland Community College;
Hill Harper, Valdosta State University; Larry W. Hensel, Tallahassee Community
College; Thomas Hinze, Riverland Community College; Robert G. Huckabee,
Indiana State University; Robert Ingram, Florida International University; Robert
R. Ives, Rock Valley College; Paul H. Johnson, Murray State University; William
Kelly, Auburn University; William R. King, Bowling Green State University;
Leonard Luzky, Ocean City College; Sidney A. Lyle, Odessa College; Michael
Moberly, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale; Glen Morgan, Lincoln Land
xxv
xxvi Acknowledgments
Community College; M. G. Neithercutt, California State University–Hayward;

James E. Newman, Police Academy, Rio Hondo Community College; Darek
Niklas, Rhode Island College; E. W. Oglesby, Fullerton College; Charles Ousley,
Seminole State College; Joseph Polanski, Sinclair Community College; Frank Post,
Fullerton College; James W. Robinson, Louisiana State University–Eunice; Chad
Rosa, Kaplan University and MSB/Globe University; Steve Rugger, University
of South Carolina Upstate; Jack Spurlin, Missouri Southern College; James
Stinchcomb, Miami Dade Community College; Christine L. Stymus, Bryant &
Stratton College; Jack Taylor, Oscar Rose Junior College; Gary W. Tucker, Sinclair
Community College; Larry Tuttle, Palm Beach Junior College; Lawrence Trostle,
University of Anchorage; Myron Utech, University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire;
Tim Vieders, Niagara County Community College; Robert F. Vodde, Fairleigh
Dickinson University; Robert C. Wadman, Weber State University; James Walsh,
Mount San Jacinto College; Douglas Watson, Northern Essex Community
College; David A. Wilson, Turnbull Police Department; Dawn B. Young, Bossier
Parish Community College; and Gay A. Young, Johnson County Community
College.
Any errors in the text are, however, the sole responsibility of the authors.
Thank you also to our editorial and production teams at
Cengage Learning:
Jessica Alderman, Associate Content Developer; Carolyn Henderson Meier,
Senior Product Manager; Jim Zayicek, Senior Content Project Manager; Tim
Kappler, Editorial Assistant
Lumina Datamatics:
Sharib Asrar, Associate Program Manager; Cheryl Dubois, Photo Researcher;
Magesh Rajagopalan, Text Researcher; Danielle Shaw, Copyeditor.
We also extend a heartfelt thank you to Jennifer Molan Cho for her content
expertise, research, and many contributions to this revision. Finally, we thank our
families and colleagues for their support and assistance throughout the evolution
of this text.
aBOuT ThE auThOrS
Kären Matison Hess, Ph.d., (1939–2010) was the author who first developed this
text with Wrobleski and carried it through nine very successful revisions. Dr. Hess
had a Ph.D. in instructional design from the University of Minnesota, was an in-
structor at Normandale Community College (Bloomington, MN), and crafted a
line of enduring, practical textbooks in the fields of law enforcement and criminal
justice. Other Cengage texts that Dr. Hess coauthored include Community Policing:
Partnerships for Problem Solving (5th edition); Constitutional Law and the Criminal
Justice System (4th edition); Criminal Investigation (10th edition); Criminal Procedure;
Introduction to Private Security (5th edition); Juvenile Justice (5th edition); Management
and Supervision in Law Enforcement (4th edition); Police Operations (5th edition); and
Careers in Criminal Justice: From Internship to Promotion (6th edition).
Dr. Hess was a member of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the
American Association of University Women, the American Society for Indus-
trial Security, the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the International
Law Enforcement Educators and Trainers Association, the Justice Research and
Statistics Association, the Police Executive Research Forum, and the Textbook and
Academic Author’s Association. In 2006, Dr. Hess was honored by the University
of Minnesota College of Education and Human Development at the school’s
100-year anniversary as one of 100 alumni who have made a significant contribu-
tion to education and human development. Her tireless dedication to authorship
and the education of criminal justice students will forever be an inspiration to us.
Christine Hess orthmann, M.S., has been writing and researching in various
aspects of criminal justice for more than 25 years. She is a coauthor of Commu-
nity Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving (7th edition); Constitutional Law and
the Criminal Justice System (6th edition); Criminal Investigation (11th edition);
Juvenile Justice (6th edition); Management and Supervision in Law Enforcement (7th
edition); and Police Operations (6th edition). Orthmann is a member of the Text
and Academic Authors Association, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences,
the American Society of Criminology, and the National Criminal Justice Honor
Society (Alpha Phi Sigma).
Sergeant Henry Lim Cho (retired) has an M.A. in human services with an emphasis
on criminal justice leadership from Concordia University–St. Paul, Minnesota.
He has worked in the field of criminal justice for more than 15 years, having held
positions in private security and as a community service officer, police officer, and
detective. He retired with the rank of Sergeant from the Rosemount (Minnesota)
Police Department. Sgt. Cho has experience as a use-of-force instructor and a
xxvii
xxviii About the Authors
crime scene investigator. His professional memberships include the Minnesota

Police and Peace Officer’s Association, International Association of Identification—
Minnesota Chapter, Minnesota Sex Crimes Investigator Association, High Tech-
nology Crime Investigation Association, National White Collar Crime Center and
Fraternal Order of Police. Sgt. Cho has been published in the Minnesota Police Jour-
nal and is a coauthor on the Cengage texts Police Operations (6th edition) and Criminal
Investigation (11th edition).
IntroductIon to
Law Enforcement
and Criminal Justice
sECTion
onE
The Evolution of Law
Enforcement and
Criminal Justice
T he criminal justice system is a vital part of our society and a complex
amalgamation of three major components: law enforcement, courts, and cor-
rections. Each component acts independently and interdependently as the total
system functions. Law enforcement, as the first point of contact with citizens,
serves as the gatekeeper to this system, which has grown and evolved exponentially
since our country was founded.
To illustrate how massive this system has become, the Bureau of Justice Sta-
tistics reports that the United States spent an estimated $258 billion in fiscal year
2009 (the most recent year for which final census data are available) for police
protection, corrections, and legal activities (Kyckelhahn, 2012). Police protection
accounted for about $120 billion, about $55 billion went for judicial and legal ser-
vices, and about $83 billion was spent on corrections. In 2009, the nation’s federal,
state, and local justice systems employed about 2.5 million people, remaining rela-
tively stable over the previous 10 years despite a growth in our national population.
About 48 percent of these employees were in police protection, 20 percent were
employed in judicial and legal capacities, and 32 percent worked in corrections
(Kyckelhahn, 2012). The criminal justice system costs taxpayers billions of dollars,
employs millions of people, deals with the lives of millions of people who break
the law and the lives of their victims, and often involves matters of life and death.
The first section of this text provides the background necessary to understand
contemporary law enforcement and its role within the criminal justice system and
American society. Courts and corrections are the focus of the final section in the
text. Chapter 1 describes how law enforcement has evolved from ancient times to
the present. It traces the development of important federal agencies that provide
assistance to law enforcement and that also rely on local law enforcement to fulfill
their missions. Of special importance in the 21st century is the establishment of
the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
Chapter 2 explains how our system of laws evolved and the important roles of
the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights in this evolution. Several amendments
in the Bill of Rights guide how law enforcement functions and what it can and
cannot do. The inherent conflict between individual rights and the needs of the
country symbolized in the scales of justice and the resulting need for balancing
crime control and due process are one focus of this chapter.
1
2 Section 1 the evolution of law enforcement and criminal JuStice
Chapter 3 details what has historically been the focus of law enforcement:
crime. Controlling crime has been a challenge since our country was founded.
Although our forefathers sought freedom, they also had a firm belief in law and
order. This chapter looks at the types of crime found in our country today and at
various theories of crime causation. The chapter also describes those who break
the law as well as the effect crime has on its victims. The change in focus from
punishing offenders to involving victims and the community to bring about com-
munity justice is explained and sets the stage for the remaining chapters of the text.
chapTer
1
THE EvoLuTion of
LAw EnfoRCEmEnT
AP Images
This abandoned building, initially constructed for visiting scottish nobility, was the location chosen by sir Robert Peel for the newly created London
Police. This structure became known the world over as scotland Yard, as immortalized by A. Conan Doyle in his sherlock Holmes mysteries.
The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see.
—Winston Churchill
learning objectives
LO1 Explain when and why law enforcement LO5 Identify who the chief law enforcement
began. officer at the federal level is.
LO2 Understand the significant contributions LO6 Compare and contrast the main charac-
Sir Robert Peel made to law enforcement. teristics of the three traditional eras of
policing and note the time frame during
LO3 Identify when and where the first modern
which each existed.
American police force began and what it
was modeled after. LO7 Name the fourth era of policing that has
emerged and identify the impetus be-
LO4 List the levels of government authorized
hind it.
to have law enforcement agencies and
identify what additional form of law en-
forcement operates in the United States.
3
4 Section 1 the evolution of law enforcement and criminal JuStice
Key Terms
Bow Street Runners parish riot act
community era parish constable system sheriff
constable political era shire-reeve
Frankpledge system proactive shires
hue and cry professional model slave patrols
hundreds rattle watch spoils system
Leges Henrici reactive tithing
lex talionis reeve tithing system
Magna Carta reform era vigilante
paradigm regulators watch and ward
InTrOducTIOn
A simple definition of society is an assembly of “people . . . living together in orga-
nized communities with shared laws, traditions, and values” (“Society,” 2016).
When a group sets forth formal rules of social behavior, or laws, it also ef-
fectively concedes the need for some type of mechanism to enforce those rules,
hence the necessity for law enforcement.
Throughout U.S. history, many laws have been passed that, by today’s standards,
seem silly, superfluous, or downright strange. Some of these laws remain on the books
to this day. For example, in Michigan, it is illegal to tie a crocodile to a fire hydrant,
and Kentucky law forbids a woman from remarrying the same man four times (Koon
& Powell, 2002). In Tennessee, it is illegal for children to play games on Sunday with-
out a license; children in Kalispell, Montana, must have a doctor’s note to legally
purchase a lollipop; and in St. Louis, Missouri, it is illegal for a firefighter to rescue a
woman who is wearing only a nightgown. A legal rescue requires the woman to be
fully clothed (Lindsell-Roberts, 2004). A law in Wilbur, Washington, makes it illegal
to ride an ugly horse; chickens are not legally allowed to cross the road in Quitman,
Georgia; and in Mohave County, Arizona, anyone caught stealing soap must wash
with it until the soap is gone or face punishment (Linz, 2002). In Waco, Texas, it is
illegal to throw a banana peel onto the street because it could cause a horse to slip,
and any woman wearing shorts, a halter top, or a bathing suit to a political rally in
Wheatfield, Indiana, could be charged with a misdemeanor (Smith, 2006).
Although many (if not most) might question the need for police to respond to
such absurd breaches of the law, there clearly exist many other laws that proscribe
far more dangerous and heinous human behavior, laws that do necessitate a ded-
icated force of professionals whose mission is to protect and serve our country’s
citizens and communities. It must also be emphasized at the outset of this text that
the law enforcement function of police—detecting, apprehending, and investigating
criminal offenders—is not their only role. Police are also expected to maintain
public order through such activities as traffic control, crowd dispersal, and dispute
settlements, as well as to provide services to the public, including assisting lost or
stranded persons, providing emergency medical assistance, supplying information,
and helping citizens who are locked out of their homes or vehicles.
Another random document with
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foreword in order to declare it in spite of the things which hereafter I
am made to say.
‘You cannot unscramble eggs,’ is a dictum as applicable to gods as
to mortals. And if people would remember that in their prayers,
prayers would be less foolish and fatuous than they often are.
You cannot unscramble eggs. And so, having scrambled Mr.
Trimblerigg in the making, his god was attempting a vain thing in
trying to unscramble him; and when Mr. Trimblerigg went on his
knees and prayed, as he occasionally did, to be unscrambled, he
was only scrambling himself yet more in the fry-pan of his tribal
theology.
And indeed, when I look at him, I have to admire what a scramble of
a man he was!—how the yolk and the white of it, the good and the
evil, the thick and the thin of his character did mix, ‘yea, meet and
mingle,’ as he would have said himself when his platform sense of
poetry got the better of him. And so, in the exercise of those
contradictory agilities of soul and brain which made him so mixed yet
so divided a character, he skipped through life like a flea to
Abraham’s bosom, and there—after so many an alias hastily
assumed and as hastily discarded—lies waiting to answer to his true
name when true names are called.
What kind of a name, one wonders, did he finally make for himself in
the Book of Life? In that desperate saving of his own face which
constitutes his career, he put out of countenance many that were his
betters; but it was himself that, in the process, he put out of
countenance most of all. Yet in the end revelation came to him; and
when, in that ghastly moment of self-discovery, he stood fully
charged with the truth, who shall say what miraculous, what
fundamental change it may not have wrought in him? When he
followed the upward rope which led him so expeditiously Elsewhere,
it may have been with the equipment of a new self capable of much
better and more honest things that he finally entered Heaven. I
cannot believe that such a genius for self-adaptation has
incontinently missed its mark. But, in that forward aim, it may well be
that he and his tribal deity have parted company; for it is to be noted
that, at the last gasp, the god loses sight—does not know what has
become of him: thinks, perhaps, that he has gone irretrievably and
abysmally—Down. I, on the contrary, have a suspicion and a hope
that his tendency may have been—up.
L. H.
CHAPTER ONE
Deus Loquitur
OF course when I made Mr. Trimblerigg, though I had shaped him—I
will not say to my liking, but at least to my satisfaction—I did not
foresee how he would turn out. It is not my custom to look ahead. I
can, to be sure, do so when I please: but that makes the
dénouement so dull. I prefer, therefore—and have now made it a rule
—that my creations shall, in what they do, come upon me as a
surprise—pleasant or the reverse. For since I have given them free-
will, let me also have the benefit of it: let them make their own plans,
their own careers,—attributing to me, if they must, those features of
both for which they do not feel themselves responsible; and let me
(in the moment when they think to have fulfilled themselves)
experience that small stimulus of novelty which the infinite variety
and individuality of my creatures is always capable of providing.
For it is this spice of novelty alone which keeps me from being
unutterably disinterested in the workings of what theologians are
pleased to call ‘the moral purpose of the universe.’
So it was that, having shaped Mr. Trimblerigg to my satisfaction, I let
him go. And as, with his future in his own very confident hands, he
went, I did not for the moment trouble to look after him.
When I say that I shaped him to my satisfaction, I am speaking
merely as a craftsman. I knew that I had made a very clever man. As
to liking him, that had nothing to do with craftsmanship, but would
depend entirely on what he did with himself—how he appealed to me
as a student of life, when—laying aside my rôle of maker, I became
merely the observer.
It is always an interesting experiment whether I shall be drawn to my
creations before they become drawn to me. Sometimes I find that
they interest me enormously, even while denying me with their last
breath. But the unrequited affections of a god have always an
element of comedy; for though, in the spiritual direction, one’s
creations may take a way of their own, they are never as quit of us
as they suppose; and when they know it least they come back to us
for inspection and renovation. Even the soul that thinks itself lost is
not so lost as to leave one unaware of its condition; though it may
have ceased to call, its address is still known.
In Mr. Trimblerigg’s case it was all the other way—from the moment
that he discovered me he never let me alone; though I had cast him
forth like bread upon the waters, not expecting to see him again for
many days, he came back to me early, and from that time on gave
me the advantage of his intimate and varying acquaintance to the
very end.
I wonder to myself sometimes whether I tried him as much as he
tried me, and whether he managed to like me up to the last. This at
least I found—that by the time he was five years old, whether I liked
him or not, Mr. Trimblerigg liked me; and the reason for his liking was
simple—he found me useful.
For one day, having done something which deserved, or was
supposed to deserve punishment, he lied about it, and was
discovered. The discovery came to his ears before he was actually
taxed with it. The small world on which he stood became suddenly
an abyss; lifting up his feet he fled for refuge to his own chamber,
and was about to hide in the cupboard, when he heard the awful
tread of judgment ascending the stairs. Being clever (for which I
admit I was responsible) he realized how temporary a refuge the
cupboard must necessarily be; what he needed was the eternal; and
so, throwing himself on his knees he began praying to me—aloud.
And in his prayer he told the truth, volubly, abundantly, and without
making any excuse for himself. ‘I have told a lie,’ he cried, ‘O God, I
have told a lie!’
The agony of his prayer was heard, not so much by me as by the
elder for whose entry he had so accurately timed it. And who, looking
upon that youthful and ingenuous countenance, could doubt the
sincerity of his grief? His lips quivered, his eyes streamed tears, his
nails dug into his tender flesh, leaving marks. At that sight, at those
sounds, the paternal heart was deeply moved; the birch was laid
aside; elder and younger knelt together and prayed for quite a long
time, with great fervour, fixity, and unanimity of purpose, that
henceforth young Mr. Trimblerigg should be a good boy, and never
never again be caught telling a lie.
That prayer unfortunately was not entirely answered—though
between us we did our best. In the years that followed Mr.
Trimblerigg lied often and well, but was very seldom caught, and still
more seldom punished.
The only really important outcome of that incident was that Mr.
Trimblerigg found he liked me; I had been useful to him. And yet I
had done, I protest, absolutely nothing—except making him clever. It
was not through my providential intervention that he liked me, but
through his own. The prayer of faith had saved him from a whipping;
it was a lesson he never forgot.
And so, from that day on, he made me his general help and stay;
and on every occasion of doubt, difficulty, or distress, was able, by
coming to me, to convince himself that he meant well. Never in my
whole world’s existence have I come upon anybody who was able to
answer his own prayers about himself, and about other people, with
such conviction, avidity, and enthusiasm as Mr. Trimblerigg. And why
should I complain? It made him a great power in the world, without
my having to lift a finger, or turn a hair, or do anything, in fact, except
wink an eye, or seem to.
The virtuous incentives of family life, though only provided on a small
scale, were not lacking for the development of Mr. Trimblerigg’s
character. He had three uncles, two aunts, a great-uncle and a
grandfather—all fairly contiguous, the family being of the indigenous
not of the migratory kind—besides a father, a mother and a sister,
with whom contact was continuous and unescapable. Even in their
naming the children had been linked for lovely and pleasant
relationship in after-life; for when the Trimblerigg first-born, whom its
parents confidently expected to be a son, turned into a daughter—
adapting the forechosen name to suit her sex, they called her
Davidina; and when, nearly two years later, our own Mr. Trimblerigg
struggled out into the world, nearly killing his mother in the process,
the destined name Jonathan was there waiting for him.
And so, very early in his career, Mr. Trimblerigg’s sister Davidina
became the whetstone of his virtues—its operation summed up in
the word ‘emulation.’ Nature would perhaps have brought it about in
any case, even if the parental plan had not inculcated and forced it
home; but when it became clear to Mr. and Mrs. Trimblerigg senior
that no more children were to be theirs, they conceived the idea of
blending the business with the moral instincts, and in the training of
their two offspring making virtue competitive.
No wonder then, that, as their moral sense dawned, the germ of
mutual suspicion and hatred grew lodged in their souls. This,
however, did not prevent them, when self-interest prompted, from
being also allies, as the following may show.
The parental idea of making virtue competitive had taken one of its
earlier forms—for economic reasons, I fancy—in the matter of
pocket-money; and the weekly penny was tendered not as a right
nor even as a reward for good average behaviour, but as a prize to
be wrestled for, gain by the one involving loss by the other—a device
that had the incidental advantage of halving the tax on the pocket
which provided it.
The fact that Davidina won it far more frequently and easily than he
did, set Mr. Trimblerigg his first problem in goodness run as a means
to profit. He accordingly invited his sister to an arrangement
whereby, irrespective of conduct, they should go shares; and when
this accommodating olive-branch was scornfully rejected, he became
so offensively good for three weeks on end that Davidina, left
penniless, capitulated on terms, and, in order to get a remnant of her
money’s worth, bargained that they should be good—or at least each
better than the other—in alternate weeks, this being a more tolerable
arrangement to her careful soul than that brother Jonathan, with no
effort at all, ever secondary in virtue, should share equally the
pennies which she had earned.
For a while the plan worked well; Mr. Trimblerigg by calculated effort
bettered his sister in the alternate weeks, got the penny and shared
it grudgingly but honourably—while Davidina, remaining merely
herself, received it in the natural course when Jonathan reverted to
his more normal standard.
But there came a day when Mr. Trimblerigg had privily done certain
things about which his elders knew less than did Davidina, and so
got wrongfully the penny he had not earned. Davidina demanded it;
on the denial of her claim they fought, and between them the penny
got lost. The next week, though Davidina earned it, Mr. Trimblerigg
claimed it, arguing that as last week’s penny had been lost to him
through her, this week’s should be his. Davidina thought differently;
and putting the penny for safety in her mouth, in the resulting
struggle by accident swallowed it.
After that the alliance was over. Thenceforth Jonathan had a
permanent and lively incentive for becoming good; and in the
competition that ensued Davidina was decisively worsted. Goodness
became for Mr. Trimblerigg a matter of calculation, habit, resolute
will, and in the long series of defeats which followed, Davidina might,
had she chosen, have found satisfaction in the large part she played
toward the reshaping of her brother’s character.
So decisive was the change that it became apparent to the world,
and was reckoned as proof of that conversion to grace which was
necessary for full church-membership in the sect where he
belonged. And so, at an unusually early age, Jonathan was baptized
into the congregation of the Free United Evangelicals. That incident
decided his career; he became destined for the ministry.
Thus out of evil comes good.
When the matter was first decided Mr. Trimblerigg himself knew
nothing about it. It was the elders of the family, the parents,
grandparents, uncles and aunts—sitting together in conclave for the
adjustment of ways to narrow means, who foresaw the convenience
of the call which in due time came to him.
Mr. Trimblerigg himself was then making other plans of his own. A
sense of his abilities had begun to stir his mind to the prospects of
life. He had become conscious that a career was awaiting him—or,
to put it more accurately, several careers—of which he had only to
choose. One day, in a weak moment of expansiveness, when
Davidina by a histrionic show of sisterly sympathy had led him on, he
confided to her the sparkling alternatives which he had in mind. And
she, when her first admiration had become tempered with criticism,
passed word of them carefully on to the ears of his Uncle Jonah.
Jonah, who was anti-romantic by temperament, made it his duty to
strip these pretensions bare before the eyes of the assembled family
—doing it no doubt for his nephew’s good. ‘Jonathan is thinking,’
said he, ‘that he would like to be Prime Minister; and well he might
be if he had the ability to be consistent in his principles. Seems also
he’d like to be President to the Free Church Conference; but for that
he needs to be spiritual and one that speaks nothing but the truth.
Failing that he’s for being Lord Chief Justice and Master of the Rolls;
but Jonathan hasn’t the judicial mind. And to be Field-Marshal rising
from the ranks (which is another flea he has in his bonnet) God in
His great mercy hasn’t given him sufficient inches to meet the
military requirements. You’ll do well, Jonathan; for you’re quick in the
turnover, and your convictions don’t trouble you; and you’ve a
wonderful courage for thinking yourself right when all the evidence is
against you. But what you’ll do if you’re wise is find a master who’ll
let you hide behind his back and be clever for him in the ways that
don’t show; one who’ll take over all the responsibility for your
mistakes, for the sake of all the times when you’ve guessed right.
Given he’s got the patience to put up with you, you’ll be worth it to
him, and a credit to your family. But there’s a deal of practice you’ve
to get before you can do the thing well. Don’t spread yourself.’
But Uncle Jonah, being an undertaker by trade, had narrow and
confining views; and the shadow of his daily occupation, entailing a
too-frequent wearing of black, caused him to set foot on life
sombrely, especially on life that was young. This also was said
before the time when nephew Jonathan had become conspicuously
good.
With his higher aspirations thus blown upon, Mr. Trimblerigg, after
watering Davidina’s pet fern with strong tea which it did not like,
diverted his invention to more practical ends, and for a time wished
to be a conjurer, having read accounts of the wonders performed at
the Egyptian Hall, London, by Messrs. Maskelyne & Cooke. But as
ill-luck would have it, his first sight of conjuring came to him at a
village fair; and there, while others stared and were amazed, he with
his sharp eyes saw how everything was done, and found the
entertainment dull. Now had he only been interested and stirred to
emulation thus early, I am quite convinced that Mr. Trimblerigg could
have become a conjurer such as the world has never seen. If his
parents could only have afforded to take him to London, and to the
Egyptian Hall, the world’s history might have been different. It was
not to be.
JONATHAN TRIMBLERIGG
(aged 7) with his Mother & Sister Davidina
Mr. Trimblerigg’s attention was first attracted to the career his elders
designed for him, not so much by the habitual goodness with which
the rivalry of Davidina had imbued his character, as by his
observation of the sensation caused in his native village by the
missionizing efforts of a certain boy-preacher, then known to fame as
‘The Infant Samuel Samuel,’ whose call, beginning at his baptism in
that strange invocative reduplication of the family name imposed by
his godparents, went on till it suddenly passed in silence to an
obscurity from which the veil has never been lifted. What happened
then nobody knows, or nobody chooses to tell. But between the ages
of seven and fifteen, while sustained by the call, Samuel Samuel
never saw a vacant seat, or an uncrowded aisle, or had sitting under
him a congregation unrent by sobs in the hundreds of chapels to
which the spirit bore him.
When Mr. Trimblerigg heard him, Samuel Samuel at the age of ten
was still in the zenith of his powers; and it has been credibly reported
that, in the mining villages which he passed through, publicans went
bankrupt and committed suicide because of him, and pit-ponies, their
ears robbed of the familiar expletives to which they had been trained,
no longer obeyed orders; and that alongside of these manifestations
of grace, the illegitimate birth-rates went up and struck a record; till,
six months later, things settled back and became the same; birth-
rates went down, pit-ponies obeyed a restored vocabulary, and
ruined publicans were vindicated in the prosperity of their
successors.
But these things only happened after; and when Mr. Trimblerigg
heard the cry of the Infant Samuel Samuel, he discerned a kindred
spirit, and saw a way opening before his feet, under a light which
thereafter continued to shine. And so at the age of twelve the
designs which Mr. Trimblerigg’s elders had on him, and the designs
which he had on himself, coalesced and became one; and even
Davidina, borne down by the sense of the majority, had to accept the
fact that her brother Jonathan had received a call.
Thus early did the conversion of souls enter into the life and
calculations of Mr. Trimblerigg. A striking justification of his chosen
calling followed immediately, when, without in the least intending it,
he converted an almost lost soul in a single day—the soul of an
Uncle, James Hubback by name, the only uncle upon his mother’s
side left over from a large family—who while still clinging to the
outward respectability of a Free Church minister, had taken secretly
to drink.
Mr. Trimblerigg had been born and brought up in a household where
the idea that spirits were anything to drink had never been allowed to
enter his head. He only knew of spirit as of something that would
catch fire and boil a kettle, or embrace death in a bottle and preserve
it from decay. These aspects of its beneficence he had gathered first
in the back kitchen of his own home, and secondly in the natural
history department of the County Museum, to which as a Sunday-
school treat he had been taken. Returning therefrom, he had been
bitten for a short while with a desire to catch, kill, and preserve frogs,
bats, beetles, snakes, and other low forms of existence, and make a
museum of his own—his originality at that time being mainly
imitative. To this end he clamoured to his mother to release his
saved pennies which she held in safe-keeping for him, in order that
he might buy spirit for collecting purposes; and so pestered her that
at last she promised that if for a beginning he could find an adder, he
should have a bottle of spirit to keep it in.
Close upon that his Uncle James arrived for a stay made sadly
indefinite by the low water in which he found himself. He still wore
his clerical garb but was without cure of souls: Bethel and he had
become separated, and his family in consequence was not pleased
with him. Nevertheless as a foretaste of reformation he wore a blue
ribbon, and was prevented thereby from letting himself be seen on
licensed premises; while a totally abstaining household, and a village
with only one inn which had been warned not to serve him, and no
shop that sold liquor, seemed to provide a safe environment for
convalescence.
It is at this point that Mr. Trimblerigg steps in. One day, taking down a
book from the shelf in the little study, he discovered behind it a small
square bottle of spirits: he did not have to taste or smell it—the label
‘old brandy’ was enough; and supposing in his innocence the word
‘old’ to indicate that it had passed its best use, at once his volatile
mind was seized with the notion that here was a mother’s surprise
waiting for him, and that he had only to provide the adder for the
bottle and its contents to become his. And so with that calculating
larkishness which made him do audacious things that when done
had to be swallowed, he determined to give his mother a surprise in
return.
Going off in search of his adder and failing to get it himself, he gave
another boy a penny for finding him a dead one. An hour later the
adder was inside the brandy bottle behind the books; and an hour
after that his Uncle James had achieved complete and lifelong
conversion to total abstinence.
The dénouement presented itself to Mr. Trimblerigg at first with a
shock of disappointment in the form of smashed glass, and his dead
adder lying in a spent pool of brandy on the study floor; and only
gradually did it dawn upon him after a cautious survey of the
domestic situation that this was not as he had at first feared his
mother’s angry rejection of the surprise he had prepared for her: on
the contrary she was pleased with him. His uncle, he learned, was
upstairs lying down, without appetite either for tea or supper. Mr.
Trimblerigg heard him moaning in the night, and he came down to
breakfast the next day a changed character. Within a year he had
secured reinstatement in the ministry, and was become a shining
light on the temperance platform, telling with great fervour anecdotes
which give hope. There was, however, one story of a drunkard’s
reformation which he never told: perhaps because, on after-
reflection, though he had accepted their testimony against him, he
could not really believe his eyes, perhaps because there are certain
experiences which remain too deep and sacred and mysterious ever
to be told.
But to Mr. Trimblerigg the glory of what he had done was in a while
made plain. More than ever it showed him destined for the ministry: it
also gave colour to his future ministrations, opening his mind in the
direction of a certain school of thought in which presently he became
an adept. ‘The Kingdom of Heaven is taken by tricks,’ became the
subconscious foundation of his belief; and when he entered the
pulpit at the age of twenty-one, he was by calculative instinct that
curious combination of the tipster, the thimblerigger, and the prophet,
the man of vision and the man of lies, which drew to itself the
adoration of one half and the detestation of the other half of the Free
United Evangelical Connection, eventually dividing that great body
into two unequal portions, and driving its soul into a limbo of spiritual
frustration and ineffectiveness till it found itself again under new
names.
CHAPTER TWO
The Early Worm
THOUGH Mr. Trimblerigg had not at the time taken the advice of his
Uncle Jonah in very good part, he did eventually accept a large part
of it—good or otherwise—in the shaping of his career. His wish to
become a great functionary of State gradually faded away, giving
place to others. But his intention to be President of the Free Church
Conference remained and grew strong. And to that end—spirituality
being required—he accepted faithfully Uncle Jonah’s last bit of
advice, and seeking a master behind whose back he could hide and
be clever in ways that didn’t show—have responsibility taken for his
mistakes, and get adequate recognition for the many things which he
did right—seeking for such a master, he found him to his own
satisfaction in the oldest of old ways; and never from that day on did
the suspicion enter his head, that the master whom he chose under
so devout an alias was himself.
If, in the process, he received a call, so did I; and it was at this stage
of his career that I began to watch him with real interest. His calls
became frequent; and though there was not always an apparent
answer there was always an attentive ear.
It may well be that when human nature appears, to those whose
business is to understand it, most unexpected and incalculable, is
the very time when it is or ought to be most instructive to eyes which
are open. And certainly at this preliminary period—before I got
accustomed to him—Mr. Trimblerigg did make me open my eyes
wider and wider, till he got me to the point when nothing that he did
surprised me. But that was not because I became able to anticipate
his reactions to any given circumstance or tight hole in which he
might find himself: but merely that experience of him caused me to
give up all rules based on the law of averages: he was a law by
himself. What at first baffled me was the passionate sincerity with
which he was always able to deceive himself—doing it mainly, I
admit, by invoking my assistance: that is to say, by prayer.
To see him fall upon his knees and start busily lighting his own little
lamp for guidance through the perils immediately surrounding him—
while firmly convinced all the time that the lamp was not his lighting
but mine—gave me what I can only describe as an extraordinary
sense of helplessness. The passionate fervour of his prayer to
whatever end he desired, put him more utterly beyond reach of
instruction than a conscious plunge into sin. Against that there might
have been a natural reaction; but against the spiritual avidity with
which he set to work saving his own skin day by day, no reaction
was possible. The day-spring from on high visited him with a light-
heeled nimbleness which cleared not only all obstacles of a material
kind but all qualms of conscience as well. In the holy of holies of his
inmost being self-interest sat rapturously enshrined; there lay its ark
of the covenant, and over it the twin cherubim of faith and hope
stretched their protecting wings. Mr. Trimblerigg might bow himself in
single spirit when first his prayer began; but always, before it ended,
his spirits had got the better of him, and he would rise from his knees
as beautifully unrepentant as a puppy that has dodged a whipping,
his face radiant with happiness, having found an answer to his
prayer awaiting him in the direction to which from the first it had been
set, much as your Arctic explorer finds the North Pole by a faithful
following of his nose after having first pointed it to the north.
I date my completed understanding of Mr. Trimblerigg, and of the use
he had made of me, to the day when—faced with an exposure which
would have gone far to reduce his ministerial career to a nullity—he
put up a prayer which (had I been a mere mortal) would have made
me jump out of my skin. I will not skin him retributively by quoting
him in full, but the gist of it all was that, much to his perplexity he
found himself suffering from a strange temptation, out of keeping
with his whole character, and threatening destruction to that life of
energetic usefulness in the service of others which he was striving to
lead. And so he prayed to be kept (‘kept’ was the very word)
—‘humble, and honest, and honourable.’ It was no change that he
desired; but only a continuance in that narrow and straight path of
acquired virtue down which (since the truth must be told) he had
hitherto danced his way more like a cat on hot bricks, than the
happily-banded pilgrim he believed himself to be. ‘Kept’ was the
word; and as I heard him I thought of it in all its meanings—and
wondered which. I thought of how dead game ‘keeps’ up to a point,
and is better in flavour for the keeping; but how, after that point is
reached, the keeping defeats itself, and the game is game no longer,
but mere offal. Was it in that sense that he wished to be ‘kept’? For
certainly I had found him good game, quick in the uptake, and brisk
on the wing.
It is difficult in this record to remain consecutive. Those who would
follow with accuracy the career of Mr. Trimblerigg, must jump to and
fro with the original—one of whom it has to be said that though he
denied himself many times (even in the face of the clearest
evidence) he denied himself nothing that held out any prospect of
keeping his fortunes on the move; and the stitch in time with which
he so often and so nimbly saved himself ran in no straight line of
machine-made regularity, but rather in a series of diversions this way
and that, stepping sideways and back preparatory to the next
forward leap; and in this feather-stitching along life’s road he covered
more ground, and far more ornamentally, than do those who go
merely upon their convictions, holding to one opinion and doing only
one thing at a time.
Yet it would be wrong to say that he was ever false to his
convictions, for these he seldom knew. Enough that so long as they
lasted his intuitions were sacred to him; and as it is the very essence
of intuitions that at any moment they may change, his
changeableness had about it a sort of truth, of consistency, to which
slower minds cannot attain.
But why call it ‘intuition’; why not ‘vision’? Well, if a camera of
powerful lens and stocked with highly sensitive films may be said to
have vision, vision he had in abundance. Adjusting his focus to the
chosen point of view, he clicked the switch of his receptivity, snapt a
picture, wound it off upon its wheel, and was ready for another. In the
space of a few minutes he had as many pictures stored as he had a
mind for. ‘Vision’? You may grant it him, if you will, so long as you
remember that that was the process. I would rather be inclined to call
it ‘optics’; and I see his career now rather as a series of optical
delusions, through every one of which he remained quite convinced
that he was right, and that the truth had come to him by way of
revelation. An early example will serve.
The small hill-side village in which Mr. Trimblerigg first learned to
escape the limitations of ordinary life was a place where things
seldom happened; and there were times in his early upbringing when
he found himself at a loose end, a rose wasting its sweetness to the
desert air; there was nothing doing in the neighbourhood on which
he could decisively set his mark. This was to live in vain; and often
he searched through his small world of ideas to find inspiration.
Should he run away from home, and be found wandering with his
memory a blank? Should he be kidnapped by gipsies and escape in
nothing but his shirt? Should a sheep fall into the stone quarry so
that he might rescue it, or a lamb get lost in the snow during the
lambing-season, that he might go out, and find, and return bearing it
in his bosom? Or should he go forth and become famous as a boy-
missionary, preaching to the heathen in an unknown tongue? These
were all possibilities, only the last suggested any difficulty.
Whenever in doubt, adopting the method of old Uncle Trimblerigg, he
turned to the Scriptures: he did not search them, for that would have
been self-willed and presumptuous; he merely opened them, putting
a blind finger to the spot where divine guidance awaited him. It was
in this way that Uncle Trimblerigg had become rich; forty years ago
he had invested his savings in house property all through having set
thumb to the text, ‘I have builded an house to Thy name.’ And
without searching the Scriptures further he had built twenty of them.
At a later date, slate-quarrying having started in the district, their
value was doubled.
So one day, in a like faith, our own Mr. Trimblerigg committed himself
to the same experiment. His first point on opening drew a startling
reply, ‘Get thee behind me, Satan, for thou savourest not the things
which be of God, but the things which be of men.’ Very right and
proper, of course: Satan thus safely disposed of, he tried again.
‘Remember Lot’s wife,’ failed for the moment to convey any
meaning; he knew that it could not refer to him: it seemed rather to
indicate that his Bible had not yet given him its thorough attention. To
warm it to its task he lifted it as a heave-offering, administered to it
the oath, as he had seen done in a police court, kissed it, and set it
down again. This time it answered sharply, but still not to the point:
‘Ye generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath
to come?’ Evidently the Lord was trying him. He turned from the New
Testament to the old: perhaps it was only the old he should have
consulted, for he had an idea that this was an Old Testament
method. That would account for the delay.
The Old Testament made a better response to his appeal. ‘The zeal
of Thy House hath eaten me up,’ suggested something at any rate,
but did not make the way quite clear; ‘Down with it, down with it,
even unto the ground!’ was practical in its bearing upon the Lord’s
House, but puzzling; ‘Behold how great a matter a little fire kindleth’
gave him the light he sought.
For at that time Bethesda, the chapel of the Free Evangelicals, had
fallen lamentably into disrepair, and since Uncle Trimblerigg, the only
man of substance in the district, had retired from the innovation of
hymn-singing to a stricter Bethel of his own, there seemed little
chance of raising the necessary funds for demolition and restoration.
And so decay went on, while still, from old habit, the chapel
continued to be insured.
Now whether we call it ‘vision’ or ‘optical illusion,’ there can be no
doubt that, thus aided by Scripture, Mr. Trimblerigg visualized rapidly
and clearly the means to an end which so many desired. And so it
came about one Saturday night, while frost held the village water-
supply firmly in its grip, and the road running up from the valley
slipped with ice, that Bethesda, through a supposed leakage in her
heating apparatus, caught fire; and only the fact that Mr. Trimblerigg
fetched the fire-engine from the town four miles away, saved it from
utter destruction. He had been sent into the town by his mother to do
errands, when at the foot of the hill he suddenly remembered Lot’s
wife, and looking back saw the chapel windows gustily ablaze, and
interpreting the peradventure aright had sped on with the news. The
miraculous arrival of the fire-engine with him on it, only half an hour
after the villagers’ discovery of an already well-established insurance
claim in swift operation, had caused an immense sensation and
some inquiry.
But Mr. Trimblerigg had a case on which no suspicion could rest; that
the fire was fought expeditiously, though under difficulties, was
largely owing to him, and the subsequent inquiries of the insurance
office agent who came to inspect the damage were only of a formal
kind. Every effort had been made, and a half-saved chapel was the
result; but its previous dilapidation made it easier to rebuild than to
restore, and when a new Bethesda rose from the ruins of the old, the
insurance company paid for it.
It was two days after the happy catastrophe, that Davidina remarked
(when, to be sure, he was taking them to light the lamp in another
room), ‘I wish you wouldn’t always go taking away the matches!’
‘I’m bringing them back,’ said Jonathan correctively.
‘You didn’t the last time,’ Davidina retorted. And at the word and the
tone of her voice, Jonathan trepidated and fled.
Was it ‘vision’ that made him do so, or only optical illusion on the
mental plane? For as far as I have been able to probe into
Davidina’s mind, which is not always clear to me, she knew nothing.
It was merely her way: the hunting instinct was strong in her, and he
her spiritual quarry: never in all their born days together was she to
let him go.
Of course Mr. Trimblerigg did not go on doing things like that. It was
an act of crude callow youth, done at a time when the romantic
instinct takes unbalanced forms; yet in a way it was representative of
him, and helped me to a larger insight into his character and
motives. For here was Mr. Trimblerigg, thus early, genuinely anxious
to have guidance from above for the exploitation of his
superabundant energies; and when, at first showing, the guidance
seemed rather to head him off from being energetic at all, he
persisted till his faith in himself found ratification, and thereafter went
his way with the assurance that what he decided to do must almost
necessarily be right.

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MindTap Introduction to Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 12th

(eTextbook PDF) for America’s Courts and the Criminal

eBook Online Access for Criminal Law for the Criminal

Criminal Investigation 12th Edition, (Ebook PDF)

Introduction to Criminal Justice 16th Edition, (Ebook

Introduction to Management Science 12th Edition, (Ebook

Introduction to Criminal Justice: Practice and Process

Introduction to Criminal Justice: A Balanced Approach

Constitutional Law for Criminal Justice 15th Edition,

Classification and Definitions of Major Crimes 86

Chapter 5: Policing in a Post-9/11 Society 159

Combination Patrol 232

The Police–Citizen Contact Continuum 303

Civil Liability 375

Synthetic Designer Drugs 428

Responding to Terrorist Attacks 473

Police Professionalism 521

Testifying under Direct Examination 560

APPENDIX A: State Hate Crime Statutory Provisions 601

had no chapters on courts or corrections, focusing solely on the law enforcement

MAJor FEATurES—ConTEXT THEMES

presented (Chapter 10). This is followed by an examination of the latest threat to

nEW To THiS EdiTion

to bring discussion of agencies into alignment with new Department of

■ Chapter 3—Crime in the United States: Offenses, Offenders,Victims:

statistics, National Incident-Based Reporting System offenses (to include new

of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing and a significantly

transformation of a police agency, an example of a school-based program

crime scene investigation content together to avoid disjointedness and

membership and the prevalence of gangs, including results from the

agencies develop a terrorism response (e.g., training, equipment).

juveniles’ rights in court; more information on the consequences of

HoW To uSE THiS TEXT

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero This assessment software is a flex-

For the Student

First, we must acknowledge Henry M. Wrobleski (1922–2007), the original lead

Community College; M. G. Neithercutt, California State University–Hayward;

crime scene investigator. His professional memberships include the Minnesota

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