1.
2 Reduces Excessive Force
Learning Objectives
• Recall the different principles of ergonomics
• Understand the conceptual model and management
model in injury prevention and ergonomics programs
involve design of workplace, equipment
machine tool, product, environment and system and take it
into consideration of the human’s physiological and
psychological capabilities and optimizing the efficiency of the
productivity of work system.
of ergonomics can appear in many different
forms, in productivity and quality, in safety and health, in
reliability, in job satisfaction and in personal development.
1.1 Neutral Postures
The neutral posture refers to the human body aligned
and balanced. The standard and balanced posture reduces
the stress applied on muscles, tendons, nerves, and bones.
The unbalanced posture for the human body is known as
an “awkward posture”. The usage of the designed product
should avoid putting the consumer in the awkward
posture.
Note: Contents and topics are solely for educational purposes only. Author
citation was done; no copyright infringement intended.
The design for heavy products should consider
reducing the excessive force needed or used to pull, push,
or carry the product. Alternative solutions should be
adapted to reduce the use of force such as using wheels to
these products. Also, adding handholds can reduce the
force used to carry objects. This principle is viable in the
physical products with little need or implementation in
the digital domain.
1.3 Keep Things Easy to Reach
This principle is widely applied in both the physical
and digital domains. The interaction with a specific
product should be made easy. Consumers should reach
the product easily and interact with it. For example, the
control panel for dish washers should be reachable with
the minimum amount of effort and time.
1.4 Work in Power or Comfort zone
The power zone refers to the zone where interacting
with objects has the least amount of effort spent, it is also
known as “hand shake zone”. It is the area between mi-
thigh and mid-chest height. If the product is designed to
be held, the designer should consider this position as the
standard.
1.5 Reduce Excessive Motion
This principle aims to reduce the amount of motion
spent while dealing with the design. The motion refers to
any movement applied using the figures, wrist, or other
parts of the body. One of the examples of applying this
principle is the usage of screwdriver. The electric
screwdriver is designed to reduce hand motion during
usage.
1.6 Reduce Static Load
Static load refers to the position where the person
stays in the same position or holds something for a long
time. This load creates discomfort fatigue. If the product
requires the consumer to stand still for a long time such
as holding a specific tool, a fixture solution needs to be
applied in order to eliminate the need to hold the object.
FINAL WEEK 13 – IRPT 311 [PREPARED BY: DENNIS B.
ARTANGGA, PTRP] 1
1.7 Minimize Pressure Points
The pressure point refers to the point where the object
is in contact with the consumer body during the usage of
the product. For example, high chairs make a pressure
point between the user legs and table or desk. Therefore,
designing the chair should allow users to modify the
height and subsequently it can be used with any table
height.
1.8 Provide Clearance
The design for products and interior should provide a
space for the user to move freely and avoid dumping into
any of the objects. The same concept is applied in the
digital domain. Placing the functions and elements in the
website design or mobile application device should allow
the user to move between the function smoothly and
avoid any confusion such as clicking on wrong buttons.
1.9 Enable Movement and Stretching
The product design should consider the user needs to
move, exercise, and stretch. For example, seat design
includes options to adjust the setting style. Tables that
force someone to stand up or be in in one place may be
modified in some places to avoid a long setting time.
1.10. Provide Good Lighting Conditions
The overall work environment should be comfortable
and allow users or designers to have good lighting, fresh
air, and enough space. In offices where computer screens
are installed, the design of the light systems should avoid
reflections caused by the polished computer screens.
2.1 The Ergonomic Design for Work Station
Work tasks, work movements, and work
activities interact with each other. They affect and are
influenced by the workstation components, furniture,
and other equipment and by the environment. All of these
in turn must “fit” the individual to support his or her
well-being and contribute to work output.
Note: Contents and topics are solely for educational purposes only. Author
citation was done; no copyright infringement intended.
3.1. Main Element of OSH Management System
apope
3.1.1 Policy - The employer, in consultation with workers and
their representatives, should set out in writing an OSH policy,
3.1.2 Organizing - The employer and senior management
should allocate responsibility, accountability and authority for
the development, implementation and performance of the OSH
management system and the achievement of the relevant OSH
objectives.
3.1.3 Planning & Implementation - These planning
arrangements should contribute to the protection of safety and
health at work.
3.1.4 Evaluation - Procedures to monitor, measure and record
OSH performance on a regular basis should be developed,
established and periodically reviewed. Responsibility,
accountability and authority for monitoring at different levels in
the management structure should be allocated.
3.1.5 Action for Improvement - Arrangements should be
established and maintained for the continual improvement of the
relevant elements of the OSH management system and the
system as a whole.
References:
Kroemer Elbert, K. E., Kroemer, H. B., & Kroemer Hoffman, A. D.
(2018). The Computer Workplace. Ergonomics, 443–
472. Doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813296-8.00010-4
International Labour Office (2001). Guidelines on occupational
safety & health management systems.
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---
dcomm/---
publ/documents/publication/wcms_publ_9221116344_en.pdf
Website:
1. Principles of Ergonomics.
https://www.designorate.com/principles-of-ergonomics-design/
FINAL WEEK 13 – IRPT 311 [PREPARED BY: DENNIS B.
ARTANGGA, PTRP] 2