Annotated Bibliography

DID WE LAND ON THE MOON? (2001). Skeptic [Altadena, CA], 9(1), 97.
https://link-gale-com.comlib.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A79626875/AONE?u=txshracd2496
&sid=bookmarkAONE&xid=7076e1ee

This article is simply explaining or debunking the conspiracy theories and explaining why the
theories of the moon landing being fake are wrong. This is a good article to use because it is
proving that people will believe visual misinformation from TV shows (Fox was used in the
article) or memes (the moon landing was faked) because they seem like interesting points. This
article proves why these theories are incorrect and gives real explanations for the seemingly odd
things that surrounded the moon landing by explaining the science behind the “odd things.” This
article uses a list or numbered format when debunking each factor or point people point out to
say the moon landing was faked and they go over why what happened on the moon actually is
logical and makes sense. Such as why the stars aren’t seen in the photos taken of the astronauts
on the moon.

Godwin, R. (2019, July 10). One giant ... lie? why so many people still think the Moon landings
were faked. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jul/10/one-giant-lie-why-so-many-people-still
-think-the-moon-landings-were-faked

This article explains why exactly people still to this day believe the moon landing could’ve been
or actually was faked. This would be a good source to use in this research paper because it would
be the article or source that would explain why people believe what they see so easily and why
people hold on to those beliefs for a long time even if they are not credible beliefs. This is an
interesting source because it doesn’t only talk about the conspiracy theory of the moon landing
being faked but also who in general believes in conspiracy theories and why they are so easily
believed. There is a large population of people who listen to conspiracy theorists for fun and this
is talked about in the article and would be a good topic of discussion in the research paper. The
people who enjoy thinking about and listening to the theories get a kick out of it and are part of
the reason the “faked moon landing” theory is still believed to this day.

Grimes, D. R. (2016). On the Viability of Conspiratorial Beliefs. PloS One, 11(1),

e0147905–e0147905. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147905

This article talks about the origin of conspiracy theories. They start when people believe that
certain groups are lying to prove a point or get them to believe something that isn't true.The
article talks about the belief that people with power manipulate and lie to those without it to get
them to believe everything they tell them. It also talks about how the fear of being lied to can
cause people to believe ridiculous things.
Im, T., Cho, W., Porumbescu, G., & Park, J. (2014). Internet, Trust in Government, and Citizen
Compliance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory: J-PART, 24(3),
741–763. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24484836

In this paper, the authors conduct research on how citizen’s trust and compliance with their
government is affected by their internet usage. Recognizing the growth of the internet, the
researchers take into consideration the ability of the internet to be a place for self-expression and
rapidly spreading information – which isn’t always reliable. Additionally, given that it’s
becoming increasingly difficult to manage the information on the internet, citizens can be easily
influenced by the media they interact with and the power of the government in dominating media
diminishes. The researchers examine the state of South Korean’s trust in their government and
found that the increased internet usage of citizens has reduced the citizen’s faith in the state’s
authority. It’s concluded that these findings (applied in the context that government control over
information can have a large impact on how they function with their citizens) can be applied to
other countries that also allow their citizens broad access to the internet.

Interpreting Locked Photographic Data: The Case of Apollo 17 Photo GPN-2000-00113. (2021).
Designs, 5(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs5010008

With the fake moon landing conspiracy persisting throughout the 21st century, theorists have
raised concerns on certain pictures taken during the Apollo 17 mission, specifically photo
GPN-2000-00113. With modern technology, this paper uses computer simulations and geometry
to examine the authenticity of this photo. It was found that the photo is not real, but instead
composed of different parts due to the geometrical mismatches not meeting reality. Since the day
the picture was taken is known, they know the position of the earth relative to the moon at the
time and it was showing no Australia. Theorists use this as undeniable scientific evidence to
combat the science saying they’re wrong.

Lewandowsky, S., Oberauer, K., & Gignac, G. E. (2013). NASA Faked the Moon
Landing—Therefore, (Climate) Science Is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated
Rejection of Science. Psychological Science, 24(5), 622–633.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457686

This article uses the explanation that if people think the moon landing is fake then all science is
fake. The article addresses the free market and bloggers as sources to make many people believe
that scientifically proven facts, such as climate change, are not real. This article does a study on
different age groups of people and addresses what they believe based on fact and how conspiracy
theories affect thess beliefs. The authors of this article believe that conspiracy theorists and
theories play a big role in the rejection of science, such as the theory that the moon landing was
faked which lead to the lack of trust in science, the government and NASA. This contributes to
the research paper topic of how visual misinformation is effective in misleading it’s audience
because this topic is a conspiracy theory that the moon landing was faked and that factor ties in
with this source.

LOWMAN, P. D. (2001). Evidence From Apollo: How science teachers can show students that
humans have landed on the Moon. The Science Teacher, 68(5), 22–25.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24154770

This article talks about the ways in which the media has contributed to the thinking of children
around the country. The author talks about how kids are growing up listening to and believing
conspiracy theories about the moon landing. It also shows ways that teachers can provide
evidence that the landing was real. The article talks about the various ways that samples from the
moon can be used to prove America’s successful landing on its surface. The soil and rock
composition is significantly different from anything found on Earth and that can be proved with a
microscope.

Marcia Dunn, Associated Press,aerospace writer. (2002, Dec 23). Moon Madness ; Hoaxers vs.
rocket scientists:; Even NASA is unsure how to counter claims of faked moon landings:
[Sports Final , CN Edition]. Chicago Tribune
https://comlib.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/moon-madn
ess-hoaxers-vs-rocket-scientists-even/docview/419582796/se-2

For its last manned moon shot 30 years ago this month, NASA invited Charlie Smith, a former
slave reputed to be 130 years old. Smith was impressed by the nighttime liftoff of Apollo 17, but
said afterward he still did not believe the astronauts were flying to the moon. "It just can't
happen," he insisted.

Rankin, J. E. (2017). The conspiracy theory meme as a tool of cultural hegemony: A critical
discourse. Fielding Graduate University Publishing.
analysis.https://www.proquest.com/openview/55ccdf26dcda24e7190a0e99ffb88a87/1?pq
-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750

This article was mostly talking about the conspiracy theory meme. It stated that this most likely
relates to the phenomena of conspiracy theories spreading and perpetuating within society,
frequently through the usage of memes, which are ideas, behaviors, or styles that propagate
within a culture. In this context, "meme" might relate to the larger concept of an idea or belief
that spreads quickly throughout a society, rather than just online memes. It goes onto to talking
about critical discourse analysis (CDA) and how it is an interdisciplinary method of evaluating
text and speaking that focuses on power dynamics, ideologies, and social structures. It
investigates how language is used to create and sustain social inequality and power, frequently
exposing hidden goals and unconscious prejudices in conversation.
Roberts, Steve. "The Moon Landing "Hoax"." Australasian Science, vol. 30, no. 1, Jan, 2009, pp.
46. ProQuest,
https://comlib.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/magazines/moon-landin
g-hoax/docview/223706145/se-2.

This article explains the relation of historical events and conspiracy theories: The author
discusses many historical events, including the JFK assassination, Azaria Chamberlain's
disappearance, Area 51, 9/11, and Jack the Ripper, that have sparked concerns and conspiracy
theories. Most individuals rely on eyewitness testimony and media depictions to explain these
occurrences because they lack direct experiencing evidence. Then it transitions into the moon
landing conspiracy theories. The essay examines doubt about the Apollo moon landings, citing
influences such as the film Capricorn One and advances in special effects. It implies that
uncertainty may come from the public's desire to see authoritative individuals, such as scientists,
humiliated.

Royal Museums Greenwich. (2022). Moon Landing Conspiracy theories, Debunked. Royal
Museums Greenwich.
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/moon-landing-conspiracy-theories-debunked

This article talks about the different conspiracy theories. It starts with the fact that the shadows
aren't parallel and talks about how that has people convinced the America never landed on the
the moon. Then the article uses science to backup the photo and prove that the moon landing is
in fact real. The rest of the article continues in this manner by proving other conspiracies wrong.

Simberg, R. (2016). Getting Over “Apolloism.” The New Atlantis, 49, 51–60.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/43893404

In this article, the authors examine the ideology of “Apolloism”, the rush of developing space
technology with the urge to get to the moon, and how it is unwise financially, politically, and
technically. After explaining how the Apollo program started due to political conflicts with the
Soviets during the Cold War, it’s discussed how most of the technology used wasn’t reliable or
reliable – meaning expenses skyrocketed in order to develop the space program for Apollo.
When the Apollo missions were a success and the Cold War was over, the political urgency of
beating the Soviets also ended and thus, so did the motivation and funding for the space race. So,
without the funding and motivation to continue developing space technology, coupled with the
unsustainable and expensive technology implemented by the Apollo program, there wasn’t a
solid foundation for NASA to continue its moon endeavors as people hoped.
Strachan, A. (2003, Nov 15). New documentary makes case moon landing faked: [Final Edition].
Expositor
https://comlib.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/new-docum
entary-makes-case-moon-landing-faked/docview/345985933/se-2

Dark Side of the Moon was written and directed last year by 63- year-old historical documentary
filmmaker William Karel for France's Point du Jour Production and Arte France (the film's
original, French title was Operation lune). It uses documentary evidence, archival footage and
extensive interviews with Kubrick's widow, Christiane Kubrick, astronaut Buzz Aldrin and
former and present- day U.S. government officials and luminaries such as Henry Kissinger,
Lawrence Eagleberger, Al Haig and Donald Rumsfeld, to lay bare the lie.

Teuscher, D. (2002). Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to
the Moon Landing "Hoax". The Science Teacher, 69(9), 78.
https://comlib.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/bad-a
stronomy-misconceptions-misuses-revealed/docview/214620083/se-2

This book clarifies common misconceptions and fallacies about astronomy. It covers a variety of
themes, including astrology, moon landing conspiracy theories, and other misunderstood areas of
space research. The book's goal is to educate readers about the realities of astronomy while also
clarifying common misconceptions in popular culture. The author examines many issues and
gives conclusive evidence for the Apollo missions' legitimacy. She also rigorously contrasts
astrology and astronomy, underlining the basic differences between the two sciences and the
empirical basis of astronomical research. Furthermore, the author addresses a wide range of other
fallacies, from defining the true scale of celestial bodies to refuting myths about phenomena like
as black holes and the beginnings of the universe with straightforward, evidence-based answers.
By dispelling these myths, the book enables readers to traverse the universe with a better grasp
of its wonders.

The University of Manchester. (2019). How moon landing conspiracy theories began and why
they persist today. The University of Manchester Newsroom.
https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/moon-landing-conspiracy-theories/

This article discusses why the moon landing conspiracies began and how they’ve continued to
have believers years later. The authors state that the theory began because some people believed
it was impossible for NASA to put a man on the moon by the date Kennedy promised, so the
landing was staged to save face. According to opinion polls, “5-10% of Americans distrust the
official version of events” and in the UK, “12% of Britons believed in the conspiracy theory”
(University of Manchester, 2019). During the 1970’s, distrust in the country was high due to the
leaked Pentagon papers and congressional reports that detailed CIA interference domestically
and abroad. After Kennedy’s assassination, theorists began doubting public evidence rather than
just doubting if all the information was released – leading to doubts in the media published for
the Apollo missions. This, coupled with the Hollywood film Capricorn One (a movie that
depicted a Mars landing being faked in a film studio), only fueled the fire for moon landing
conspiracies.

The Washington Post. (2019, June 6). 50 years after Apollo, conspiracy theorists are still
howling at the “Moon hoax.” Association for Psychological Science - APS.
https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/50-years-after-apollo-conspiracy-theorists-ar
e-still-howling-at-the-moon-hoax.html

It's been nearly 50 years since the Apollo 11 lunar landing, but people are still skeptical about
whether or not it was real. Research and information on the moon landing conspiracy theories are
circulating more today with the internet making access to information as easy as ever. With a
very passionate following of people, the moon landing hoax believers are convinced that all
information proving the moons landing is real is exactly what they would expect from someone
trying to trick the public.

Time Inc. (2008, November 20). Conspiracy theories. Time.

https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1860871_1860876_1860
992,00.html

The article explains some ways that conspiracists believe that the moon landing was fake. They
explain that the flag was waving which would be impossible in space since it’s a vacuum.
There’s also controversy about how Stanley Kubrik, filmmaker that created the 1968 film 2001:
A Space Odyssey, helped film the fake landing. His film proved that it was technologically
possible to create an artificial spacelike set. According to the author, a Gallup poll (1999) was
performed, and 6% of Americans said they thought the landings were fake and 5% were
undecided on the issue (Para. 3). Those theorists believe that since NASA being the only source
of the Apollo videos and photos, there’s no verification that the lunar landings were anything but
a hoax.

Villard, R. (2004, 07). Did NASA fake the Moon landing? Astronomy, 32, 48-53.
https://comlib.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/magazines/did-nasa-fak
e-moon-landing/docview/215920708/se-2

The article explains the various forms of evidence that conspiracy theorists use when backing up
their belief. These include that there’s no evidence of human visitation on the moon, the
American flag was blowing despite there being no wind, humans were incapable of going to the
moon, and the government having the equipment at the time to pull off that type of CGI. This
mixed with an increasing distrust in the government explains the reason for those not trusting
authority. According to Villard (2004), “42 percent” of Americans believe the government hides
information from the population (para. 3). This rising distrust can be attributed to other
conspiracy theories and Bill Kaysing, a former aerospace technical writer, published a book
called We Never Went to the Moon. Conspiracists believe this theory despite the countless
research against it because they decide to ignore facts and have the need to feel independent
because listening to the government would make them feel controlled.