ASSIGNMENT

Qn.1. Carry out reservoir analysis based on the visited case study 0f ATC-OITF under the
following aspects:
a) Reservoir capacity (Dead Storage (DS) + Live Storage (LS) + Reservoir Surcharge (RS) )
b) Demand for irrigation if; total area to be cultivated downstream is 8.2 ha
c) Reservoir loss by evaporation annually (Use ATC-Meteorological Station data)
d) Other information: slope U/S = 1/3, Bed level = 1173.00m, RL = 1173.3m
Qn.2. Discuss the site criteria of selection of dam reservoir
It is almost impossible to select a perfect ideal reservoir site. But its selection is guided
by the following factors or criteria:
 A suitable dam site is available. The dam should be founded on sound watertight
rock base, and percolation below the dam should be minimum. The cost of dam is a
controlling factor in the selection of a site of a reservoir.
 The geological condition should be such that percolation losses are minimum and
maximum run off is obtained
 The reservoir site should be such that quantity of leakage through it is a minimum.
Reservoir site having the presence of highly permeable rocks reduce the water
tightness of the reservoir.
 The reservoir basin should have a narrow opening in the valley so that the length of
the dam is less.
 The cost of real estate for a reservoir, including roads, rail road, dwelling re-location
etc must be as less as possible.
 Topography of the reservoir site should be such that it has adequate capacity without
submerging excessive land and other properties.
 The site should be such that a deep reservoir is formed. A deep reservoir is
preferable to a shallow one because of:
 Lower cost of land submerged per unit of capacity
 Less evaporation losses because of reduction in the water spread area
 Less likelihood of weed growth
 The reservoir site should be such that it avoids or excludes water from those
tributaries which a high percentage of silt in water.
 The reservoir site should be such that the water stored in it is suitable for the
purpose for which the project is undertaken. The soil and rock mass at the reservoir
site must not contain any objectionable mineral and salt.
Qn.3.Discuss on Sedimentation process for reservoir and hence explain ways of controlling
sediments
Reservoir Sedimentation
The deposition of sediment in the reservoir is known as 'Reservoir Silting' or 'Reservoir
Sedimentation'
Every river carries certain amount of sediment load. The sediment particles try to settle down to
the river bottom due to the gravitational force but may be kept in suspension due to the upward
currents in the turbulent flow which may overcome the gravity force. Due to these reasons, the
river carries fine sediment in suspension as suspended load, and larger solids along the river bed
as bed load. When the silt laiden water reaches a reservoir near a dam, the velocity and the
turbulence are considerably reduced. The bigger suspended particles and most of the bed load,
therefore, gets deposited in the head reaches of the reservoir. Fine particles may travel some
more distance and may finally deposit farther down in the reservoir, as shown in figure below.

Figure: Sediment accumulation in a typical-reservoir.

Ways of controlling reservoir sediments
Silting Control in Reservoirs.
To increase the life of a reservoir, it is necessary to control the deposition of sediment. There are
various methods which are undertaken to achieve this aim and they are divided into two:
(1) Pre-constructing measures ; and (2) Post-constructing measures.

These measures are discussed below :

(1) Pre-constructing measure. These are measures which are adopted before and during the
execution of the project. They are explained here under:

(a) Selection of Dam Site. The silting depends upon the amount of erosion from the catchment.
If the catchment is less erodible, the silting will be less. Hence, the reservoir site should be such
that it excludes run off from easily erodible catchment area.
(b) Construction of the Dam in Stages. The life of a reservoir can be prolonged by constructing
the dam in stages. In other words, first, the dam should be built lower, and raised subsequently
when some of its capacity gets silted up.
(c) Construction of Check Dams. The sediment inflow can be controlled by building check
dams across the river streams contributing major sediment load. These are smaller dams and trap
large amounts of coarser sediments at upstream side .
d) Vegetation Screens. This is based on the principle that vegetations trap large amount of
sediments. The vegetation growth is therefore promoted at the entrance of the reservoir as well as
in the catchment. These vegetation cover, through which flood water have to pass before entering
the reservoir are known as vegetation screen and provide a cheap and a good method of silt
control.
(e) Construction of Under-sluices in the Dam. The dam is provided with openings , in its base,
to remove the more silted water on the downstream side. The sediment concentration will be
more at some levels than at others. Therefore, sluices are located at the levels of higher sediment
concentration.

(2) Post-constructing Measures. These measures are undertaken during the operation of the
project. They are given below:
(a) Removal of Post Flood Water. The sediment content increases just after the floods ;
therefore, attempts are generally made not to collect this water. Hence, the efforts should be
made to remove the water entering the reservoir at this time.
(b) Mechanical Stirring of the Sediment. The deposited sediment is scoured and disturbed by
mechanical means, so as to keep it in a moving state, and thus, help in pushing it towards the
sluices.
(c) Erosion Control and Soil Conservation. Under this category fall the various methods of soil
conservation such as provision of control bunds, checking gully formation by providing small
embankments, afforestation, regressing and control of grazing. Provision of vegetation screen
help in reducing sheet erosion.