Micro Bio Summaru

Summary 1.1 = The Dispute Over Spontaneous Generation eS pty eran ws ned 9 ris ary Experiments ‘ov experinet of Newsham spre tie spontaneous en toe wil tere pala am Experiments of Pasteur The xyes of Lous Pasar disproved spomansces genaton Experiments of Tyndall Sot Tyna shed thse mii forms ent killed by ba forms of baer 12s Microbiology: A Human Perspective Vital Activities of wieroorganisms fen asim a nto. form fat plants and the ezaises cs ‘Se. Mcteoranins ples Oy abd donde sey mates ‘Applications of Microbiology ‘Bead in fey ad cher ae meade wing tcl deve pe 40 yeas og. Batre sed deze ene polars and tesyubesz avant of aie pout teh eles, hyeony Feayae ais, nl, satoucn and ans ede Bcetolony ‘kpendton member of the mcrbal no Medical Microbiology my deming Ghee sich at smal, plage, aod innza ene deed te ous of Hsu. Disses emerge Deen of 16 chapter Huns andthe Mice Won {4s Non-tiving Members ofthe Microbial World ‘Toe naming members ofthe roi wold we not composed ut nue 19. Virdsconst of singe, sor BNA rele {owe 10, Pelans cost only of poet: appre. they ae ms {olded versions of arm cla roti a. 1- ne Mess an changing infects agen re 1. Diseases ace thier contol renege when sxc preventive meses Bone ‘tis ef tir own ste ptoges bone ess aii ‘al medica, cers nd rmgt cay pathos ud th ‘be and ppaltins ag we odese become mote stl ‘Esemen ple hare hoon ann tvig cen vase Te ‘oral cio liye a peteine ok, bt papers cae ca ‘microorganisms as Model Organisms [Micorgntis te excelent mete! crane Dente they rom rapa en single expensive moti. The Bow reves he sve ‘tee, meal and chem pees ihe ris 412 © Living Members of the Microbial World (a1) Diversity of Microorganisms ‘Toemirobl werd are dene ne 2, asctria Members ofthe Bacteria sng les prokaryotes that hve pe (egal wal, Archaea Felon Mary Avchacs gow in extene evionen ‘ewcarye ember of te Bacar hae ebay ll rca tle 2 ‘Alaue ca te singles ulcer an se sug oa nergy suc ir 1) Fag cae gle yt and ‘ial rds nd masons hy se enc compounds as fod (eve Prova ate pally mote speed anise hat ‘eran compounds fd ou 8. Nomencature (panos med acorn © 3 oil sytem. Fach opin ‘ara geno and pele se wrt fac or ancvinn 1.5 © Sie in the Microbial World Altoug ey weal smal szesof member of mira word vary ‘remand 1‘summary ‘athe Suna croup sam Virco Soe emp tce etn Wit a ‘Site ie intronic Sime rman pare = ‘aogen tan ‘pe moyasimcar ou Gamegear icin gheske asm ETRTONITEATE 2.1 Feta opr D9 Net end a tte ‘cin pet a amas) SISTED eine, a ete ents Sp i i onset oie miner 25 canehptaes ‘ioctl men ce hos hae Sete ‘Sead we es ae cnty nag Moi Neel sd ef a 23" Crema Components ofthe Ca SES peta Se nde a room fay pen an eet Sennett on teas ep eileen tee 0 i ye pte et i pa vee es ‘Sato ay matt trea SSityestanny atest sade Poneerintarageae prin rien eect igen soe a ety in ih ice es a ‘Sl ths rep ins te Tie pera enw ao BAe 27st Lipatens tna ppt apt ne, ‘pane ‘ence mene Pope cae ‘Sips stops neo PoaSummary 4.1 «Principles of Prokaryotie Growth Mow prokaryote iy by binary kn fu Mbit owt is see ih the sumer of eli ppalaon ‘ian sogted for «popes io oahe in sma eration ine oi) 442 *Prokaryotic Growth in Nature Protas fen het fli, 2 commun ene ape hae a hes exact aes stan Pray fe 204 in lae esis contig mailed (ponthofanter 443 «Obtaining a Pure culture ‘nya cpa hve ees own he benny Groming Microorganzm on 2 Solid Medium ‘sive microbial el deposed on sold mem wll mui to feel The streak Plate Method nr) ‘eae meal meen Maintaining Stok cultures {44 = Prokaryotie Growth in Laboratory Conlitions ‘The Growth Cuvee) When gown ated sem, putin prokaryotes ek nope pls gs expe Ft toner, ety a prolonged deine Colony Growth hepsi ou sige el winx slany kel een ite ue inrgsc compound for ey and deve ti aon fom Co, Phowhetrerope ete suo sl aed shin he ‘Sen tom an compan Coemourptoberrepe ie {4.7 = cuttvating Protaryotes inthe Laboratory ‘General Categorie of Cultre Media is) camper mein cna 3 ay fares ich pcs {alec A chemialy defined mei pn of Pecse isa fue sbencal. Soup erential met ‘pues che a osc wa, ‘Providing Appropriate Atmospheric Conditions ‘nny wd tperue bare Mico sre tr ‘Sie ac cnsns ang wih nce at garon 0 ‘anerble chamber is sain chemostat 4.5 Environmental Factors That Influence ‘Microbe! Growth as Temperature Requirements 3) ‘rns cn be pomp pyehrophies, payers, ‘mse emp byperiermisine ‘oxygen (0, Requrements i) ‘ones an be rouge oat sree, fete asco, ‘lgteanarer ror aeratcrastsmerberse! Ser yen (0) eens Po Orznisos con be roped a neutrophils, or ‘Slips bond tooo ater Avaaiiy apes ae aig wo eg evant, |A6= Nutritional actors That Influence Microbial Growth Required Element 0) ‘he mar slemene leap call costae and nae cao ‘op sur ad perp Trace dames eed ne) Growth Factors Magri cnet sys eens ssh ain ‘hand as ee exe a growth nt gm Hane cy her fom ng o fm chee utrtona Divert (45) Phetaneterphe se ey fmt ang wh he cton se ‘eumonce © make ergs coopouede Chemalibaaerepe 4.8 = Methods to Detect and Measure Microbial Growth 3) Direct call Counts Diet miroceple counts invlve coming the nuner of cae ‘exedieaphsmiconope hem, Bt Couleur ad {ow etme cou css they ps ph mit pee Viable all Counts ac cnt ne ie cy ig a (few ayer, Mem ‘tow To most pra ‘urd of «cee can be cola wih he mbes of elle ‘pecuoomeeraatoneaaweetiy (opty etek ‘hs weir proposal oe mumbo clin cl Detecting Call Products Pda es. and ATP an nee growthSummary 5.1» Approaches to Contro! ‘The metas ued soy oF emo microbes an vases cn be pls suchas et eaten, a a, hea ‘Stuntional Considerations (is- toi ood poston fs, wae eae sie, el te Principles of Control Avy of weed dsb necro arse. '5.2.© Selection of an Antimicrobial Procedure ‘One te mon crcl cmidentons in slesting amido dt: Ing moguls and vrs the type of moh pplton Utah to be peset ono te prod ‘The D salu, o decimal redueion ime the ine kes {o il 903 of» popaaion of acti ude’ specific codons Environmental Conditions ctr sch pl and preven of rpc mate iene mice Risk for infection Melia imtument se cen! a era seme, ad rom eel corde he Hk of wnemting ics as Composition of the tem ena psa ea 5.3" Using Heat to Destroy Mleroorganisms ‘and Viruses Mola Heat Mais er desioys conan hy casing teres cos th fh pln Puen ier 2 Ht bet eet fo Seay splige an dene casing opis Presa cokers ad tees et presirnd vu to cleve tpt Gael Endosprs ne 33 The mat iporan ap of he emi fig procs so cnr ha spre Csi bat nese Dry Heat Irenersion brs call concoct sn Tempers shee fot ar oven dese ee cmpencs and ineverly dente on 5.4.8Using Other Physical Methods 10 Remove or Destroy Microbes Fitration sue) Membrane ier a depth ers in crouse et tinge spe Td ps rough Migh-ieney parieuae air (GREPA) ur rove oy mop ases om Tonia odatos esoys cel by damaig cl ste an po- ag raster sc, Ultvises Hpt damigr he etre {0 Fanon f mic sc Microwaves Kil mice Indies maa fee ees of mtb contl Part Ufeand Dest of Miroorganiie 128 High Pressure ph pom thope deny mies by eaaig Foe {eos and ong be prmeby e ce. ‘5.5% Using Chemicals to Destroy Microorganisms and Viruses Potency of Germicidal Chemical Formulations ‘Genin pnd ning oie paca ert, hie level difectante ntrmedatlerel nfcans, ole ‘duncan ‘Selecting the Appropriate Germicidal Chemical "cor hat mst lcd inthe skin fo apogee ‘eileen ice ove, rsd ace he sect a ‘igi mater comps wih the mel being Weed, eos ad ‘lasses of Germicidal Chemicals ses) iy ta segeutve tectcan and fugly coauaingcrynes {oe cima pein, aa by dane pt emia ‘hui, oophtitie an Torn doses {id Chlomenne a iemnide exis aed tans ES) on ct ele cnpenune nlm ray salar {an losniees re sienna compos ed a aie ‘Miah pin foncon.Sierontnng compounds {ewe reve wound infects. Orne ted aaa {loplnic membres an denne tcl ilnan wed a ‘Boo dosent saps. Qutra) soni compost ‘ato detrgets they are no-one croghta be used ‘at pepo sare ‘5.6 Preservation of Perishable Products ‘chemical Preservatives {o pevet mcd gout Na ad te we ae some {also uate petaine ad sshequen Bow Clr ‘re endnpre Lowetemperature Storage crea ep all mel gh Reducing the Available Water Saga an sa ea waeron of es, preventing te gow of mie crit. Lop ned or psn od Te fond eeTener tate te mewn ten a myerscnens devel eeu fle AP of oe suc oe tone cen coenoum et Somalia ee wcomane Seen me ee PEERS eos (inp una apt nt ey acon Shes oe om ba tem ras Reich eee gm pane at ay At‘mts oad Fn go ‘angen RNA ols mabe cf he ee apdeting Gane aren Se es ea cay pg ee 228 DUA Replication {ie tein pope of aan wud» cc DXA ‘leer penn oi in DNA pie ton of A Replation Dep ger ie epean [Dea perme shes DNA it © 0 Seas wig SLE as pee ae cape cand 1.35 Gene Expresionn Bacteria A ppm sim RNA 5 cin dine ‘Niet Sona wap on eee we ms, oe ‘he nfomson oa ty RNA dap wig te te ie at UG aes 186 cmp tetera (COR pt niin te ‘poor shn Ponce pe 17 = eaarpatic Gane Regulation ‘lion aay sah ee sole a tit ‘ages ca 2 A merece ENA ee ete ania 0A pes nee cic UA ‘Bai ua cyt mse a 742 biterences Between Eukaryotic and roaryoie ‘Gon Boeason save aye A pre a a ay A a SA ne AD anal Transduction Pun pam st sth ey ee ‘Spe sul mon) Feoompna py ‘plow ac ae pcs cher oe a ‘emt soreness epee oe nce ny, ting mt ecto al pn i rn 17.6 Batra one Regulation ome a eat ed he i bese he a operon a Mode! ‘Anaiaing a rkuryatc OMA Seauence Tre ctmeyenany emerge compa esd eh ‘epenraaag ene Ouse, ‘ttt anscommniy, nj ey ew penceSummary {te pepe eta fur ng ir ue mans SRS eae MUTATION AS A MECHANISM OF GENETIC CHANGE ‘yarn bocca men ef Diligence ra cn seni cn Tats “Transposens Vumping Genes) everett Indeed etn ony map ‘Chemical Mutagene ‘Sime chemin yest, sig ergs ng [opts i Bae nals an esky rad Tort ecto es rep plating at a on» oop pr sein Pye Rea nce ‘Seep of saceephe mats na ene ns, theta pol ercingen i 896. “men HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER AS [A MECHANISM OF GENETIC CHANGE cass») tay sie DNA png i cl Xe ace eae mn a ane gh nie 8. DuAectated Transformation competence 27 taneducton “Tsmduin he mc tel DNA by tetepage escent pnd a ods ahs ey eee pe one peer is neta ne oe aie el ‘pat ect at ges oe Transposition | ise ain rt tym der emo na ‘eo mn crc eat ¥ ch {4 shepalr of Damaged DNA (set) Repair of Errors in nceotise Incorporation [DXA pans ve» prneating cow leah repr ‘eons ren of sl hah Stew DNA sands tes bei pret ‘eps of thymine Dimers notre at ee ose ae He ek he ‘a ts ymin diner un non rapa Se a ‘elaine ges one sedan 505 Repair S08 rep se pal mani Ba Wes 8 Hew DA Petr aoe ay bo pss be cated ‘BNA Coney. enemy sete Ah sy mat 22 conjugation Conjgtion aie elaea cott ca npn pt a Ir sane hve be F psn ego ino Ge coms An om na medi th ci ai he 23The Mobile Gene Poo (80) ‘heme ee pina emponm, penei dy, sl ge DNA, Pals ee at efor even aan: ay ‘Seay unfeed y coagton plas de re — equ HS) ccc sal ape ue SA emp pene tn rm ps ky gsSummary 9.1. Fundamental Tools Used in lotechnology Aestrcton Enzymes ne) Reston emer cut DNA ito fens. Catesve ends wit ‘ero raises. Ge Electrophoresis se 22) (Gel eetropharesssepates DNA fagmens scoring eee. 13.2 « Applications of Genetic Engineering (ane 9 Genetically Engineered Bacteria ps3) ‘Bowen can be enpnewed 0 pode shamacetal pins oe ‘es, an ter protans me efile By ning 0 seer of [DNA ino nf an ean sce tha sae ava or aly ‘snd ther mailto Genetically Engincered Eukaryoter “Trango ls have ben enna ori pss a ides, fave npeoved nuova and econ aie acl 19.3» Techniques Used in Genetic Engineering ‘zoom of ergs aire 8. Techniques Used in BNA Sequencing ‘clit ck the 30H an href nts sca ‘act he pstons fhe ranting mck inune 9) 2.6 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) PCR is sad reply inset heat of specie DNA Senet ‘asamp Gooe Techniques Used in PCR Dovblesranded DNA is denture, prima aneel w this conpe sen sequences, 2 hea DNA sjatbsod ample the bg quence (Far #19. The PCR product is enpied exponcaay (Gen 4447 The pers dt which pic ofthe DNA pli To Soe DNA. claw sed by ating & detgset To obtain claryote DNA wibout inues eves tensa I ud Yo make STEDRA 29 HEN ena 7 Generating « Recombinant ONA Molecule DNA ligase sed lathe elo abl he ine ni 9889. (Obtaining Cols That Harbor Recombinant ONA Molecules ‘The recombinant molec ited ot he em ost sly tol wag ulema owropiree, The alone els ‘ue grown on edi tha boasts fr cells coming ect Sequence and diferentes tae ht ear ecmbnan’ molecles. 9.4 = Concerns Regarding Genetic Engineering land Other DNA Technologtes Advances in geome ae ete es and cones abcde. ‘iy Geetly bie epi nd may pie, bt cm Prec end ere effects on he enorme 95 DNA Sequencing By equncing DNA, he coded infrmatin cn be cra ht fate ganas. Prt fe and beth of Mirargais 19.7 » Probe Technologies (nee 30, ‘Colony Botting ‘Calon bsting ws a robe to ety eos th cain a ies segue af DNA r=. Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) isorecence nat ybrdizatan (FISH) nr Saeco ile re dete specifi nocleside sequences within tt cel aed {Daamkrosape se owe 920, NA croarrays DNA tmleroarrays contin wot of tunérds of towand of ‘Gigcnceaas at cch fiom in a manner anlogons wo pobeSey LLL 410.1 = Principles of Taxonomy ‘Taxonomy consis of thee etl acs: Mentifeation, ‘Strategies Used to Identity Prokaryotes ‘To chreceie and identity ecroorguiar 4 wide mtornent of ‘ectncogies is sed, inelong microscopic examination, cata ear ‘Strategies Used to Classify Prokaryotes ‘Taxpomic casita cargoves are aranged in ie ere, at te pec tog the Baie unt. Tanemomic carer se specks, gets, order, as, plum dvison, ing domain Tidal strain wins pci ayn opr Gi). Nomencature rkaryotes ie stig names govered by oil ret 10.2 = Using Phenotypic Characteristics to Identify Prokaryotes (abe 10s) Microscopie Morphology ‘The sie, shape, and staining characters of a microorganism yeh ingot cls ae ts ent res 102,122, ‘Culture Characteristics ‘ide infomation tht helps ieatiy an eras, Metabolic Capabilities Mos bocbemial tts rely on a pH indicator or chemical reaction ‘hat shows a colo change when compound is degraded. The Bele strep fries sing biochemical est rebes onthe we of & ichotomous key (ores 4 105 te 15, Serology Protein and polysaccharides tht make wp prokaryote’ suri are sometimes charcersic enough abe denying markets Fatty Acid Analysis (FAME) Cella ty sei composition ane ued tan ating maker 10.3 = Using Genotypic Characteristics to Identify Prokaryotes Detecting Specific Nucleotide Sequences {A probe complementary toa saqence unique to a given mide is ‘sed deat that erganis nue 10.7). Nucla we ampiesion tests (NAAT sich ss PCR incense the name of capes of a spectc rule eqns, thee determining ia gven organism is preset ‘Sequencing Ribosomal RNA Genes ‘The nucleate sequence af ibosomal RNA (NA) canbe used 19 ideaify prokaryoes. Newer tehniques simpy sequene 1DNA, the DNA tht ender #RNA. Organist cannot yet be cv ‘ae ied by ampliyng, cloning, ad then souencng spec 10.4» Characterizing Strain Differences (aie10) Biochemical Typing [A group of sins tat has a characteristic biochemial vation called biovar,o biotype. Serological Typing {A group of sins tht dirs seclogically from other stains clled serovar, or aseratype gu 25) Molecular Typing ‘wo lanaes tat have difentretition fragment length poly ‘morphisms (RFLP) ae considered diferent sais (our 191 Malllocus sequence typing derines the ccc sequence of mprescuive sepmen Phage Typing ‘The susceptibility to vsous types of acteriophages can be wed 10 emensate train ferences ur 103 Antibiograms| Anos susepiily patens can be used 10 distinguish strains 10.5 = Classifying Prokaryotes (use 127) DNA sequences can te ined lo comtuct «phylogenetic tree (igure 1) Horzontal gene transfer cas complicate insigs Provided by ome ype of DNA sequence compara ure 010, 165 DNA Sequence Analysis, Analyzing and comparing the sequences of -RNA and more cel, DNA. has evolutonze he clasieaton of ngs DNA Hybridization ‘Teexent of let simlaity betwen two organisms canbe deter ‘ned by meaning how completly single ands of ie DNA wi {teal one ot, DNA Base Ratio (G + Content) ‘The G + C content canbe mesure by eermining he emperors hich doalesranded DNA Tels (ir 018) Phenotypic Methods (Casson scones hat group organisms by peneype hae largely tec replaced by mete that rely on 168 sfosomal nei 36d seqence dat.Summary METABOLIC DIVERSITY as | Aneroble Cremetropha AnseroicChemotthtronhs ‘het tn ot Hr es ‘Antrobic Chemoorgantropha—Anaerobicaspration eg mi cop em se Ansurbic ChnargantropheFeranaton (artes rng Fl a ne Iie herpsy Feet pat se ‘he Purple tacterie apr bat per eg pe one ‘heritage atin Sop mee ote anne ane ‘other AnonygeniePhotetephe Sie am emp vb ig am 13 onygenicPhototrophe ‘ne cyanobanta 889) ‘et cs a ci bl pce ‘Samra Sieg anne eile ‘ego, tue yp alm of rch States fmm ce pe iste Soe wes ct i oon LA Aerobie hamolthotrephe ‘he Strong Bacteria ‘cei coe esl tt: ey The Mydrogen ding acer Aes nem pi gi te aang 5 Aerobic Chemoorgenotopht btgate hares ‘hc nr eae pte or (iS ry Pennna ese weed ‘Rema aur esac Fy pn apo as Canoes ier pin inhi onion cos tea end hs. Resene (Eigen ee tern pear ec oe yest ‘ferns meme pe etn an re Thommen Sores we a ply Hh ‘recs nba Br of re de ‘btgate nrc ares Spec ia Ot ch a en fe Gos Caer es ‘atl ty ‘ie {Eine lg ocd sepa ag ct a a ncn pe woe te ive 8 Mente Coc rca pl a end st ‘im aba omc oe erm ed afte ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ei s:) 1.60 heving in Tretia Evironment ‘Sim fon laces gee Nee Ae etn fn fee My fr ng bts ae ‘ric ay cotem se sq ee Sopene ‘teem di otter an sea pedantic pe Agta nt une Tey ne pene ‘inn ns oly ging eat spr

Micro Bio Summaru

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