PRELIM WEEK 3-4: Beauty, Classifications and Functions of Art, Subject of Art

WEEK 3 LESSON
MODULE 2

Definitions of Beauty
Types of Beauty
Philosophical Import of Art
Classifications of Art
Topics:
Functions of Art
Subject Type
Kinds of Subject
Ways of Representing The Subject

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

 Identify the different types of beauty;
 Differentiate the three functions of art by giving examples with
Learning Outcomes: explanation;
 Classify a given example based on the different classifications of
art;
 Differentiate representational and non-representational; and
 Analyze the subject matter of specific examples of art.

Date Topics Activities or Tasks

Philosophical Import of Art

Definitions of Beauty Read the lessons
January 31-
Types of Beauty Answer Participation Activity
February 4
Classifications of Art
Functions of Art
Subject Type Read the lessons
Kinds of Subject
February 7-11 Ways of Representing The Subject
Accomplish Learning Task and Quiz
Elements of Art
Principles of Design
February 11 Submit worksheet

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LEARNING CONTENT
Introduction:
Let us make it our practice to recite the Louisian prayer in every beginning of our lessons.
Include also in your prayer the well-being of everybody most especially those who are suffering from
any kind of illnesses. To begin with, let me congratulate everybody for a job well done. I can see that
everybody are giving the best they can to comply with the requirements of this subject. I appreciate
all the efforts and the time you have given in your studies. Keep doing a great job! Let us continue
our lesson with the different definitions of beauty.

The word beauty connotes balance and proportion, something that is pleasing to the eye, perfection,
pleasure. These are just few of the words that are usually associated with beauty. But what really is
beauty?
The term has always been linked with positive qualities but to require for a universal single definition
of the word beauty would be considered as an invalid claim as the word itself is relative in nature.
What may be beautiful for a particular country may not be considered as such in another place.
Given also the fact that the definition itself is indeed fleeting in nature.
Nevertheless, it is, but just acceptable to have it defined based on how a particular society sets
standard of their own. Thus, below are some diversified definitions of beauty.

Lesson Proper:

Definitions of Beauty

Webster dictionary: Beauty is an assemblage of perfection through which an object is rendered

pleasing to the eye.

Plato: Beauty is equated with the sublime identity with good. Basically, for Plato, a thing is not
considered beautiful if it does not serve a good intention. The same is true to a person as
he/she will be considered beautiful so long as the beauty applies both on the outside and on
the inside (personality).

Aristotle: Beauty is a symmetry, proportion, and an organic order of parts into united whole. For
Aristotle, what we can certainly state is that our attraction to another person’s body increases
if that body is symmetrical and in proportion.

*Scientists believe that we perceive proportional bodies to be healthier.

Spinoza: A thing is beautiful if we desire it, and desire it because it is good; and if it is good, it is
therefore beautiful. He dismisses beauty as mere sensual content. The standards include your
desire on that particular thing. Hence, beauty for Spinoza is subjective.
Idealist: “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.” We have different standards of beauty. What may be
beautiful for me may not be beautiful to you. We cannot really judge other people of their
choices because we perceive things differently and as a matter of fact, matters of taste are not
matters of dispute.

Santayana: Beauty is pleasure objectified. It is when the experience and emotion

of pleasure intertwines with the qualities of the object that beauty arises.

With art, beauty has become an artist’s definitive goal. But surprisingly, an artist’s passion
transcends beyond his master pieces. It is his ultimate goal to touch and connect with human
emotion. Artists are able to stimulate their audiences in some way that which would create feelings,
curiosity and interest. It is capable of bringing the audience into another dimension that which play
with their thoughts and memories and thus bring beauty in a sensual way.

Types of Beauty

IDEAL BEAUTY

One finds from objects or scenes in nature which conforms or approximate to his idea of how
beauty should be made or formed, which expectation is the result of man’s accumulated knowledge
or total aesthetic experiences. This type of beauty resembles perfection.
REAL BEAUTY

A type of beauty which conforms to the general expectations of man in a particular society,
period and culture according to subject, function or genre that it represents. One best example for
this is Liza Soberano. Liza’s beauty matches the standard/ tastes of Filipino about being beautiful.
However, this does not mean that Liza’s beauty accords with all other people in other countries.

NATURAL BEAUTY

Natural beauty is a type of beauty as found in nature and is not man-made. Objects which
exhibits manifestations that there has been no intervention made by man are qualified under this type
of beauty. If man did not undergo surgeries also is considered natural beauty

One example for this is the Blue water located in Baggao, Cagayan

ARTIFICIAL BEAUTY

This is a type of beauty is realized the moment man tries to make some changes in nature in
order to realize some concept, atmosphere or mood. This is some sort of a corrective measure man
does to qualify a thing or a person on the standards they have for beauty. An example of this is the
Banaue Rice Terraces. There is intervention of men, changing the nature
DECORATIVE BEAUTY

The type of beauty that is realized from the actual physical or material presence of the work of
art. It refers to the decorative function of the work of art that helps beautify the place. An example of
this is the chapel with impressive lighting Callao Cave (Penablanca Cagayan). We are adding a work
of art in nature. There is interaction beauty nature and art

SPIRITUAL BEAUTY

This type of beauty is discerned from works of art in which subjects are about religion, or
beauty found in noble and virtuous life. This type of beauty surpasses physical beauty. This type of
beauty includes qualities such as joy, love, grace, gentleness, unselfishness and not only limited to
spiritual materials such as the bible and its content, churches and spiritual statues. When we express
these Godlike qualities, actively live them, we're actually expressing beauty! The picture on the right
shows a lot of these qualities. Working of religious objects and arts such as bible, churches, beauty
found in noble and virtuous life.

INTELLECTUAL BEAUTY

This type of beauty is discerned after giving due consideration to points or elements or a
meaning found beyond the surface or composition’s observable features. Just like how the picture on
the right illustrates how our medical frontliners are, without a doubt, the biggest heroes during this
COVID-19 pandemic. They've sacrificed their time and effort, and even put their lives on the line, just
to make sure that we're safe. Beauty beyond what we see. Those who help the sick for example we
see them beautiful. Found beyond the surface or composition’s observable features.

Classifications of Art

ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. Practical or Useful Arts
It is concerned with the skills and methods of practical subjects such as manufacture
and craftsmanship. These types of arts are human creations used to produce artifacts, tools,
and utensils used in doing household and everyday chores.
Examples: basket weaving, agriculture
 2. Liberal Arts
Liberal arts, also referred to as the humanities, includes the study of history, literature,
writing, philosophy, sociology, psychology, creative arts, and more. It involves the
development of man’s intellectual reasoning. More broadly speaking, students earning a
liberal arts degree learn to formulate effective arguments, communicate well, and solve
problems. Grounded in the human intellect, aims for us to communicate well, solve problems
and to ommmunicate well with others.
Examples: Mathematics, Philosophy, Psychology
3. Fine Arts
These types of arts are the products of human creative activity as they express
beauty in different ways and media for the satisfaction and relaxation of man’s mind and spirit.
Arts primarily for aesthetic purposes.
The term "fine art" refers to an art form practiced mainly for its aesthetic value and its
beauty ("art for art's sake") rather than its functional value. Fine art is rooted in drawing and
design-based works
Examples: painting, Sculpture, Architecture, printmaking
*The set of “fine arts” are sometimes also called the major arts, with "minor arts"
equating to the decorative arts.
4. Minor Arts
The minor arts include jewelry, silverware, coins, miniature sculptures and carvings - in
short, anything excluded by the "major arts" such as paintings, prints and monumental
sculptures are products of minor arts. The minor arts may be small, but, as the saying goes,
good things come in small packages. It is really hard separate minor from practical arts since
these works are connected with each other. In a way, we can categorize practical arts under
minor arts. Utilitarian or practical arts,
5. Major Arts
Major arts are characterized by their actual and potential expressiveness and by a
purely disinterested purpose. Major arts require tremendous amount of training, effort, time
and focus. Although the same demands go with performing a minor art but this classification
demands for a more serious and long-term practice to perform and excel on it. Thus, requires
an extensive training, focus and commitment to practice. Major arts, unlike minor arts had
undergone further development/ enhancement to improve its purpose, hence more mature
than minor arts. Most of them are not functional and not utilitarian, most of them are for
aesthetic. Unique about it is that it involves work of man, it requires tremendous amount
training. Fine arts can also be major arts.
Examples: Music, Poetry, Sculpture

ACCORDING TO MEDIA (material used by the artists e.g. paint, stones, paper and pen, etc.)
AND FORM (how artist created or presented the art)
1. Plastic Arts
The term "plastic art" - derived from the word "plasticize", meaning "to mould" -
describes any art form which involves modelling or moulding in three dimensions. The most
common example of the plastic arts is sculpture. This is because sculptors chip, carve, shape
or modulate a range of traditional materials, such as marble, granite, sandstone, bone, ivory,
wood, and terracotta, as well as contemporary materials such as concrete, aluminium, and
foam rubber. These are developed through space and perceived by the sense of sight.
Examples: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture
2. Phonetic Arts
These are based on sounds and words as media of expression.
Example: Music, Drama, Literature

3. Kinetic Arts
It makes use of rhythmic movement as the elements of expression. It is an art from
any medium that contains movement perceivable by the viewer or depends on motion for its
effect. Canvas paintings that extend the viewer's perspective of the artwork and incorporate
multidimensional movement are the earliest examples of kinetic art. Includes optical illusion
because they seemed to be moving when we look at them.
Example: Dance, optical illusion paintings

4. Pure Arts
These are artworks in which the artist utilizes only one and no other medium of
expression. We can use this to categorize the other classifications of arts. This type of art is
not as experimental/exploratory as mixed art. It focuses only on one medium probably to
require focus or attention to the audiences
Example: Sound in music, Color in painting
5. Mixed Arts
As opposed to pure arts, this type of art uses two or more media to express oneself.
It is playful, exploratory, experimental and provides variety of exposure on different mediums
resulting into a beautiful harmony. Integrating all forms of art to make another art.
Example: Opera which includes music, drama, and poetry all together, stage design

Functions of Art

Art’s general function is to satisfy our individual needs for personal expression, our social
needs for display, celebration, and communication and our physical needs for utilitarian objects and
structures.
Below are the three functions of art. Read carefully and understand the differences between
the three.

SOCIAL FUNCTION

It seeks or tends to influence the collective behavior of people as opposed to one person's
point of view or experience. It is created to be seen or used primarily in public situations.
Arts with social function have the power to affect all of us. These would include posters,
political cartoons, religious paintings, bill boards, in other words, these are created works of art that
are targeted to an audience. Even works that we might assume to have been done merely for the
artist’s pleasure may have in fact been painted to serve a social function.
 In Death and the Mother, Kollwitz seems to effortlessly describe a myriad of powerful emotions
exposed in the confrontation of death. The mother appears to be locked in a desperate struggle with
a skeletal figure personifying death as she cradles her dying child, trying to keep the figure at bay.
The look on her face is shock, more so than fear. It is the shock of realization, that regardless of all
her efforts, she cannot save her child. It is final.

PHYSICAL FUNCTION
The forms and structures of art make one to live his/her life comfortably. This type of
function is the easiest to spot and understand for it can be realized through the objects and
environments we create which fill a utilitarian need. The processes through which a designer arrives
at a solution to a problem (an answer to a need) is surely a creative process.
Examples of work of arts that serves their functions include architecture, jewelry, and furniture.

PERSONAL FUNCTION
Why do artists make art? Obvious answers, "because they choose to, because they want to,
because they need to, because they can." All of these answers all point to the personal function.
Most artists produce work done specifically to satisfy their own desire to produce work. It can
be that simple as the artist simply enjoys painting, drawing or sculpting. They are pleased with their
ability to represent the world, and they derive a certain satisfaction from doing so. Perhaps the artist
finds the process art making, therapeutic. It calms them or relieves stress.
You are performing arts this pandemic such as vlogging, painting, singing, sculpting or
dancing to reduce the burden and stress is art serving its personal function.

Philosophical Importance of Art

Philosophy, science and art differ principally according to their subject-matter and also the
means by which they reflect, transform and express it. In a certain sense, art, like philosophy, reflects
reality in its relation to man, and depicts man, his spiritual world, and the relations between
individuals in their interaction with the world.

1. ARTISTIC INTEGRITY
Integrity gives us a foundation from which to draw on for future projects. It serves as our secret
back up system. We automatically know our strength because we have proven it to ourselves.
Artistic integrity is generally defined as the ability to omit an acceptable level of opposing,
disrupting, and corrupting values that would otherwise alter an artist's or entities' original vision in a
manner that violates their own preconceived aesthetic standards and personal values.
 Always painting with passion
 Never copying but taking ideas and tweaking them to make them our own
 Being original…. not normal
 Having the courage to take a chance
 Always remembering your artistic vision comes from your life, your thoughts…. your courage
 Creating a painting because it comes from your soul and not for recognition or prizes
 Being willing to be scared….to create on the edge
 To continue creating when doubt in yourself appears
 Doing your very best each and every day

2. PROPORTION AND SCALE

These are the principles of art that describes the size, location, or amount of one element in
relation to another. They have something to do with the overall harmony of an individual piece and
our perception of the art.
 Scale is used in art to describe the size of one object in relation to another, each object is often
referred to as a whole.
 Proportion has a very similar definition but tends to refer to the relative size of parts within a
whole. In this case, the whole can be a single object like a person's face or the entire artwork as
in a landscape. This will be further discussed in the next module

Sacle= relating two different objects, proportion= relating a part to its whole
3. RADIANCE
It is the quality of an object that makes us want to continue perceiving it.
The image Aquinas has in mind here is light. A radiant object shines before us. This doesn’t
necessarily have to be actual light. Radiance might involve real light, but it is also metaphorical for
the quality that captures our attention and holds onto it.
In viewing art, there are clues that mediate between the artwork and the viewer, allowing the
viewer to more easily comprehend what he is seeing. These clues which are also the three basic
components of a work of art include the subject, content, and form. Starting with the SUBJECT which
is the visual focus of the image that may be extracted from examining the artwork. This is the “what”.
Next is the CONTENT or the meaning that is communicated by the artist or the artwork. This is the
“why”. Lastly, we have the FORM which is s the development and configuration of the artwork. The
form is how the elements and the medium or materials are put together. This is the “how”.

Subject The “what”

Content The “why”
Form The “how”
 Ex. the artwork of Mona Lisa – subject, content – the message of the art, form – the
combination or hw the artist combined all the lements such as lines, colors and painting,
textures and values, and the materials used by artist

WEEK 4 LESSON
Subject Type

There are two types of art - representational art and non-representational art. Each of them
has different styles of artwork and can be easily distinguished.

A. REPRESENTATIONAL ART - is the type of art that we see the most. Representational means
descriptive, figurative and symbolized. Briefly, it depicts something easily recognized by most people.
For example, the painting below is called Thunder Magic by Marcia Baldwin. People can generally
recognize it as a horse without doubt. Although the using of colour may not be realistic, it represents
an actual subject from reality. Painting, sculpture, the graphic arts, literature and the theater arts are
generally under this category. Some musical composition has subjects, they are called Program
music. We can easily identofu what it represents because they exis in reality. Below is a horse

B. NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART - The opposite of representational art is complete abstraction,

where the lines, colors, and shapes themselves are the focus of the artwork, rather than any existing
thing. This is known as non-representational art.
For example, the painting below by Wassily Kandinsky is a great example. Kandinsky may
well have intended for this composition to represent something which already exists, but the
abstraction is so extreme that to most people, it is just an assortment of lines, colors, and shapes.
Music, architecture and many of the functional arts fall under this type. The kind of music
without subject may imitate natural sounds.
Abstract because it does not actually exist in real word, just lines and colors.
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In short, representational art can describe a physical object clearly and the expression of
artists can be easily understood by people. Non-representational art on the other hand is
abstract that the artists view the subjects in a non-traditional manner. The meaning behind
the picture is not obvious and may not be perceived by all people consistently. Nevertheless,
the sake of both types of art is the same - express the thoughts or emotion of artists.
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Kinds of Subject

There are many different kinds of subject in a painting. Some of the most common are:
1. Landscapes - An outdoor view of nature, such as mountains, rivers, sky desert, fields or forests.
In a Landscape, Seascape, or Cityscape, an artist creates the illusion of a three-dimensional
world on a flat canvas or paper. Include humans and animals, but the focus is supposed to be
nature
a) Landscapes include people, animals, buildings (barns, houses, or sheds), quiet roads or streets.
If people or animals are included, they are not the focal point.
b) Seascapes - A scene at sea (a ship on the water) or a scene including a portion of the sea, like
waves along the beach. The water (ocean or sea) is the focal point, or a larger part of the scene
and;
c) Cityscapes- A scene including city buildings, bridges, streets or traffic lights. A Cityscape might
include a river or a park surrounded by skyscrapers.

Landscape Seascape Cityscape

2. Still-life - groups of inanimate objects arranged in an indoor setting. The objects themselves are
the focal point. In general, almost any object can be included, as long as it is inanimate(nonliving)
and small enough to fit on a table. Occasionally, a live animal that can be “still” is included
(goldfish in a bowl, bird in a cage, sleeping cat). A Still Life is usually set indoors and contains at
least one man-made object, such as a vase or bowl. Flower arrangements are a popular object
found in Still Life paintings. Cut flowers no longer growing in the garden are
considered inanimate. You might see some of these objects in a Still Life painting:
 Use of inanimate objects in the setting and then paint them, shows what we do In every day life.
 Fruits
 Baskets
 Vegetables
 Other Food (cake, muffins, eggs, feast)
 Vines or
 Pottery
 Houseplants
 Vases
 Jugs
3. Animals - Along with the human form, animals were subjects of the earliest art ever created.
They are the earliest artworks known to us most especially in cave paintings.

a. Portraits - These have realistic likeness of a person in a sculpture, painting, drawing or print.
Portraits might show only the face, but may include part, or all, of the body as well. Portraits
may be set inside or outdoors. The subject usually fills most of the picture. Some artist’s
portraits do not look realistic. A portrait may be a painting, a photograph, or even a sculpture.
Poratrait focus on human face and the facial expression.
b. Figures - unlike portraits, the emphasis here is on human body, either nude. Focus is the
human body even if there is face being featured.such sculptures showing human body.
The two pictures below are examples of a portrait and a figure respectively

Portrait Figure
4. Everyday life - this includes a set up similar to what is happening in our daily lives. The content
here must be realistic.
5. History and legend - legend refers to the story of a definite place, local custom and haunted
place. Example: Biag-ni-Lam-ang (Ilocano), Biuag and Malana (Itawes)

6. Dreams and fantasies - How a given artist renders the world of dreaming is clearly not all about
fantasy. Images of dreams might also demonstrate, speak to the intellectual, sexual, social, and
artistic values of artist and audience. It is easy to identify a subject as such for it has magical and
unfamiliar contents.

7. Religions and myths- myth refers to the story that deals with supernatural tradition, men, culture,
heroes and beliefs. Ex. Si Malakas at Si Maganda

Look for art pieces around you and identify what are their subjects!

Ways of Representing the Subject

1. REALISM
 Artists working in the Realist style rejected the standards of Romanticism (1800-1850), a
genre defined by a heightened sense of emotion. Typically, Romantic paintings feature either
mythological figures or sublime scenes of nature. In either case, it glorifies its subjects—a trait that
Realist artists directly dismissed.
The realist style attempts to portray the subject as it is. The artist’s main function is to describe
as accurately and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses. In the process of
selection and presentation of his material, he is influenced by his feelings and thoughts. From the
word real, you can identify a painting as such when the image would appear realistic
(“makatotohanan”). Paintings identified as realism are quite usual and familiar as it portrays images
from our day to day lives.
Fernando Amorsolo a realist.
2. ABSTRACTION

Non representational art and the opposite of realism.

This is a direct opposite of realism as it does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of
a visual reality but instead, uses shapes, colours, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect.
It is used when the artist becomes so interested in one phase of a scene or a situation that he
does not show the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his idea, or his feelings about
it. Abstract means “to move away or separate”. It deviates from the actual visual reality.
An interesting thing about this type of painting is that most people would say that it is hard to
interpret one. Well actually it’s not. We are just so afraid that we might be wrong, but you see, this is
actually the beauty of an abstract painting. It is open to interpretation. All it requires is an open mind
and a big imagination. It requires you to enter the painting and see where it takes you. Abstract art
gives you the freedom to explore the artwork and assign your own meaning to the piece.
You may have seen myriads of abstract paintings that seem worthless. You may have
encountered lots of highly admired and expensive abstract paintings which you think even a five-year
old kid can do. So, does creating and understanding an abstract painting come naturally to
everyone? The answer to this question is no. What people don't realize is that the best abstract
artists have excellent drawing skills, a finely honed sense of composition, and a deep understanding
of the workings of color. Most abstract artists have the ability to draw a perfectly rendered rose or a
realistic portrait, but they choose not to. Instead, they choose to express their creativity by creating a
visual experience that is freer and more unencumbered by the weight of objects.
 Stylistically, abstract art included the movements of Surrealism, Dadaism, Cubism, and
Fauvism.
a. Distortion
It is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition or the regular the shape is twisted
out. There is an alteration of the original shape of something.

Example: Recumbent Figure 1938 by Henry Moore

b. Elongation
It is when the art subject is lengthened, a protracted or an extended much more than the reality.
Example: Gaston Modot (Oil on Canvas), by Amedeo Modigliani

c. Mangling
It is showing subjects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated or hacked with repeated blows.
Example: The Weeping Woman by Pablo Picasso

d. Cubism
It stresses abstract form through the use of cone, cylinder or a sphere at the expense of other
pictorial elements. The cubists want to show form in their basic geometrical shape.
Example: Violin and Paletteby Georges Braque
e. Abstract expressionism
In many paintings under the movement of Abstract Expressionism an expression of reality is
expressed in a non-representational statement with line, colour and size as well as the aggressive
mingling of colours, shapes and forms that creates a painting of pure thought and emotion.
It is characterized by great verve, the use of large canvasses, and a deliberate lack of
refinement in the application of the paint. Strong color, heavy impasto, uneven brush strokes, and
rough texture are other typical characteristics. It is messy and has unconventional application of paint
usually without a recognizable object.
Example: Door to the River by Willem de Kooning

3. SYMBOLISM

It is an emblem that assumes new meaning originating from a highly personal and unique
association in the mind of the creator. Symbolist painters used a wide variety of subjects including
heroes, women, animals, and landscapes. They typically gave these subjects deep meanings such
as love, death, sin, religion, or disease. Taking for example the painting below (Spoliarium, by Juan
Luna)
Spoliarium- The painting, shows how the Filipinos were treated before when they were
colonized by Spaniards. It shows that they were forced to entertain the Roman oppressors and the
Spaniards with their lives and sacrifice themselves for the Roman's and Spaniard's honor.
Examples: Alfred Lord Tennyson’s “Crossing the Bar”, Matthew 18: 2-14, Juan Luna’s
“Spolarium” (Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes), Bertel Thornwaldsen’s “The Lion Monument”
 At the center of Luna’s painting are fallen gladiators being dragged by Roman soldiers. On the
left, spectators ardently await their chance to strip off the combatants of their metal helmets and other
armory. In contrast with the charged emotions featured on the left, the right side meanwhile presents
a somber mood. An old man carries a torch perhaps searching for his son while a woman weeps the
death of her loved one.

4. FAUVISM

It was the first art movement in the 1900’s headed by Henry Martisse and others such as
Andre Derain, Raoul Drify, George Rouault. The used of extremely bright colors which symbolizes
comfort, joy, and pleasure characterized this method. Ex. The Girl from Rat Mort by Maurice de
Vlaminck
It is characterized with a radical use of unnatural colors that separated color from its usual
representational and realistic role, giving new, emotional meaning to the colors. It uses bold brush
strokes using paint straight from the tube instead of preparing and mixing it
Imagine trees that don't have to be green and brown, people who are blue and green, and red
skies in paintings. All of these ideas, which express the feelings of the artist through a somewhat
irrational use of color, create the Fauvist style.

5. DADAISM

Dadaist started during or after worl war I when artists question the society , and so artist made
arts that are provoking to public.
Dada began among artists, writers, and intellectuals who fled to neutral Switzerland during
World War I. The movement was a form of protest against the society that allowed the bloodshed to
take place. It challenged the perceptions of nationalism, materialism, and rationalism during this
“humiliating age”.
The Dadaist reached to what they believed were outworn traditions in art, and the evils they
saw in the society. They tried to shock and provoke the public with outrageous pieces of writing,
poetry recitals, and art exhibitions. The only rule of Dada is not to follow any known rules. Still,
Dadaist works shared some characteristics: satire and wit, irreverence, and spontaneity. It is playful
and highly experimental art.
The name “dada” a French word means “hobby horse”. The best known Dadaist was the
French artist Marcel Duchamp.
6.FUTURISM

It was developed in Italy. Futurist painters wanted their works to capture the speed and force
of modern industrial society. Their paintings glorified the mechanical energy of modern life. Subjects
include automobiles, motorcycles and railroad trains that express the explosive vitality of a modern
city.

7. SURREALISM

Portray dreamlike images.

Surrealism has no unified style, but, in painting, one can distinguish a range of possibilities
falling between two extremes. At one pole, the viewer is confronted by a world that is completely
defined and minutely depicted but that makes no rational sense: realistically painted images are
removed from their normal contexts and reassembled within an ambiguous, paradoxical, or shocking
framework.
The surrealists claim to create form and images not primarily by reason but by unthinking
impulse and blind feeling or even by accident. The surrealists declare that a magical world- more
beautiful than the real one-can be created in art and literature.
Example: Philosopher's Lamp by Rene Magritte

8. EXPRESSIONISM
 The main aim to convey the emotions of the artist and thus sometimes hard to interpret the
painting.
The proponents of expressionism believed in the necessity of a spiritual rebirth for man in an
age that was fast becoming influenced by materialism. The emotional expression in expressionistic
painting could be described as involving pathos, morbidity, violence or chaos and tragedy. It
sometime portrays defeat.
Expressionism artists used the expressive possibilities of colour and line to explore dramatic
and emotion-laden themes, to convey the qualities of fear, horror, and the grotesque, or simply to
celebrate nature with hallucinatory intensity. They broke away from the literal representation of nature
in order to express more subjective outlooks or states of mind.
Example: Starry Night by Van Gogh; Screaming Man by Edvard Munch

RESOURCES
Textbook:
Ariola, Mariano M. (2018). Art Appreciation
Ariola, Mariano M. Introduction to Art Appreciation. Quezon City: C& E Publishing Inc. 2014
(2nd ed)
Sanchez, Custodiosa A., Abad P.F and Jao. L. V. Introduction to the Humanities. Manila: Rex
Bookstore, Inc 2002

Online References:
https://www.britannica.com/art/Expressionism
http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/art101/webart1.html
https://www.britannica.com/art/Surrealism
http://korieworld.blogspot.com/2012/04/representation-art-vs-non.html#:~:text=Representational
%20means%20descriptive%2C%20figurative%20and%20symbolized.&text=Non
%2Drepresentational%20Art%20is%20also,are%20viewed%20in%20our%20reality.
https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-inspiration/what-is-abstract-art/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useful_art#:~:text=Useful%20art%2C%20or%20useful%20arts,art
%20and%20the%20fine%20art.
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/fine-art.htm
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/plastic-art.htm
https://artdiscovery.info/become-an-art-volunteer/art-definitions/
https://artdiscovery.info/become-an-art-volunteer/art-definitions/
Picture references:

https://www.lakadpilipinas.com/2015/04/callao-cave-penablanca-cagayan.html https://
www.pinterest.ph/pin/427982770821602298/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Persistence_of_Memory.jpg
https://drawpaintacademy.com/representational-art/