[Cu(H2O)6]2+ Cu(OH)2(s) [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ CuCl42– Cu+ Cu2+ / Cu
from CuSO4 .5H2O(s) NH3 dropwise to Cu 2+(aq) excess NH3 to Cu 2+(aq) excess HCl to Cu 2+(aq) reduction of Cu2+ with I– Disproportionation of Cu+ pale blue pale blue precipitate dark blue yellow white precpitate (CuI) brown solid (Cu) and and brown I2 blue solution (CuSO4)
from CoCl2.6H2O(s) plus from KCr(SO4 )2.12H2O(s) NH3 dropwise to Cr 3+(aq) excess NH3 to Cr 2+(aq) excess OH– to Cr(OH)3(s) from K2Cr2O7(s) in water and excess HCl pale purple dark green precipitate purple dark green 0.1mol dm-3 H2SO4 blue (heat green) orange Due to impurities, it is common for Cr(III) to appear green in solution
oxidation of Cr 3+ with from MnSO4 .4H2O(s) NaOH dropwise to Mn2+(aq) from FeSO4 .7H2O(s) NaOH dropwise to Fe 2+(aq) from FeCl3.6H2O(s) hot alkaline H2O2 pale pink pale brown precipitate pale green dark green precipitate yellow yellow
Fe(OH)3(s) MnO4–/Fe2+ Mn2+/Fe3+ I–/Fe3+ I2/Fe2+
NaOH dropwise to Fe3+(aq) purple (MnO4–) to pale pink (Mn2+) orange brown (Fe3+) to brown (I2) orange-brown precipitate (in titrations, so dilute that it is practically colourless)