Da CL) Graded Exercises in EnglishGrammar Essentials Graded Exercises in English ROBERT J. DIXSONGrammar Essentials: Graded Exercises in English Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, ne Alright reserved. ‘No part of thi publication may be reproduced, stored ina resevalsystem, or tansnitted in ay form or by ‘any means, elecionc, mechanical, photocopying, recording, oF ‘otherwise, without the prir permission ofthe publisher. Peatson Education, o Bank Steet, White Pains, NY 10606 ‘Acguistions et: Virginia. Blanford Development editor: Katherine Rawson Production edtor: Mare Olver Marketing manager: Joe Chapple Senior manufacturing Buyer: Nancy Faggman Cover and interior desig: Tracey Mune Cataldo Tex composition: Case Communications Tet font: Meta Pus Book 3/34, LUbrary of Congress Cataloging in-Publication Data Dixson, Robert James. “Grammar escent graded exercises in English Robert). Dixson—New e pen. NeW ed of Graded exercises in English. New ed. ©2994, 'SBN o-s112656-2 1. English anguage— Textbooks for fregn speakers. 2. English language—Grammar—Problems, exercises, et. Tite Pess28.Dsu45 2004 eb 4nd? 2003060494 ISBN: ors12656-2 ‘Longman.com oles alin sores for ‘each an stuns Acs oar Companion ‘ebstes on online catalog sod ural hfe arnnd the woe ‘Vise at longman-com. Printed in the United States of AmericaTo be, Present Tense ~ To be, Negatives and Questions, A AN ae Plural NOUNS To have, Present Tense. Simple Present Tense, Possessive Adjectives... There is, There are, Afirmatives, There is, There are, Negatives and Questions. Possessive Form of Nouns, This That; These/Those. Object Pronouns. Imperative Form... Simple Present Tense, Negatives. Simple Present Tense, Yes-No Questions.. Simple Present Tense, Information Questions, To be, Past Tense To be, Past Tense Negatives and Questions. Past Tense, Regular Verbs, Past Tense, Iregular Verbs. Past Tense, Negatives, Past Tense, Yes-No Questions Past Tense, Information Questions, : Review of Past and Present Tense, Negatives and Questions Review of Past Tense, Regular and Iregular Verbs, Indirect Object, Position. Relative Pronouns, Who/Whom, Which, and That... Future Tense, with Will nme Future Tense, Negatives with Will Future Tense, Questions with Wil Contents= Infinitive Ittakes .. Present Continuous Tense... Present Continuous Tense, Negatives and Questions. Contractions, Affirmative wu Contractions, Negative Articles, Indefinite and Definite. Going to, Future Tense Going to, Past Tense « Present Continuous Tense, Future Time ‘Modal Auxiliaries, Negatives nu ‘Modal Auxiliaries, Yes-No Questions nnn ‘Modal Auxiliaries, information Questions . Short Answe Adjectives and AVEtDS enn Adjectives and Adverbs, Good, Wel. Adjectives and Adverbs, Comparative Form. Adjectives and Adverbs, Superlative Form.. Past Continuous Tense, Future Continuous Tense. ‘Much, Many, A lot of. Also, Too, Either Any, Some ‘Anyone, Someone Possessive Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns Present Perfect Tense. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Perfect Tenses, Negatives and Questions, Perfect Tenses, Information Questions 1 ContentsFor, Since . Already, Yet Say, Tel Past Perfect Tense wu As...As/S0...AS Se jence of Tenses . May Should, Ought to. Have to, Must Have to, Past, Future, and Present Perfect Forms Have to, Negatives and Questions on Have to, information Questions Prepositions an. Passive Voice Passive Voice, Negatives and Questions Supposed to Used to Would rathe Had better. Tag Endings, 1, There Gerunds Gerunds and Infinitives Future Perfect Tense wu. Review of Verb Tenses Adverbs, Position. Word Order Still, Anymore, Ditect and Indirect Speech.. Indirect Speech, Questions. Contents ¥Indirect Speech, Commands invnnnssnn Should, Ought t0, PaSt FOF snnnnon ‘Must have, May HOVE wear Conditional Sentences, Future Possible. Conditional Sentences, Present Unreal Conditional Sentences, Dependent Clauses Conditional Sentences, Past Unreal. Present Tense, After I, When, Until etc Wish, Too, So Either, Neither... ‘Auxiliary Verbs Negative Questions. Subject Questions. Causative Fort. Exclamations., Emphasis mene Position of Prepositions, Informal Usage mewn Punctuation, Comma .. Punctuation, Comma and Semicoton. Special Usage Notes. Quick Grammar Reference . ‘Answers to Exercises Inde) Wi ContentsPee CCT ‘The ewenty-frst century has brought a renewed emphasis on fundamentals in language learning. Mastery of basic grammar is once again seen as a doors doctor —>- doctors Pen—> pens apple —>-apples ‘Nouns ending in, z ch, sh, and x form thelr plurals by adding es. | box —e bores class > classes | cash crashes church = churches | ‘Some nouns have irregular plurals, man—e men foot —» feet child > children woman —> women Practice A, Sive the plural forms of these nouns: friend fiends dish salesman alass buzz player orange foot Bi Change the following sentences rom singular to plural asin the example. ~ 11. The pencil is on the desk. The pencils are on the desk, 2. The las inthe then, 3. The dish new. 4 The buss atthe commer, 5, The cid is inthe garden, 6, Teclockisonthe wal 7. The watch new £8, The pcre ib 4 Grammar Essentials irlTT Cee "Nouns that end iny form their plurals in one of two ways: if vowel precedes the add 5 key — keys toy —> toys, tray trays ifa consonant precedes the y, change the yto /and add es. ly—> ces lady — ladles countly > counties ‘Mest nouns that end in for fe form their plurals by changing their endings to ves. uns that | wife —> wives teat —> leaves half —» halves Nouns that end in o and ate preceded by a consonant form thelr plurals by adding es. hhero—= heroes potato —> potatoes Practice ‘Give the plural form ofthe noun in parentheses. 4 The (baby) need lo lake nap, The babies need! t0.pakea map 2. The (xife) are in the drawer. 3. Those (tomate) arent ripe. 4. The (bo) like to play soccer afterschool. 5. 1 keep my books on those (shel). 6, You can see many (voleano) in Hawai 7. The (leaf) falloff the trees inthe autumn, £8, They always put ther (toy) inthis box. 19. We like to eat (potate) with our dinner. 10, There ae a lot of (thief) in this neighborhood. 11, The (Key) are on the table. to see the (butterfly) my garden,Present Tense have you have you have he has. | she has they have thas Practice Complete the following sentences with the correct form ofto have. 1 You_have_ anew car. 2. She one sister and two brothers. 3. You and! ‘many things in common, 4, Lou a new wristwatch. 5. We ‘many fiends in St Louis. 6. Helen headache. 7. Grace __a date with George tonight. 8, They. {a new telephone number. ‘9. Both brothers red hal. 10. The dog along tall 11, The office _three lange windows. a ‘an account at that bank. 13, Both children bad colds. 14, Dr. Smith many patlents. 15, Ms. Jacobson, the lawyer, ___many clients. 16, We large lunchroom at work. 17, The employee. new computer. 18. The building ‘two entrances. 19. |__brown eyes. 20.You green eyes. 6 Grammar Essentials‘The simple present tense describes an action which fs @ habit ora custom, or something that is always true. | work we work you work you work he works, she works. they work itworks Practice Give the correct form ofthe present tense forthe verb in parentheses. 4. She (ead) the newspaper every day. She reads the newspaper every day. 2. We (come) to work by bus. - | always (wall) to the office. - We (play) eards every afternoon, 1 (0 lunch inthe cafeteria every day 3. 4 6, Helen (work) very hard. 7. lke) to stn the sun. 8, The dog (chase) the cat all around the house. 9. Me. Smith (wort for a small actine. 10, Gene generally (sit) at this desk 2, We always (play) tennis on Saturdays. 22, We always (cook) dinner at home. 13, They eat) lunch together every doy. ‘us, Many employees (ride) the bus to work, 45, They (take) a lot of trips together 36, We always (rave by car. 17. You (attend) class twice a week 48, He (speak) several foreign languages. Simple Present Tense 7~ oe geal [Add 5 to most verbs to form the third person singular. ‘Add es whnen the verb ends ino [Add es when the verb ends in sh ch, 5, x, 0r2 When a verb ends in a consonant plus y change the yto and add es study —> studies cry —e cries mamry —> martes Practice [A Give the coret form ofthe present tense forthe verb In parentheses 1 Pat (go) there twice a week. fit aces there taice aeck 2, Herb (do) the work of two people, +3, always (try) to arive everywhere on time ‘4 George always (try) to do the same thing. 5. The supervisor (wish) to speak with you. 6. Mr. Walker (teach) English and mathematics. 7 a. ‘They (go) to the movies twice a week. ‘We (watch television almost everynight. 9. Mary (play) the piano very wel 10, He (study) in the same class as I. 1a. My father (watch) soccer on TV every weekend, 12, Susan (kis) her children good:bye every mornin 13. often (catch) cold. 14, Helen also (cetch) cold very often, 45. She (do) allthe work. 136. She (cary her papers ina briefcase 8 Grammar Essentialseae La B Change the subject in each ofthe following sentences from | to He. Use the correct form of the verb, 1. keto ead, He likes to read. 2. | teach clence ata high school 3: | work hard, 4. Lown car. 5 | ve in Toronto 6, Lenjoy each English class. 7. | want to learn French, 8, Ihave anew wristwatch, 9. I speak Spanish. 10. [wish to lear English. 11, I ead a book every night. 12, pass Mr Smith onthe street every day. 13. [always go to work by bus. 14, | try to learn ten new words every day. 45, Ido. lt of favors for Paulin. 6. | play the vilin very wel. 27. Uhave two brothers and two sisters. 18. [always stat this desk 29. | do my homework assignments inthe evening. study English three times a week. C.) Change the subject ofeach sentence in Exercise B 0 They, Use the coect form ofthe verb. © ike to read, Thev ke to read, ———— 1D Change te subject ofeach sentence in Exercise 8 to She, Use the coret form othe verb Ihe toread. Stelkes tora Simple Present Tense 9ee 1h Saar ce ts © | ithe my wc | ‘She washes her | Practice Complete the following sentences with the possessive adjective which refers tothe subject of the sentence. 4. She knows fier lesson wel. 2. Lalso know __ lesson well 3. Gall ikes _new job very much. 4. Hfeed ___petsoncea day. 5. You always get good grades.on__ examinations. 6, My daughters clean __ room every Saturday. 7. Mr Bach drives to work in____ car 8, Mary and 1do__homework together. 9. Grace writes a letter to aunt every week. 40, The dog wags ail when it sees dinner dish, 11. The children take__toys tothe park. 432, | always write the new words in notebook. 4, Each eat has_ own dish fr food and water. 14, Both boys ride bicyeles to work. 45. You and Hemry spend a ot oftime at_office. 136, We need to paint__ house. 47. She always does well on all_ examination.‘Affirmatives ‘We use there is with singular nouns; we use there are with plural nouns. There isa book onthe table. There are books on the table. There is one maninthe room. There are several met the room. Practice Complete the following sentences with There is or There are. 1, There are no Australians inthis class, someone at the door. alot of students absent today. a mailbox on the comer. three lamps in the room, 3 4 5 6 two large windows inthe room, 2 only one door. a alot of desks in our offic. 9. nobody inthe room now. 10. a leteron the table for you. 1 several beautiful parks in this ct. twelve months ina year 2. ‘only one carn the parking ot 1. no one at home 4. dishes but no silverware on the table. no stores in this section of town, ‘There There re 12THERE IS, THERE ARE Negatives and Questions ‘The negative forms of there is and there are are formed by placing not afer the verb. The contracted forms isn’t and aren’ ae generally used ‘There isa pencil in my bag. ‘There isn'ta penci in ‘There isnot a pencil n my bat ny bag “There are two employees absent today. There arent two There are not two employees absent today. employees absent today. ‘The question forms of there is and there are are formed by placing the verb before there. the room. ‘There isa window inthe room. ‘There are four windows Isthere awindow in the room? Are there four windows inthe room? Practice A.) Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use the contacted form. ~~, Theresa flagat the top ofthe building. Ther loa lag a the top ofthe buna ‘Tere are two lamps inthe room. ‘There is a pillow on each bed. ‘There are two police officers on each corne 3 a 5. There isa big parade today. 6. There are many doctors inthis area. 7. There ae ten new words in this lesson. 8. There isa message or you onthe hall table. 9. There are enough chairs for everyone. 40, There sa comfortable char in each room, 1, There Is @ good restaurant near h 42, There are telephones in every room. B, Change the sentences in Exercise Ato questions. There isa flag atthe top ofthe bullding, Is there a flag at the top of the buléina? 42 Grammar Essentialsaay ‘When a noun does not end in , form the possessive by adding an apostrophe s (5). oa ne na] the lady —e the lady's purse the children —s the children's games ol ‘When a noun already ends ins, form the singular possessive by adding an apostrophe s(s) ‘and form the plural possessive by adding only an apostrophe (') the boss —> the boss's chair the boys —m- the boys’ hats Charles —> Charles’ book _thelales >the ladies‘purses Note thatthe possessive is used even when the noun modified isnot expressed, ‘She went to fonathans. Jonathan's home) ‘have an appointment at the doctors. (the doctors office) Practice Insert the apostrophe inthe correct places inthe following sentences. 4. Mrs, Reagans cars outside, re Reagan's car ie outelde, 2, Heft my books at Lauras house. 3. She buys her clothes in Chicagos best shops. 44, The mens room is just down the hal 5. They sll ladles dresses on ths floor. 6, The childs toys are all broken. 7. They sell childrens toys inthis store 8, There isa lot of competition between Bobs two sisters. {9 He goes to the doctors office once a week. 120, Lincolns Birthday i February 22. 12, Henry and Sallys father sin Europe. 12, Mrs, Jacksons daughter is eight years old 13. St Peters in Rome and St. Pauls in London are both good examples of Baroque architecture. Possessve Form of Nouns 13LAUR TAL | This indicates that something is near us; that indicates that it sat a distance. This book is in my hand. |__ That books over thereon the table. ‘The plural ofthis is these; the plural of thats those. These books are in my hand. ] Thase books are over there onthe table. Practice Change the following sentences from singular to plural 4. This exercise is easy. These exercises are cas 2, This room is too small for our Furniture. 3. That pen on the floor is Sara's 4, This stack of CDs belongs to Wiliam. 5. That boy onthe ather side ofthe stret is George's brother. 6. That book's out of date. 7. That purse onthe table is Elizabeth's. 8. This is my chal. 9. That is Henry's pen. This message i for you 1, That letter on the table is for Ms. Thaler. 12, This is my pen, not Sandy's. 43. That mountain inthe distance forms part ofthe Rocky Mountains. 14. This car belongs to my father. 45. That office at the end of the halls the administration office. 16. This chairs very comfortable, 44 Grammar Essentiatsi eugene) Object pronouns are used as direct object, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. aaa aa] ‘She knows me well | | We give herour homework every day. They gveit tous. | Practice [Ay Choose the comet objec pronoun form - 1, Loften see (they, them) after work. | often see them after work, 2. Shelves near (ne). 3. Wealays go to lnch togeter with he, hen 4 He teaches (ve, us) Ents 5. She sits near (me) during cas. 6. 1hnow both of hey, them) wel 7. always speak to (he, him) in Engl 8. What sthe matter with (he, him) today? 9. He explains the lesson to (we, us) each morning. 10, There are some letters here for you and (1, me). 1, We want to divide the money between (we, us). +2, The Venezuelan lady knows (they, them) both well. 13. | know her sister and (she, het) ‘44. Mr Johnson often helps Susan and (me). Object Pronouns 18Cama) 15, He sends (she, her) a lt of presents. 16, She seldom speaks to (we, us) in Spanish. 17 He looks at (she, hes) during the class. 18, She always helps (, me) with my clients. 19, He always sts between Amy and (, me). 20, He wants to talk with (they, them). [B ) Substitute the correct object pronoun forthe word or words in italic. B) 1.500 bin during coffve reak every mori, 1. 1 See Mr, Park during coffe break every mor 2, [sitnear Gace and Frances during the lesson. 3. Allthe boys tke Mary very much, 4, Loften see you and your sister at the supermarket. 5. He always goes to the movies with his parents. 6. know both boys very wel. 7. Frank always walts for Aland me after work. 18, He drives Sue and Cal to work every morning, 9. Ist next to Carfos., 10, | also sit directly in front of Marsha, 14, He weltes lat of eters to his relatives 12, This book belongs to Wiliam. 43. | know the dentis very well 14, The doctor relies on her assistant 15, lunderstand Miss McGrady. 16, He always speaks to his students in Engi 47, Everyone in our house plays cards except my brother 138, He sends his porents money every week. 49, [talked to Mrz ond Mrs Nelson yesterday. 20, She saw the women afterschool 16 Grammar EssentialeT ta mace 15, He sends (she, her) a lot of presents, 16. She seldom speaks to (we, us) in Spans 17, He looks at (she, her) during the class. 18. She always helps (1, me) with my clients. 19. He always sts between Amy and (, me). 20, He wants to talk with (they, ther) [B Substitute the correct object pronoun forthe word or words in ital. 4. 1 See Mr, Park duting coffe break every morning. !22¢ him during coffe break every moring, 2, [sitar Gace and Frances during the lesson. 3. Allthe boys tke Mary very much, 4, Loften see you and your sister at the supermarket. 5, He always goes to the movies with his parents 6. Lknow both boys very well. 7. Frank always waits for Al and me after work. 8, He drives Sue and Calto work every morning. 9. Isitnext to Caros. 430, [also sit directly infront of Marsha. 11, He writes a lot of letters to his relatives. 12, This book belongs to Wiliam. 13. | know the dentist very wel 14, The doctor relies on her assistant 15, lunderstand Miss McGrady. 16, He always speaks to his students in English. 17, Everyone in our house plays cards except my brother 18, He sends his parents money every week. 29, [talked to Mr and Mrs. Nelson yesterday 20, She saw the women ater school. 16da aU ace ‘The imperative form expresses a command or request. The subject you (singular or plural) Is Understood but not expressed. = The negative ofthe imperative form uses don’t Don't comeback ater. Don’t wait outside. es salt eres lease, used atthe beginning or end ofan imperative sentence, makes it more pote. a Practice A Give the imperative form ofthe followin sentences. 1 (Sit) there. 2. (Give) this to Sally 3. (Open the door. 4, (Close) the door. 5 (Wait) inthe outer office. 6. (Cal im in the morai 7. (Led him talk with hes. 8. (Le them talk, ‘9. (Tur) off the light 10. (Pu) your feet onthe chat. mg +1, (0109) this inthe mailbox. 12, (Leave) your books there. 13. (Le Alexandra know about this. 14, (Help) Jason with his homework. 45, (Send) money. Imperative Form 47IMPERATIVE FORM BB) Ste the negative imperative for othe sentences in Exercise A (Sin there, Dont sit there C. Make the sentences in Exercise A more polite by adding please atthe beginning or end. 2 (Sit) there, Please sit there. Sit thers, please. 18 Grammar Essentialsea a Negatives Form the negative of the simple present tense by puting do not or does not before the verb. The contracted forms don’t and doesn’t are generally used, [do not know —e | dont know we donot know —m we don't know ees ee ee een eres, tnd et > et ‘she does not know —m she doesn'tknow } they donot know —e- they do't know ‘tdoes not know —> it doesn't know Note that ater does not (doesn affimatve statement the verb does not have the sof the third person singular Practice ‘Change the following sentences fom afimatve to negative, Use both the fl form end the contacted form 2. work onthe tenth Noor, Lo noe wor on the tenth floor: d's work on the arth far Ela testo study Englich You speak English wel . The plane leaves at ten aclock He knows everyone in the of Hee god. te eats lunch inthe cafeteria every day. ‘She always comes to work late.. They ive in Chicago. to, We need fan inthis room, 1s, janet and | cook together. 12, Lunderstand everything he says. 1, She want to vst San Francs 24, He begins his new jb this week 15, Myson pays inthe park every afternoon. 46, Gina and James make mistakes in spe Simple Present Tense 19ea La Yes-No Questions Fou yes-no questions inthe simple present tense by placing do or does before the subject. Dotataye | owe study? | Doyou study? Do you study? Does he study? Does she study? } Do they study? Does it study? | Note tha ater does, the verb does not have the third person singular s Practice ‘Change the following statements to questions as inthe exomple. 1. Patricia goes to class twice a week, Does Fatricia ao to class twice a week? 2. They enjoy thelr cooking lessons. +3. That company buys @ lot of merchandise rom us. 4; Ht ook tke ran 5. He drives to Washington once a week. 6. The committee meets on the tir loo 7. He seems to be very busy. 8, This book belongs to her. 9. You ike New York. 10. You speak French well 11, He often goes out of town. 12, Itake the Number 65 bus to my new job. 45, They sell newspapers ther 44, The store opens at nine o'lock. 45. It loses at five-thirty. 16, He eats alot of vegetables. 20 Grammar Essentialsgeal Information Questions Form information questions in the simple present tense by pl and adding a question word ‘Valerie lives in Vancouver. Where does Valerie ve? do or does before the subject Practice A.) Supply do or does to complete these present tense questions. A) 4. Where does _Sam iver 2, Howoften___ you go tothe movies? 3. What time the plane leave? 4, What language besides English your teacher speak? 5. What time you get up every morning? 6. What time __the rest of your family get up? 7. When__ they get up every morning? 8, How well____ Edna speek French? 9. Where you usualy meet Lois ater the lesson? 10. How much Itcost to ly from Havana to Madrid? 11. How often __ it rain during the month of Aprilin your country? 12, How much you generally pay fora pair of shoes? 13. How long _your meeting last? 14, What time your meeting begin and what time does it end? 15. Where you live? 136. How you feel today? 17. Where Ed go every day after work? 38. Where you eat lunch every day? Simple Present Tense 21Sahat a Information Questions 19. What you generally do overthe weekend? 20, Which movie star_you like best? 2s. Why. Jane want to study Russian? 22. How often you go fora walkin the park? B, Change the following sentences to questions beginning with the question word in parentheses. ‘They live in Boston, (Where) Where do they ue®@ 2, The play begins at elght o'clock. (What time) 5. They get home a six o'clock everynight. (When) 4 The travel agent speaks French poorly. (How wel). 5, Those books cost $18.95. (How much) 6, They travel by car. (Hom), 2 a 9 . He comes here once a week. (How often) 3. She Fels good. (How). Francine wants to lear English in order to get a beter job. (Why). 10, They meet onthe corner every morning. (Where) +44, We goto the movies twice a week. (How often) 12, The children go tothe playground after lunch. (Where) 13, We learn ten new words everyday. (How many) 14, They eat lunch inthe cafeteria. Where) 15, He drives @ small car (What kind of ca 16, This plate belongs onthe shelf. (Where) 17, The committee meets in Room xo. (Where). 18, She teaches us cooking. (What) 19, Itralns in the spring. (When) 20, He gets up at seven clock every morning. (What tine) 21, She goes to bed at ten o'clock. (When) 22, Grammar EssentialsPractice ‘Supply the correct form ofthe past tense of to be asin the example, 1. Teresa _1as__ absent from work yesterday. 2. He in the same office as Wendy last year. 3. They, inthe same class lat semester. 4, The office door open this morning, 5. But both windows. closed. 6. Ned not at work yesterday. 7. He and his sister sick, 8. You busy all day yesterday. 9. We tired after our long walk 0.1 hungry after so much exercise, a There. alot of members absent from the meeting yesterday 12, Fed present, but | rot. 43, The weather yesterday very warm. 14, We pleased to receive your memorandum. 15, You ‘not satisfied with my memorandum. 16. The exercises inthe last lesson easy. 17. We not able to get in touch with Mr. Reese yesterday. 438, The wind last night, very strong, Past Tense oe 33Past Tense Negatives and Questions Form the negative of the past tense of tobe by placing not after the verb, The contracted forms wasn't and weren't are generally used. was not —> I wasn’t ‘we were not —> we weren't yyouwerenot —> you weren't -_-youwere not —» you weren't hhe was not —> he wasn’t she was not —» she wasn’t they were not > they weren't itwas not —> itwasn't Form questions in the past tense of tobe by pacing the verb before the subject Were they here yesterday? Practice A.) Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both the full form and the ~ contracted form. 1 You were tied lastnight, You were not tired last lah. You woven tred lastnight. 2, These doors were closed. 3, The exercises were easy todo, 1 The man was a stranger to her 5 Itwas a pleasant day, 5. The Sea was very rough. He was a tall man. ‘There were ten new words in the lesson. 3. Sarah was a good swimmer. 10. She was very intelligent. 11, They were both Americans. 12, She was a good tennis player. 13. You were a happy child 14, He was always angry. 24 Grammar EssentialsUh Past Tense Negatives and Questions 45. They were fiendly enemies, 16, Bert was an old frend ofthe family, By Change the sentences in Exercise Ato questions. You were tied lastnight, Were you tired last night? Tose 25oe Regular Verbs Form the past tense of regular verbs by adding ed to thelr simple form. worked weworked — | youworked you worked he worked sheworked } they worked Itworked Note these spellings: Wee ted study —e studied Pract ‘Supply the post tense form of the verbs in parentheses. + We (work in our garden all day yesterday Ne worked n our aren all day yesterday. 2. I lsten) tothe stereo until twelve clock lastnight. 3. Meg and | tal) on the telephone yesterday. 4, He always (want to learn English 5. They (lve) n France for many years. 6. We (expect to goto China in june 7. The meeting (ast) about two hours. 8, We (change) planes in Seattle, 9. We both (like) the movies lastnight very much, 10. | (wal) almost two hours for Gertrude, 14, They (paint) their house white 12, She (arrive) late tothe meeting. 13, We (watt) television until eleven olock last night. e 14, She (study) in our class last semester. 235. (mall your letter on my way to work. 26 Grammar EssentialsCU Irregular Verbs loregular verbs, tke regular verbs, have the same form in all persons ofthe past tense, tate we ate you ate you ate hheate,sheate,itate they ate Practice [A Memorize and practice the past tense forms ofthese iregular verbs: begin began feel—> felt hear —>-heard sell —> sold cost > cost give—> gave put —> put speak — spoke tink —e drank go—> went read—> read tell_—> told eat —> ate have—ehad seesaw tite —> wrote B) Supply the past tense form ofthe verbs In parentheses. 1 Mrcand Mrs. Rockwell (come) to visit us lastnight, Me ard Mrs. Rockwall came to Mitt-us last night, 2 They (tell) us about thelr plans forthe new home. 3, The weather was warm, so we (si) on our front porch. 4 (put) your coat in the closet. ‘5. The meeting lastnight (begin) at elght and ended at ten, 6. I stayed home lastnight and (wre) several letters. 7. (See) you on the street yesterday 8. This book (cost) $35.50 9. | (ea) my lunch in the cafeteria yesterday. 420. Bob (drink) a litle wine atthe party lastnight. 14,1 (ive) your message and also (tll him my ideas onthe subject. 12, Ms, Sato finally (sell her house. 43 | (hea) the President speak on television lastnight. Past Tense 27GSU Irregular Verbs 14, My father (know) Mr Evans well even before he (come) to tv in this town. 415. Kim (eel) well yesterday, but today she feels sick again. 16, We (go) tothe park yesterday and I (get) wet when It rained. 17 |(fead) the nove several years ago. 48, You (have) a cold last week 419, Senator Jordan (speak) to our club last month. [C.) Memorize and practice the past tense forms ofthese irregular verbs: become —> became find —» found send —m sent break —> broke forget —> forgot sing —> sang bring > brought keep —> kept stand —> stood | bay = bought leave —> left take —> took | etch caught lose —> lost teach —> taught do—> aid make —> made think —> thought ‘ight > fought ‘ing > rang understand —» understood 1D) Supply the comet past tense form ofthe verbs In parentheses. 1 The plane (leave) Buenos Aires lastnight at midnight. The plane left Buenos Ales ast right at midnight. 2, Sue (bring) her cousin tothe party lastnight, 3. | Gorget to bring my notes tothe meeting this morning. ‘4, He (become) president ofthe company five years ago. '5. We (make) good time on our tip from Houston to Mexico City. 6. I (lose) my book yesterday but (find) it ate, 7. The two men (igh) bitterly over the division ofthe money. 8, The telephone (rng) twice, but no one answered it. {9. The Kanes (Send) thelr three children to summer camp, 40. George (think) about his troubles continuously. 1 Last year Professor Levy (teach us both English and mathematics. 28 Grammar Essentials cee12, They (buy the property in 1990 and (sel itn 2003. 13. Cal (keep) part ofthe money and (give) the rest to his two brothers 14, The police (4o) their best but never (catch) the real bank robbers. 15, The woman (sing) n French; consequently, we (understand) none ofthe words. _ 136, We (stand) on the corner and waited for Mel fortwo hours. Irregular Verbs 17. L (break) my stereo, so yesterday | (ake) i tothe repair shop. E ) Memorize and practic the past tense forms o these regulr verbs: blow—> blew hurt —> hurt ee ee See oo oe =o fee a ee eae eee io ee shoot —> shot shut —> shut sleep —> slept spend —> spent steal —> stole ‘throw —> threw win > won wake —> woke Complete the following sentences with the past tense form of the iregular verbs in ~ parentheses. 1 Charles __fe! (all from his bike and hurt his arm. 2 3 4 5. 6 7 8 1 (pay) siteen dollars fortis book. We (shake) hands and then__(say) good night. ‘The force ofthe wind was so great that it (low) dow several trees in our yard. 5. The pitcher (throw) a slow ball and the batter (i fora home un, 1 (sleep) very well lastnight. We. (meet) vy on the comer of Oak Avenue. ‘She finally__(nd) her lost book. Past Tense 29Sa Invegular Verbs 9. Alma (ear) her new silk dress tothe party lastnight. 10, The drunken driver frst (cut) in Font of us and then (cur) his ear ‘over the eur. 1 We. (Grive) to Washington in Noets new car. 12, He (hold) the bird in his hand for several minutes. 14, Ourteam (in) the fst game but, (lose) the second. 45. We (shut) all the windows and locked all the doors before we _____(go) out. 16. We rented two horses and (ide) all around the park on horseback. 30 Grammar EssentialsNegatives Form past tense negatives by placing didnot before the verb and by changing the verb tots simple form, The contracted form didn’t is generally used. went. 1 id not go. | didn’t go. {didnot go —» I dida't go we did not go—» we didn't go ‘you didnot go—» you didn't go you didnot go —» you didn’t go he did not go—> he didn't go she did not go» she didn't go} they did not go—> they didnt go Itid not go—> it didn't go Practice Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both the ful form and the ‘contracted form. 44 They ate chicken for dinner. They dd not eat chicken for dinner. They didn’ eat chicken for dinner 2, You told me about it 3. He put the books onthe table. 4, They stayed in Mexico City. 5, Judy and I saw Eliot yesterday. 6, He planned his work wel. 7. The meeting lasted a long time. 4, The book cost $33.95 ‘9. Gina and her husband worked together. 10, | knew him very wel. 1, They sold their home, 42, spoke with George about that matter. 43, She came to the meeting alone. 14, We sat together atthe concert lastnight 45. | went to Bermuda by boat. 16. You gave her your message. rast Tense 34GSU Yes-No Questions Form past tense questions by placing dd before the subject and by changing the verb to its simple form (She wenthome. Did she go home? Did | worke Did we work? Did you work? Did you work? bid he work? Did she work? Did they work? Did they work? Practice Change the following post tense statements to questions as inthe example. 4. She lived in Peru fortwo years, Did she ve In Farufor two years? He gave her a lot of presents ‘They stayed in Korea all summer. ‘She told them all about he trip 3 4 5. You moved herein February. 6, Tery few to Minneapolis, 7. We went home late lastnight. 8, They came tothe party together. 9. Carla and Dave knew each other as children 10, He worked in that fm for many years. 22, She felt much better after her operation. 42, The meeting began on time. 13, | passed all my examinations. 14, They put him in the advanced class. 15, gave you my cll phone number 16, The crowd waited along time to see the President. 32 Grammar EssentialsPoC Information Questions Form information questions in the past tense by placing did before the subject, changing the verb to Its simple form, and adding a question word. ‘She went home at 9:30. Whattime did she gohome? change the following past tense statements to questions beginning withthe question word in parentheses. 1. Marianne ated at ten oelock. (What time) What time did Marian ave? 2. They sold their home last week. (When) 5 The meeting began at elghtshity. (What time) 4 Thetickts cost thee dollars. Hom much) 5. He paid forthe car by check How) 6. She invested ten thousand dallas inthe stock market (How mut). 7. They at nthe frst ow. (Where) 8. He spoke to them last night. (When). 9. The meeting lasted wo hours. (How long) 10, It began at eight lock. (What time) 14, Healed her at two olock, (What time) 12, He went to Denver to see some friends. (Why) 4, You mentloned ito him thee or four times. (How many times) 14, They ate lunch in the park. (Where. 15, We worked there fr Fie yeas. (How many yeas). 46. Iputthe mall on Mr. Agee's desk. Where) 17, She walted for them for an hou. How fon) 18, We got home around midnight. (What time). 19, He walked tothe meeting with Pe. (Whe) 20. You went to the park after the lesson. (Where) Practice Past Tense 33:Gia eeu Pa a Negatives and Questions Practice A, Change te following sentences rom affmativeto negative. 7 1a. They live in Texas. They do not live in Texas, Thay don't live in Texaic. 2. Tere are elven months in a year The plane ave ttn o'oc J. his sikolck om. He went to Chicago by plane The two boys aren Ms Coles offic. The magazine cost two dol 3. They live in Sa0 Paulo now. ‘They lived in France for ten years. 40, He got up at five o'clock this morning. 48, They st in the park fortwo hours. 12, She speaks English. 13, The meeting begins at nine o'clock 14, She drinks ten cups of coffee every day. 45, They began to workin une, 16, Lam ten years old. 17, They plan t finish the work in July. 18, We got sick ast week, 19, The stores were closed because ofthe holiday. Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions. They tive in Texas, Do they Ive In Towas? [C. Change the sentences in Exercise Ato questions beginning with a question word. They lve in Texas, Where do they Ine? Why do they lve In Toxas? 34 Grammar EssentialsREVIEW OF PAST TENSE Regular and Irregular Verbs ‘The past tense form of regular verbs adds ed to the simple form. work —> worked study—» studied. cary—> cried ‘The past tense form of irregular verbs must be memorized. tell told go—>went see —> saw Practice Complete the following sentences withthe past tense form ofthe verbs in parentheses. 4 The police _caught (catch) the thief after the robbery. 2, The students_ (write) the sentences on the blackboard. 3. Edgar (forget to bring his notes tothe meeting. 4. The plane (arrive) an hour tate. 5. Gwen. (answer all the doctor's questions. (6, The secretary __(make) some mistakes in the letter. 7. The bel (ing) ten minutes ago. al (walt for Beth forhatfan hour. 9. The students (Go) to class when the bell, (ng). 10, Ournew car_(cost) more than twenty thousand dollars. at (try) to get to work on time yesterday. 32, He (have) a very good time at the picnic. 13, They__ (pla) to take ther vacation in june. 44, Al__ (ake) his vacation in May last year 45, Amos. (send) a present to his mother 16. lore (need) a new umbrella for months: she finally ___ (buy) one last 47. The teacher (speak) to the students" parents 38. He (el) them that they __ (have) to study harder. 19. You (break) alot of dishes last week. Review of Fast Tense 38,INDIRECT OBJECT Position the indirect object follows the direct object, we use the preposition fo or for. If the Indirect ‘object precedes the direct object, we donot use a prepos f He gave the money to me. He gave me the money. bought a present foryou. bought youa present. Practice Restate the following, puting the indirect abject before the direct object. + He sent several letters to her, He sent her several otters. 2, She brought the magazines to me. 3. She sent flowers to them. 4, He told the whole story to us. 5, | cooked dinner for Victoria, 6, We wrote several letters to them, 7. look the presents fo her 8. He sold his property toa frend, 19. He gave a piece ofthe candy to each child, 130, Don't show these pictures to anyone. 1, He bought several new dresses for his wife 12, They sent some postcards to us from South Americ, -estote the following, putting the indirect objec after the direct object. 1. She gave me the money, She gave the money to me. 2. | sent her many presents 5, Please hand me that magazine. ‘4. Don't tll her the news yet 5 You made yoursistera sweater 6, Don't show Fle these things. 36 Grammar Essentialsete ses Position 7. He wrote me a letter on Wednesday. 8, She told us the whole story. 9. The teacher gives us a ot of homework. 10. You made me a promise that you must keep. Indcect Object 37(ae ae} Who/Whom, Which, and That Who refers to people. Which refers to specific animals or things. That refers to animals, things, ‘or people asa class. The object (director indirect) form of who is whom. Which and that both have the same form whether subject or object. The man who called you is here. The girl whom you saw is my sister. To whom did you give the key? Is this the book which you ordered? The magazine whichis on the table is old. ‘The Native Americans that lived here were called Sioux. ‘These ate the colors thot we ke, Practice Complete the following sentences with who, whom, which, or that. 4 Was it Jennifer _who sald that? 2, This s the report_ the president wanted 3. The gils__are ny lass are all good students. a Is an American, speaks English perfectly. 5 Hernando used belongs to his uncle, 6. The teacher with | studied mathematics last year died last week. 7. To__ did you sel your furniture? 8. Is this the program you always watch on 1V? 9. The movies we saw this summer were all ood. 40, These are the kinds of exercises help us learn English. 11, Thelamp__you broke is my brother's 12, She's one ofthe workers__went on strike. 13, She was the plot flew our 747 14, Its the tle things in fe count. 38 Grammar EssentialsWith Will “The future is expressed with will and the simple form ofthe verb. The contracted forms are generally used. | will go > 1 go we will go —m ell go youwill go—> you'll go you will go —>- you'll go he will go —> he'll go she will go—> she'll go} they will go—> they'll go | ‘twill go—> iet go Practice Complete the following sentences with will and the verbs in parentheses. Use both the fll form ‘and the contracted form. 1. He_willcall_ (call) you tomorrow. Hell call you tomorrow. 2, They __(6e8) us in the morning. 3, They __ (be) happy to see you. 4, She__ (help) you with that work. 5. Mary __ (clean) off the table right away. 6, The stores (close) early today. nt (leave) the tp 8, Helen __ (find) the book that you need 9. You {spend) alot of money there. 10. Ms, Kobosk _ (be) in New Orleans. 1, The wind (low) that sign down, 12, We___ (meet) you in Grand Central Station. 13. |__(pay) the bil. 14. You (learn) a great dealin that course. 15. We. (emain) in Tokyo about a month. 16. We. (be) tired after the long drive. (Give) you that money tomorrow, 18. John (0) wel in that job. Future Tense 39UU Tae Negatives with Will Place no after will to form a negative statement. The contracted form of will not Is won”. | will not stop —> | won't stop we will nt stop —» we won't stop you will not stop —e you won't top you will not stop —»- you wont stop he will not stop —> he won't stop she will not stop—» she won't stop they will not stop —» they won't stop twill not stop —» it wort sto Practice Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. Use both the full orm and the contracted form. 4 They wll arcve on time, They wl nt arrive on time, They wor arrive on time 2, We ll el Tim about 3- [willbe back in an hour. ‘4 The weather wil be cool tomorrow. 5 He ill be able to meet us later 6, These exercises will be easy fr you. 7, We will eat nthe same restaurant again 8, You wil get tired ofthat work. 9, We wil be there before Wednesday. 10, Iwill do wellin that job, 41, They wil sign the contract tomorrow. 42, They wil finish the work in Api. 13, The meeting wll last an hou 14, The stores wil close at noon today. 45. Itwill costa lot of money to remodel that house. 16. We willbe ready to leave In an hour 40 Grammar EssentialsQuestions with Will Place wl before the subject to form yes-no questions. Witt gor Will we go? will you go? Wit you go? wilthe go? Will she go? Wil they go? wit it go? ‘Add a question word to form an information question Where will they go? When will they go? Why willthey go? Practice Ay Change the following sentences to questions 2. They/larive on Wednesday, Will they arive on Wednesday? Plbe back at three o'clock. 4. The stores will be open until si lock. - Ill cost $200 to fix the comput ‘The plant wil die because of lack of sunlight. . They'll spend two months in France. / Shel meet usin the supermarket. . Theyl pay their bill next week. . The meeting will begin at eight clock 10. Iellastan hour. 21, She'll leave a message on the table For him. 12, You'llreturn in October. 13, There wil be three new members inthe club. 14, The meeting willbe over at three o'clock. 45. They'l write to us on Wednesday. i) Change the sentences in Exercise A to questions beginning with question words. They'arive on Wednesday, hen wil they arrive? Futue Tense 4Use inintives to complete the meaning of various verbs. He wants to se you, We tied to coll you. Use infiniives to complete the meaning of various adjectives and adverbs. ‘These exercises are easy to do, It was impossible fo open that door. Use infinitive ether alone or after in order to express the Idea of purpose. He went thereto see his friend, We came early n order to.get good seats. Practice Using infinitive constructions, complete the following sentences in your own words. 1. be glad 2 help you with your homework. 2, He went herein order 12, We both like 3. She wants 15, You need 4, prefer 24 told bi 5. Itis easy 3 25, You don't want 6, We hope hard 7. They ae afraid 7, They expect. 8 Youwent there 28 Its possible 9. Youwent there inorder 29. We are too weak. 10. | forgot. 20.1 know how 1, It was impossible 21, id you forget 42 Grammar EssentIt takes expresses a period of time which is necessary in order to complete some action. it cakes is always followed by an infinitive. It tokes me forty-five minutes to get eady inthe morning. Present Ie took us three weeks to rsh the project. Past) ‘evi (C1 tke you halt hourto change hatte. ature) | Practice ‘Change each ofthe following sentences so that it begins with a present tense, post tense, or Tutur tense form oft takes as required by the meaning. 1. She walked to workin ten minutes, [¢ took her ten minutes to walk to work 2. [finished my work in an hour 3. She learned to speak English well in only one year. 1 wrote my paperin thirty minutes 3 4 5, The train went around the mountain in three hours. 6, Thay finished the bridge in one year 7. The package reached him in two days. 8, We walk to school every morning in about fifteen minutes. 9. Youll get there in about an hour. 40, We'll paint the bathroom in two hours. 1, You'l paint the kitchen in only one and one-half hours 12, | wash and dress each moring in less than fiteen minutes. 13, The clown puts on bis makeup in haf an hour. 14, He leaned to swim in just afew days. 45. She recovered from her illness in two months. 46. tun to the corer store and get what you need in just two or three minutes..__ le kes 43,PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Foim the present continuous tense by placing the appropriate form of to be before the present ple (ing form) of the main verb. The contracted forms are generally used, 1 am working em working. we are working —> we're working you are working > you're working. you are working —e you're working he is working —= he's working she is working > she's working they are working —> theyre working Itis working —> its working The present continuous tense describes an action that Is going on at the present moment. He is talking with hernow. ts ruining. | Practice Complete the following sentences wth the present continuous tense form of the verbs n parentheses. 4, They are waltina (wait) for us an the commer naw 2, The bus, (stop) for us now. 3. Listen think the telephone (ing) 4, see that you (west) your new suit today 5. Look! It (begin to rain. 6 Listen! Someone (noch) at the door. 7. Please be quiet! The baby Gleep). 8, Look! The cat (ty) to climb that tall tre. 9 Janet (do) wellin her studies. 10, The leaves. (Gegin to fall from the trees. 41, John, (rave) lunch in the cafeteria now. 12, Listen! That's Eve who (olay) the piano. 13, Atpresent they __(trave0 in South America. 14, Forthe time being, Mr. Collins __(act) as manager of this department. 15, Allthe big stores (have) sales this month. 99 Grammar EssentialsPRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Note the diference between the simple present tense and the present continuous tense, The present tense describes actions that occur every day oral the time, while the present Continuous tense describes actions that are happening now. Peter talks to Anne all the time. (Present) Peter is talking to Anne at this moment. (Present Continuous) Practice ‘Supply the simple present tense or the present continuous tense as requlred by the meaning of ‘the sentence. 4. Mr Hansen often__teavels (travel to Atlanta on business. 2. Ourelub, (meet) two times every week. 3. Mi. Cole. (teach) us at present. He (ubsttute) for Me Russell, who is our regular teacher 4 Every hour our churchbell (ing) Listen believe it Ging) now. 5 Stella (ateh) TV now. I believe that she always ovate a show at this time. Listen! Someone (knock) at the door. Jay never (come) to work on time. ‘The wind always, (low) hardin this section of town Forthe time being, while Mr. Press is away, MS. Brennan (ects) as ‘manager of our department. 6 8, Atthis moment!__ (read) sentence number 8 in the exercise. 9. 11, This store (rave) a big sale on shoes today. 12, Kurt Seems to be very busy. | guess he. (study) for his science test. 3.1 (Got) up at seven o'clock every morning. 44, Ed usually __ (stay) Ina hotel when he (come) to town, but tonight he (stay) with us. 45, The sun always (ise) inthe east, Look! i (ise) now. 136, Mr and Mrs. Bush (buld) new home on Hollywood Boulevard.PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Negatives and Questions Form present continuous tense negatives by placing not after the auxiliary tobe. The contracted forms are generally use. She is studying English She is not studying English. She isnt studying English. Form present continuous tense questions by placing the fo be auxliary before the subject. | Rearewening. —_ Hetderwokinr Practice A, Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative 1. The telephone is ringing. The telephone is not ringing. The telephone isn't ringing 2 Its beginning to ain. The sky is getting very dark. She is working on the fourth floor at present. 5. The maid Is cleaning the room now 5. They are taking a walk inthe park, You are having lunch outside John is doing well in his studies at present. 19. We are laughing at what you sad. 20, They ae traveling in Europe at present. 24, Lam taking dancing lessons. 12, The leaves are begining to fall from the tree. 43. Allthe birds are fying south, 14, Ellen is writing a series of articles on the economic situation B. Change the sentences from Exercise Ato question. The telephone is ringing. 1s the telephone ringing? ‘A6. Grammar EssentAffirmative ‘These contracted forms are used more Frequently than their ful forms in spoken English lam —> 1m ait er | You are —> You're You will > You, He/She/itis—» He'/She's/it's _He/She/It will—> He'l/Shettitit We are —> We're We will > wet They ate —> Theyre They will > They't ‘Note thatthe following types of contractions with objects or proper nouns as subjects of the sentence appear in spoken English but generally notin written English. |The telephone is rining Te telephones ringing. | The Reagans are on vacation. ‘The Reagane'reon vacation. Practice {Give the contracted forms of the verbs in these sentences. 4 She isa good employee, She’ 2 good employes, 2. They are walting for us onthe tenth floor, 3 [will be back before noon. 1 She is very busy. _ Its raining hard, - ‘She wil surely finish the work today. —_ We ate old fends, They are planning to leave next week. Itis almost three o'clock _ 40, We are coming next Friday. - +1, You wil lose my keys ifyou play with them. _ 12, Its just leaving the station now. 1, There is someone atthe door. 24, They wil remain in Japan all summer. Contractions 47eee) Negative ‘These contracted forms are used more frequently than their full forms in spoken English. are not —> aren't donot — don't [snot —> isn't oes not > doesn't was not —» wasn't id not —> dere werenot —> weren't willnot > won't Practice Use the contracted forms ofthese negative verb. 1 He didnot come to the meeting yesterday, HedUirt come to the mestina yesterday. 2. They do not speak English well. 3. She isnot studying scence at present. 4, He is nota good manager. 5. They are not satistied with thelr new apartment. 6, He does not apprecate your help. 17. You didnot talk to the manager. 8, She does not spend much money on entertainment. 9. You are not the only person who feels that way about Melissa, 120, We were not pleased withthe results of our examinations. 1, George was not atthe meeting lastnight. 12, She and her husband do not get along wel. 23, | will not be back before six. 14, There were not many employees absent from work today. 15, They wl not leave for Pars before next month. 16, You are not doing that exercise correcty. 17, There are not any good shows on television tonight. {88 Grammar EssentialsIndefinite and Definite ‘Aand an are indefinite articles. They refer to objects that have not been specifically identified. ‘Abookis onthe table. | The indefinite article (aor an) is used only with singular nouns. There is a bookon the table. There are books on the table. The isa definite article. I refers to a particular object. The book that lam reading ison the table. The definite article (the) is used with both singular and plural nouns, The book that | am reading Ison the table The books that | am reading ae on the table so used with definite noncountable nouns (nouns that don’t usually have a plural form). The gold in this tng i very old. (Soaeeeesen cee | Indefinite noncountable nouns don’t take an article, Gold isan important metal. Practice Complete the following sentences withthe corect article. 4, The _ chair you are siting in s very comfortable, 2. There is pencil (no particular penci on the desk. 3. There is customer (no particular customer outside who wishes to see Mrs. Winston, 4 customer whom Mr Garp telephoned this moming i here now. 5. Iwant to find _g00d book (no particular book) to read tonight. 6. book which | am reading now belongs to Leslie. 7 book which gave me the greatest pleasure was Les Misérables. 8 sg00d book any good book is always a pleasure for me. Articles A9Cia Indefinite and Definite 50 1 No article is used before the name of persons, counties, streets, cites or towns when they are used as proper nouns. They thn Noehrokon Whitehall Court | iss niapa Blind Poland: | such words are used as adjectives, they are preceded by an article Chicago isa large city. The Chicago fire was very interesting. Broadway is very interesting. The Broadway merchants held a meeting. Names of river, seas, mountain chains, and countries ae preceded by the when they contain an adjective or some qualilying word the Mississippi River the Ural Mountains the Pacific Ocean the United States 2. Noaticle Is used when a noun is modified by someone's name. eon No aril is used when a noun is modified bya possessive pronoun. [ishat my book 3. Superiative adjectives (adjectives ending with est) are preceded by the. isthe highest mountain in the world.Indefinite and Definite Practice ‘Some ofthe blank spaces below require articles; others do not. il n the articles where heeded. The _ alrin this room is not fresh 2, __ fresh aris needed by all growing children, 3 telephone rings very ften in our office 4, Lalways get on bus at same comer every morning. 5. Look! Lou Is waving fous fom across. street 6. ‘some women from Peru visited us. 7. tea will not keep you awake a night. 8. However, coffee seems to keep some people awake. 9. 2a in this pots very weak. 1. coffee which comes from Latin America is very good. 1 cotton is one of _ ‘most important products of South. 12, The US. Constitution guarantees __right to free speech. 13, Some of, Important products which we import from _ India are tea, ‘cotton, and tice. 1 copperis good conductor of electricity, 25, Plenty of. rain and, sun are necessary for_raising of ‘alton 16, ____sun s shining now, but part of _sky still dark. 17, Attimes everyone must take medicine. 18.__medicine which doctor prescribed helped my cough 19, He likes to study history. 20. In that course, we study, history of al. western European countries a milk is my daughters favorite drink 22,1 pilled mil which was on the table. ticles 54Indefinite and Definite B) Some ofthe sentences require articles others do no. Fil nthe articles a required 1. Wewent tothe _ Statue of Liberty this summer. 2, When you go to Chicago, be sure to visit. ‘Seats Bulding. 3. She works in__bullding on comer of Fifth Avenue and 7and Street. 1 New York Cty is__ largest city in United States. 5 _____traficon_ Madison Avenue is very heavy 6. ___ Pittsburgh s__eenter of _steel industry of __ Pennsyivania, Hudson River forms ____ boundary between _New York State and New Jersey, 8, ___ Miele East is ich n._ natural resources. 9, Onourtripto_____South America, we plan to stop off at_Haiti and Dominican Republic 10, ___Great Wall of China is vsibe from outer space. 14. __tvers of _eastern part of __United States flow toward Atlantic Ocean. 2. machines which we ordered from __ Pittsburgh arive this morning 13. The distance from __Washington, D.C, to_ Minneapolis about one ‘thousand miles, 4 largest river n Germany's Rhine, 15, __subways in Mexico City are very quiet. 16. __Bering Strait was once _land mass. a7. ___dlimate of. southern Italy Is very warm, C.)Allin the articles where needed. 1, __The _ chalt on which you are siting is uncomfortable. roof. 2, __fire which destroyed building started on _ 3: My family bought __new stove last week. Ita. clock, and ght or. oven, 4, Please tellme about book that you are reading.Indefinite and Definite 5. enjoyed speech by Mr. Chin lastnight. He spoke about China 6, Weall had good time at. dance lastnight. 2 rice of gold ising, but price of siveris ‘aling. ‘8, Much of _siver which we use in__United States comes from Montana. 9. rinking water often varies in taste, according to locality. arinking ‘ater in New York City i very good. 20. They sel Interesting magazines at that store. 22, We often goto 200 and wateh animals. 12, _candidates for mayor debated _crime problem. 13, Please open_windows. this room isnot good. 14, They plan to vist. Russia this summer. | understand Russian language is difcutto learn. 15, Mr.and Mrs, Ames are now traveling in ‘South America. They plan to visit Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Argentina. 26, They will arcive in (Caracas around noon. ticles 53.ae) Future Tense ‘Another way (in adetion to will + the simple form ofthe verb) to express the future isto use the appropriate form of to be going to and the simple form ofthe verb. The contracted forms are generally used. ‘am (Vm) going to see we are (we're) going to see you are (you're) going tose you are (you'e) going to see he's (he's) going to see she is (shes) going to see they are (they're) going to see itis Ges) going to see Practice Complete the following sentences with the going to form ofthe future using the verbs in parentheses. Use both the full orm and the contracted form. 1. They_ate going to, re going to (visit us next weekend. 2.We (eat) out tonight. 3H (leave) for Nairobi on Tuesday. 4. They (alt for us ater the show. 5. We (get) up early tomorrow morning and go fishing, 6, She (rive) to California, 7 We (go) to Canada on our vacation. 8, You (have) an exam in mathematies tomorrow. 9. They __(o) to Europe by plane. 10. Mike (take) Alexto the dance tonight. sit (be) dificult to each him at this ate hour. 12, Ibelieve it ain). 13, Henry__(study) to bea doctor. 14, You {stay) home tonight and watch television. 25, Mand Mrs. Blake (Gulla) a summer home on Mert Island 16. He (star) his new job next week. 17, They__ (move) the plant to the suburbs. 54 Grammar EssentialsPast Tense ‘The past form of going to indicates an action which was planned or intended but which did not happen. Use the appropriate past tense form of to be going to and the simple form of the ver. | was going to speak we were going to speak | wee gonge spat yornen pig tsoek | newas going to speak she was goingtospeak | they were going to speak | see Practice Substitute the past tense form of going to forthe verbs in italics. 4. lntended todo it yesterday, but | was too busy. a6 aolna to dot yesterday, but | aa ¢00 busy 12 We intended to go swimming, but the weather was too cold | planned to spend the evening on my homework but Fell asleep right after dinner, _ - They intended to spend the wile year abroad, but their money ran out We planned to go by car but finaly decided to goby plane. You planned to give a big reception but then decided agi st At first he intended to ask Sally tothe dance, but finally he invited jane. | intended to rewrite my exercises but didn’t have enough time. | planned to return your book today but left it at home. 21, They planned to leave for Europe last week, but Mrs. Ortiz was to ill to go. 3 4 5. 6 7. They planned to get married in june but then waited until October, 8 9. 12, Atfirst she intended to put the boy inthe elementary cass, but later she put him in an advanced section, 13. We planned to goto a movie lastnight but were too tired. 14, intended to write to you several times, but something lways interfered,Re ea eS Future Time ‘The present continuous tense, is often used to describe future plans which ae definite, An adverb of time often accompanies such usage. ‘She is leaving for Moscow next week. “They are returning to their homelands when the semester ends, Practice Complete the following sentences by using the present continuous tense ofthe verbs in parentheses. 1 When__re__ you _leaving_(leave) for Rome? near that Charlene 15 leaving (leave) next Saturday. 2. My brother: (Come) to visit me next week. 3. What time you (Go) tothe movies tonight? Ron says that he (0) at rine ociock 4 Coretta__(fy) to England next Saturday. 5. When Ms, Green (come) to see you? 6. Tony says that he (eave) for San Antonio on the fifteenth, mI (Go) tothe seashore on my vacation. 8, Mr. Schwartz_(ativ on Flight 109 this evening. 9. Where you. (Go) on your vacation? your wite (Go) with you? 10, Mr. Zane. (eave) for Utah in the morning, 11, Some friends. (come) to visit us tonight. 12, She (Go) to Denver on Wednesday, but her husband not (Go) until next week. 13, What bus your friend (arrive) on? ay. He (come) in ona Tratways bus which aries at eight oclock, 35. Me Wyler (fy) to Dallas on Saturday. 36.1 (eave) for Houston in the morning. 17. What train Mr. North (eave) on? 56 Grammar EssentialsNegatives Modal auliries such as con, may, must, and should accompany main verbs. Form their negatives by placing nat after the auxiliaries. The contracted forms can ‘mustn't, and ‘shouldn't are generally sed, but note that no contraction is used with may cher ‘She can speak English ‘She cannot speak English, ‘She con't speak English. We must go there. We must nt go there. We mustn't go there, He may go tothe movies. We should meet tomorrow. We shouldn't meet tomorrow. We should not meet tomorrow. ge the following sentences from affmative to negative. Use both the fll form and the contracted form (except for may). 2 4, 15. We can meet you later, We cannot meet you lt You may st here. We should tell her about it. He may leave on Wednesday They can go by plane. We must wat here | ean understand him easily ‘She should sit nearthe window, We must do the same thing again.__ ‘She can play the piano well He can understand everything | say ‘You should watch television every ght, She may pass her examination. You can see him later You may fish here.‘Yes-No Questions Form yes-no questions with modal auxiliaries by placing the auxliry before the subject. | She an speak English. Can she speak English? We should go there. ‘Should we go there? Practice Change the following statements to questions. 44 They should obey the rules, Should they obey the rules? — 2. They both can speak English wel. Betsy should spend more time on her English, We may sit in these chairs. They can meet us at two o'clock He should eat less meat He may tell her. >. We should speak to her about it 2 4 5 6. Lmay call you later. 7 8 % 1, They may leave now, 14, You could goby plane. _ 42, You could send them a fax. 43, [should stay at home more, 14, Allan may waitin his office. 25. Alcan go with us to the beach, __ 16. She could leave immediately 58 Grammar EssentialInformation Questions Form information questions with modal auxiliaries by placing the auiliary before the subject ‘and adding a question word, ‘We should leave soon. ‘When should we leave? Hecould be atthe office. Where could he be? Practice Change the following sentences to questions beginning withthe question words in parentheses. 1. He can see her later. (When) When can he 626 hor? The babysiter could wait here. (Where) You may study here, (Where) You can eat here. (Where) | can understand English very well How well) You should be here at three o'clock. (What time) We should tell her about the sale. (het) He can meet us in the store. (Where) 8 9. The children must come home early. (Wher) 10, They can hang their coats inthe closet. Where) 14, | should tell her the truth, (What), 12, You must be here atone o'clock. (What time) 13, Karen should sit near the blackboard. (Where). 14, We should finish this before 3:00. (What time). 15. Gabriel can speak five languages. (How many). 436. You must do this ist. (What) Modal Aviaries 59 EoD TU NTU)SUE ay ‘Short answers are the most common way of answering yes-no questions. A short answer consists ofthe subject ofthe sentence and an auallary verb or part of to b Can you play the piano? Yes, lean, No, Hean't Does she know the answer? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't. Yes, they are. No, they aren't. ‘Are they coming? Pronouns generally replace nouns in short answers. WillMs, Wong be here soon? Yes,she will, No, she won't. Did it rain yesterday? Yes,itdid, No, itdidnt. Practice ‘ive afrmatve short answers to these questions. 4. Canyou speak Spanish? Yes, can, 2, Do you tive in Maine? - Does your teacher speak Russian? - Does your teacher lve in Florida. - Wil you be in class tomorrow? Wil Abe in elas, too? - Are you going out tonight? iB 8. Isitraining now 9. Does it often rain in Oregon? Is the lesson over? 1, ts the time up? 12, Did you study your lesson? 13, Did you goto the movies last night? 44, Isthe weather warm today? 45, Was itwarm yesterday? 16, Did your frend visit you last night?” {60 Grammar Essentiala7, Is today Friday? 18, Was yesterday Thursday? 19, Willtomortow be Sunday? 20, May Lopen the window? 2x. Can you fly an airplane? 22, Did train yesterday? 23, Did you study yesterday? 24, Were you busy yesterday? 25, Will you be busy tomorrow? 26. Is Washington a beautiful ty? B Give negative short onswers tothe question in Exercise A ~ Can you speak Spanish? No, Lean Short Answers 61 easedBee eU ced 2 Descriptive adjectives modify nouns. ‘alarge tree an open door ‘Adverbs of manner modify verbs. They tell how we do something. He speaks slowiy. They work opidly. We can form many adverbs by adding iy to an adjective. soft softly careful carefully | easy(yto easily We can use a few word like fast, hard, late, and low as ether adjectives or adverbs without any changes inform. He's ahard worker. He works hard. Practice ‘Supply the appropriate form ofthe adjective or adver. 2. She isa__caeful (careful student. She always does her homework carefuly (carefud. 2. The baseball player hit the ball (rar). 3. Come. (quick). We need your help. 4. You should drive (slow) along this dangerous road. 5. The old manwalks very_(slow).. 6, Pam is avery__{slow) learner. 7. Her brother, on the other hand, learns (capi). 8. Me. Gonzalez has a (permanent) visa. 9. He hopes to remain inthis country (permanent). 10, This is an_(easy) exercise. 11. 1 can do al ofthese exercises, (easy).12, Ada works very, 13. You walk very 14, We are both, 45, We both study English very, 26. agree with you. 17, This apple is very 28, She always speaks 19. Pete isa (bara) inher new job. (asd, Gerious) employees. (serious). (complete) in that matter. (sor). (soft tothe chitd. —_____oeautiu itten, 20, My sister plays the vot. (beautiud. Adjectives and Adverbs Oy eu UUs) 6COU aU ed Good, Well Goods an eee st must nay an | steiss good student | Wells usually used as an adverb, sooner | mart smarter fast —> faster ‘The comparative form of two-syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in y usually adds er (the ychanges to). ‘The comparative form of adjectives and adverbs of two or more syllables usually uses more. «dificult = more dificult quickly —> more quickly beautiful —> more beautiful carefully —» more carefully Some adjectives and adverbs areiregular. good — better well —» better bad —> worse badly = worse ‘The comparative form of adjectives and adverbs is followed by than. ‘She is fller than her sister. He drives more carefully than his brother [does). Practice ‘A, Complete these sentences by supplying the comparative form ofthe adjective or adverb in parentheses. Be sue to include the word than. 1. Heis_vouraer (young) than _1[am) 2. Carmen is much. (old) expected. 3. Alaska Is (vig) Delaware. 4. This book is (good) _the ast one we used. 66 Grammar EssentialCO Se ad 5. The weather this winters, (a0) the weather last winter. 6. This exercise is (ditficut)__ the last one 7. This metals (valuable) _ gold. 8. Jane is (attractive) her sister 9. He goes there (often) L 10. They goto the movies (requenty) you, 11, 1 getup every morning much (ate) you. Complete these sentences by supplying the comparative form ofthe adjective or adverb in parentheses. Be sure fo include the word than. 1. She speaks more __(eapidy) __than__ 2. He prepares his homework ____(carefull)_mast students. 3. She works (rare) her sister. 4. Westayed (long) we expected. 5, Ourtroops fought (bravely) _ anyone expected. 6, The time passed (auiekty | expected 7. The speaker spoke_____ (oud). __was really necessary. 8, They arrived (000), we. 9. The weather today is (warm) the weather yesterday. 10, John's car was much (expensive) iy ca. 14, This contracts (satisfactory) the previous one. 12, This steets even (ide) the highway 43, These exercises are____(complicatec)_some ofthe others. 1, The climate of Caracas is___ (good) _ that of Maracaibo. 45, Lilis much (clever) her brother. 16, This summers. ot) last summer. 17, She spoke. (ftuenty) expected tives and Adverbs 67ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ‘Superlative Form ‘The superlative form of one-sylable adjectives and adverbs adds est. cold —> coldest soon —m soonest smarts smartest fast > fastest ‘The superlative form of two-sylable adjectives and adverbs ending in y usually adds est (the y changes to). pretly —> the prettiest funny —> the funniest ‘The superlative form of adjectives and adverbs of two or more syllables usually uses most. cut quickly > most quickly beautiful —> most beautiful carefully > most carefully ifcult —— most The superlative form of some adjectives and adverbs is iregul good—> best. well > best bad —e worst badly > worst The superlative form of all adjectives and adverbs is preceded by the ‘She isthe tollest git inthe class. ] He drives the most carefully of anyone inthe family. Practice ‘Supply the superlative form of the adjective or adverb in parentheses. Be sure to use the word the. 4 She speaks the most rapidly (rapidly) of any of my frends. 2. Thisis (expensive) book that own. 3. George Is (bad) student in the cass. 4 The Herald| (important) newspaper inthe town, 5. Robin works (hard) of ll the ballernas inthe troupe, 68 Grammar EssentialsCU ee ‘Superlative Form 6. Hels (ambitious) man that know. 7. Of the three brother, Malcolm wakes up (ate) (eracefully) ofall the team members. 8, Rebecca swims. 9. Sheis {Intetigent) person that | know. 10, The story which you told was (sad) ofall (cold) month ofthe year. (004) route from Miami to New York? a1, January is 132, Which. Adjectives and Adverbs 69)Ce DUR Form the past continuous tense with the past tense of fo be and the present participle (ing Form) of the main verb. Iwas working we were working Yyouwere working you were working, he was working shewasworking | they were working itwas working The ps continuous tense describes pas ato which was going on when anther action two nce | we sleeping when you cle. | They were eating dinner when we arved. Practice ‘A. Supply the corect past continuous tense form ofthe verbs in parentheses: 44 They were esting (eat) inte restaurant on the comer when | saw them. 2, t__ (an) when I efthome. 3. When you telephoned, | (ave) dinner. 4. They, (traveD in Australia when they heard the news. 5, The baby (sleep) soundly when | went to wake him. 6. He just. {ordet) breakfast when | went to his hotel room. 7. Lgot sick wile we (drive) to my grandmother's, a. He (ork n California when his father died ot. (take) aap wien you calle. 10, She (talk) with Me Samuels when | saw her inthe hall 1, The accident happened while they __(ravel) in Greece. 12, The flight attendant fellas he et) into ata 13, The car (rave) at high speed when it approached the comer.LSU BB) Inthe following sentences, supply the past tense or the past continuaus tense form ofthe verbs ‘in parentheses as required by the meaning. 1. studied (study) very iligently lastnight. 2, was studying (study) lastnight when you called me on the phone. 3. While (go) home lastnight, saw a bad accident. at (Go) home lastnight by bus. 5. We (drive) to an amusement park yesterday. 6. We (drive) at about forty miles an hour when the accident happened. 7. We (have) our dinner when you phoned. 8, We__(have) our dinner in a restaurant lastnight. 9. While |____ (come) to work this morning! met an old fiend. wo. (come) to work in a taxi this morning. a, The wind {biow) hard when | came to work this morning. 12, The wind (blow) hard this momning. 433, It__ (an) hard lastnight. 14, It___ (ain) hard when left the offic at five oclock. 45. The sun (shine) brightly when | got up this morning. 136. The sun (shine) brightly this morning, 47. At seven o'clock, when you telephoned, |_ (read the newspaper. 8.1 (ead) two books last week. 39.1 (sleep) soundly when the phone ran. 20.1 (leep) soundly lastnight. 2%, June__(play) the plano when | arrived. C.) Supply either the post tense or the past continuous tense form of the verbs In parentheses as ‘required by the meaning. 1. ASL 2s walking (walk) home yesterday, |__ met _ (meet) awoman who _ asked {@sk) me for directions tothe subway. zit (rai) hard when | (leave) home this morning, Past Contauous Tense 7NUR ae 3. Pete__(fal and_(hurt himself when he_ide) his bicycle vesterday, 4, Atfiveollock, when (al the Kennedy's home, they. (have) dinner 5, Sophia___ (rive) to work when she__(heat) the news on the radio. 6, We (sit) on our front porch when Ms, Gold (drive) up ine new ear 7. Asters (et) out ofthe tax, she (ip) and (break) her leg. 8 Mr Cash (Grive) at about forty miles an hour when the accident (happen) 9. Your message (come just as (eave) my home. 10, Last nigh, just as we {leave forthe movies, some fiends (4rop) by. 44, Nelson, (tall) with his boss when I last (see) him 12, Atnoon, when you_(telephone),|_ (work) in my garden. ‘Change each ofthe following sentences from the past tense tothe past continuous tense. Add any words, phrases, or clauses which you may need in order to complete the meaning of the sentence. 1 I studied my English lesson lastnight. [was studving my English lesson last nlght sen my frond call me. 2, [talked to Maurice Cooper this morning. 3. Tony walked home from work yesterday afternoon, 4, She ate her dinner. 5. Iinished my work 6. Lamy spoke to Ms. Watkins about a raise. 2 8 9. I wrote a letter lastnight, He lived in ric. 3. They got off the bus at Broad Street 40, We had lunch with Mr. and Mes. Chambers. 14. Chil left home this morning 12, Dr. Berger had a haircut 13. Sharon typed her term paper 14 [visited the Andersons. 45. The puppy cried. 72 Gramma: EssentialsFUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Form the Future continuous tense by using willbe and the present participle (ing form) ofthe ‘main verb. The contracted forms are generally used. {wil be working > 1 be working ‘You will be working —» You'l be working He will be working —» He'l be working She wll be working —> Shell be working Iwill be working —> It'll be working Singul Plural: We will be working —> Well be working You will be working —> You'l be working | They wil be working —> They'l be working ‘The fture continuous tense describes an ation that wl be going on when another ation takes place. | wil be studying when you return this evening. ‘They’ be traveling in Germany by the time you arrive here. Practice ‘Supply the future continuous tense ofthe verbs in parentheses. 4. Ifyou come at noon, we ull be eating (eat) lunch. 2, Atthistime next month, we __(travel in South Ameria, 3. Atten o'clock tomorrow morning (ave) my music lesson. al (walt on the comer for you atthe usual time, 5, Ifyou call her at si, she probably _(practice) the piano, 6. It probably (ain) when you get back. 7. you come before six, (work) in my garden. £8, Tomorrow afternoon at this time, we (fy) over the Caribbean, 9. Don't call him after seven. He (watch) his favorit television program. 120, Don't call her aftr lunch. She (take) her usual afternoon nap. A this time next year, he (study) at the University of tino. future Continuous Tense 73,Tae ‘Mach s used with noncountable nouns; that is, things that cannot be counted and do not have 2 plural form. ‘These nouns do not normally have plural forms. | rmuch sugar much ‘Mach s usualy used in negative sentences and questions. | don't have much money. Do you need much time? ‘Many is used with plural countable nouns. ‘mony cups of suger ‘many students Alot ofis used interchangeably with much and many. Alot ofs the most commonly used term ofthese three, | atororsuser —tarerboots —otrriove | In questions with How, much and many are used. A lot of is not used How much milk did you buy? How many chairs will we need? Practice Complete the following sentences with much or many. 4 There aren't _many _large factories inthis town 2, He doesn't spend time on his English. 3- Does ths factory produce. diferent kinds of products? 4. Does she spend ___money on clothes? 5 Isthere. cil in Venezuela? 6, He doesa’t drink ___milk.17. Does he have friends inthis office?” 8. There aren't ‘mountains in that part ofthe country. 9. There isnt mili this pitcher. 10. How time do you spend on your English every day? st. How windows are therein your office? 12. How. times a week do you goto the movies? 13, How ‘money do you spend on magazines each month? 14, He doesn't make mistakes in speling, B Inwhich ofthe sentences in Exercise A can you substitute alt of for much or many? Much, Mony A Lot of 75:CEC laid ‘Also and too change to either in negative sentences. [want to come too. | | don't wantto cme ether They also want this book. They don't want this book either | Practice [A,) Change the following sentences from offrmatve o negative. 44 Mary likes to study with our group too, Mary dace i to study wth our group ether 2, John also tkes to play tennis 3. They also want to move tothe suburbs. 4, Richard will also come. 5M 6, We can also play baseball. 7. He also likes American food, 8, She is able to hear him too. is In that restaurant too, ‘9. My parents ike to listen tothe ao too. to, Mr Johnsons als a tennis player, 14. Mally ca also play this game, 12. Thisbook was also expense. BB Change te following sentences rom negative to affmative 4 Mike doesnt know her wel either, He alo kts her wel, He knows he el foo 2 She dows Uke to watch eleision eth. 3. Helen cannot swim well either. 76 Grammar EssentialTN UL ‘The manager wasn't able to speak to him elther. ‘They don't want to live in the suburbs either. _ My sister won't be back before noon either. He doesn’t come to work by bus either Rachelisn'ta friendly person either, ‘Als, To, Either T7Use any in negative sentences; use some in affirmative sentences. Gerald took some books home with bir. Gerald didnt take any books home with him. Practice A) Change the following sentences from ofrmative to negative. 1. There are some extra chalts in the next room, There arent any extra chairs in the next room, We saw some good shows in New York. He made some mistakes in adition.. ‘They have some pretty dresses in that store. We learned some new words in class yesterday. ‘There are some flowers in the yellow vase. 2 3 4 5. The teacher taught us some Important grammar rules. os 7 e. ‘There are some rich men inthis town, 9. We have some good nelghbors. B) Change the following sentences from negative to affmatve. "4 I didit see any good shows on TV lastnight. saw some aoad shows on TY lastnight. 2, Don't pour me any coffee, 3, We don't need any more chairs inthis room, 4, There arent any tables in the hal, 5. She doesn't want any oranges. 6, They dide' tellus about any of thelr experiences. 7. There aren't any good seats left for the play tonight £8, You won't need any winter clothes in San Diego. 9. I don't have any more money. 7B Grammar EssentialC.) Complete the following sentences with some or any. 1. Idon't have any money with me, 2 Please give me more coffee 3m sorry, but there isnt more coffe. ‘4 The baby is asleep, Please don't make. 5. We need, oranges for breakfast. 6. Im sorry but | didn’t have_ time to prepare my lessons last night. 7. There aren't seats avallable inthe waiting room. 8. He never makes mistakes in speling, 9. Lwanted to buy fresh eggs, but there werent in the store, 10. didnt have stamps, s0| went tothe post office to buy 1 They are having trouble with their new car. 12, [never have trouble with my car. 43. The teacher won't find mistakes in at's addltion. 14, She wil surely find in my adetion. 45. [tried to borrow ‘money from him, but he sald he didn’t have 16. She never gives the poor dog. water to drink. 27. Don't give ‘money to Ron. He doesn't deserve 18. There aren't patients in the walting room atthe moment. 19, Please put water in that vase; the flowers are dying. 20, I wanted some fruit, but nobody had 21, Sandy says she never has fruit 22, There are Famous museums in Mexico City, but we didnt have time to visit 23, He never gives his patients candy. 24, The doctor gave me. medicine for my cough. ‘Any Some 79Ce Ae Use anybody, anyone, anything, and anywhere in negative sentences. Use somebody, someone, something, and somewhere in affirmative sentences. We heard someone enter the darkened room. We didn't hear anything in the dark. Practice A.) Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. 1 He told us something about his trip. He dda tall us anything about hie rip 2, There is someone at the door. 3- You left something onthe hall table. 4, Bob wil bring someone with him. 5 I lost the book somewhere downtown, 6, There is somebody inthe next room, 7. Bobbie went somewhere lastnight wth her boss. {8 He nas something important to say to you [B) Change the following sentences from negative to affirmative, 1 He doesn't know anything about the plan. He knows somethina about the pian, 2. There isnt anything wrong with Toby’s ear. - 3. There wasn't anyone atthe door - We haven't spoken to anybody about it. . There doesn't seem to be anybody inthe office, | don't think there is anything wrong with the printer. 3. 4 5. 6. My keys aren't anywhere inthis room. 7 8, They didnt find her anywhere.. 80 Grammar Essentialsas) layne we-ourours you-your=yours _you-your-yours hechishis | shecher—hers they—thelr—thelrs | (ete eet This ismy ng. Thais ourtuc ‘This ring is mine, This truckis ours. | Practice ‘Substitute the appropriate possessive pronouns for the word in italics This penis my pen. The penis mine These seats are our seats 4 >. This umbrella i her umbrella, 4. These penels are your pencil. 5. That computer is my father's computer 6. That overcoat is his overcoat. 7 a ‘These magazines seem tobe your magazines; they are not my magazines. | believe this pen s her pen; it is not my pen. 9. Isthis notebook your notebook or Sarah's? 12, These seats are their seas; they are not our seats. 13, This book is your book; the one over there onthe desk is my book. 14, He drives his car to work every day and Idrive my car 15. You take care of your things, and Il take care of my things 6, Thelr home is pretty, but our home is prettier. Possessive Pronouns 82sae nd || 47. His pronunciation is bad, and my pronunciation i too. 28, His car was expensive but your car was mare expensive. [B Inthe following sentences substitute the verb tobe for the verb to belong. Then Introduce a possessive pronoun or the possessive form ofthe noun. 4. This book Belongs to him. This book slg, 2 This pencil belongs to Anthony. This pencil is Anthony’, ‘That notebook belongs to he ‘That umbrella Belongs to me. - m sure this pen belongs to Adrian, 5. No, It belongs to Miss|efferson, . These magazines belong to them. ‘hese pencils belongtous, 2. These books belong to them. 40, This book doesn't belong to me. 1. This pen belongs to him. 12, | think this desk belongs to Mrs. Jones. 13, That car belongs to Rober, 44, These green apples belong to us, but those yellow ones belong to them. 45. [thnk tis pencil belongs to me, but the yellow one belongs to you. 46. This box of candy must belong to him. . 17, This umbrella belongs tothe teacher, = 438. These seats belong to them, 49. That black sports car belongs to our landlord. 20, This watch doesn't belong to me; it belongs to my father. ‘24. The red sweater belongs to me; the blue one befongs to Virginia 22, That bieyele belongs to lim’ litle brother, {82 Grammar Essentialsfees aed C. Complete the following sentences with either a possessive adjective or a possessive pronoun, 4. Jeremy lost _his___pen. Wilyou please lend him _yours _? {was on time for class, but Helen was late fr. They have methods of travel and we have We naturally prefer__methods, and they naturally prefer_. Hound ___noteboo, but Jack couldn't find ‘They think that. home isthe prettiest onthe block, and we tink is, eft___pen at home. May | borrow fora moment? 3. He drives to work in cat, and she drives to work in 49. Tell William not to forget to bring tennis racket, and dort forget to bring 10, They swim in pool and we swim in a. Ihave, vacation In June and Fem has in july 22. Hound ‘umbrella, but il couldn't find 13, We were late for class, and Hope and Gwen were also late for 14, Ted enjoys work and | enjoy 15. Each student inthe school has__own desk and ‘own locker. 16, | borrowed money from all, friends, but Peg refused to borrow any money 17, We have a television setin__bedroom, and the boys have another se in 138. Where are you going on vacation? | hope to spend In Europe. 49. They have_Ideas on such matters, and we have 20, We spend ‘money in one way: they spend _____in another waybiages ad ee a ee, | himself | herself themselves itselt | Reflexive pronouns refer back tothe subject ofthe sentence. The subject and object are the same person (people). The woman bumed herself. ‘The man wounded himself Practice ‘Supply the necessary reflexive pronouns. 1, The tle girl hurt herself _when she fell 2, We protect from the rain with an umbrella 3. My son taught. tosew. 4. Both boys taught toswim. 5, Weallenjoyed__at the concert lastnight 6. The children are amusing with te kitten 7. The policewoman shot by accident. 8, Did you enjoy _ atthe party lastnight? 9. You willcut___with that knife ifyou are not careful 10, lonce cut___badly withthe same krife 11, I blame For allthat trouble, 12, She kes to look at in the mior 13, My father cuts ‘every morning when he shaves. 14, Joycut___onapiece of glass. 45, My daughters not old enough to dress 26. The dog hurt when It jumped over the fence, {84 Grammar Essentials