> CHATCXC.COM eororatiats 2002 9% @ ) © Mechanical Properties of Matter Define ‘tensile stress’ and ‘tensile strain’. [2 marks} A wire is stretched by a force, F, which causes an extension, ¢. Hooke’s law relates F to eby mn ‘Show how is k related to the Young's Modulus E of the wire. [3 marks} A load of 30 N is hung from a copper wire 5 m long and 1.0 mm in diameter to keep it taut as shown in Figure 6. The position of the lower end of the wire was read on a scale. Figure 6 ‘Weights are then added and the corresponding increase in lengths is read off from the scale. The readings were recorded in the table below. ‘Weight (N) 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 9% | 100] 105] 110 Extension! 140] 1.80] 2.35] 2.80| 325] 3.70] 430| 4.85] 5.05 | 525 mx10” ()_Plota graph of load against extension using the values from the table. Gi) __Use the graph plotted in (c) () to calculate the Young Modulus of Copper. (iii) What is the maximum load that can be supported by the wire? (iv) What was the stress atthe proportional limit? (¥) Calculate the elastic energy stored in the wire just before the wire became permanently stretched. {15 marks} ‘Total 20 marks2003 % ) (Define the following terms: a) Density b) Pressure Gi) Derive the equation AP = pgAh where AP is the change in pressure in aliquid, isthe acceleration due to gravity and Ah is the change in depth in a liquid. Gi) Explain how coastal winds are generated in the Caribbean. [8 marks} Gases have densities of the order of 1 kg m-? to 2 kg mr while solids have densities of the order of 2 000 kg m-? to10 000 kg m->. Use the kinetic theory of matter to explain the difference in the order of the size of these densities. [2 marks} (©) Figure 4 shows a rectangular beaker of cross-sectional area 140 cm?. It contains a liquid, L, of. density 8.2 x 10° kg cnr. @) (ii) Gi) (iv) t If's.0cm A A 140. cm 1 B, Figure 4 Calculate the pressure due to Liquid L at depths of 3.0m and 14.0 em. Find the net force acting on the Liquid L between planes AA, and BB, Determine the weight of liquid between the planes AA, and BB, ‘What is the upthrust on an object which when placed in the Liquid L, caused the liquid level to rise from BB, to AA,? [10 marks} ‘Total 20 marks2007 3. The data shown in Table 2 was collected by hanging weights (F) on a metal wire and measuring the extension (2) caused. ‘The wire was originally 2.00 m long and had a cross-sectional area of 2.00 x 107 m*. Table 2 FIN z/mm 5 0.54 10 1.08 15 1.61 20 215 38 | (@ Plot graph of the weight, F, against the extension, x, on the graph grid opposite. [4 marks] () By estimating the area under the graph, find the work done in stretching the wire by 40mm. (2 marks} © @_Atwhat load does the wire cease to obey Hooke’s law? [1 mark] Gi) Use the graph to determine the value of Young's Modulus for this metal [3 marks) ‘Total 10 marks2008 IT (a) (b) wo qi) iii) Explain what is meant by EACH of the following terms. ‘Stress’: {1 mark | ‘Strain’ [1 mark} Figure 3 shows a graph of applied force F, against extension, AV, for a long steel wire. Mark on the graph the region where the wire obeys Hooke’s law. Force F Extension AI Figure 3 {1 mark | In the space below, sketch graphs to show how the graph in Figure 3 will change if the material is (@ Glass (b) Rubber [2 marks} Figure 4 shows a 0.5 kg mass on a steel wire | m long and 2 x 10? m in diameter (Young modulus = 2 x 10" Pa) being whirled in a vertical circle. The mass is at its lowest position and its velocity at this point is 38 ms“. The breaking stress of the wire is 7.2 x 10* Nm,Figure 4 (On Figure 4 show the forces acting on the mass. [2 marks} (ii) At the LOWEST point, calculate a) the tension in the wire [2 marks} 'b) the stress experienced by the wire [2 marks} ©) the extension of the wire. 13 marks} (©) Explain whether or not the wire breaks at this point. [1 mark} ‘Total 15 marks2010 3. (@)__ (i) __Im the spaces provided, sketch graphs of load versus extension for a steel wire, glass and a polymeric material te hk Extension Steel wire Gtass Polymeric material (ii) Define the terms ‘stress’ and ‘strain’. {3 marks} Stress: [mark | Strain [mark | Oy When a rubber strip with a cross-section of 3 x 10"?m by 1.5 10°'mis suspended vertically and various masses are attached to it, a student obtains the following data for length versus load. Toad, Mig o]_o1] 02] 03] oa] 05 (Length, Lem 30] 6] 62] 69| 78] 100 Extension, AL7m | 0 (Fill in the missing values of extension, AL, in the table. [mark | (ii) On the grid on page 11, draw a graph of load versus extension. [4 marks} ‘Write an equation relating M and AL for small loads to Young’s modulus E for the rubber. Write an equation relating Young’s modulus and the gradient of your graph for small loads. [2 marks} (iv) Use your graph to determine Young's modulus for the rubber for small loads. 14 marks} ‘Total 1S marks2013 (@) With the aid of a diagram, derive the expression P= h p g at 2 depth, hi, in a liquid of density. p. [S marks} (6) Analuminum cube, each side measuring 1m, at sea level, ies on the sea floor at a depth of 2.5 km. Determine the (pressure exerted on the cube at this depth [Assume that the density of sea water is constant and equal to 1.04 = 10° kgm*] (ii) decrease in length (in mm) of any side of the cube resuiting from this pressure, {given that the Young's Modulus for aluminum is 69 GPa. [5 marks] (©) The graph in Figure 3 shows the variation between foree and extension fora thin piece of wire. 0, 0. o i = 2 wo. 0 02 Os 06 O8 10 12 14 16 18 Extension/mm Figure 3 (@ Explain what happens tothe wire at points A and B. (i Using the graph, determine the strain energy in the wire at point X. [S marks} Total 1S marks2015 6. (a) __ Define the term *Young’s modulus’. Include a suitable formula in your definition. 13 marks} (0) _ Explain the differences between ‘elastic deformation’ and ‘inelastic deformation’ by making reference to Hooke’s law and energy changes in materials. [4 marks} (©) Aone has a Young’s modulus of approximately 1.8 x 10"°Pa. Under compression, itcan withstand a stress of about 1.5 « 10* Pa before breaking. Assuming that the femur (thigh bone) is 0.47 m long, calculate the amount of compression that this bone can withstand before breaking. (State your answer in mm.) [3 marks} (@)__ Figure 6 shows a crane that is used for lifting heavy objects. Figure 6. Crane The motor in the crane lifts a total mass of 1800 kg from rest on the ground. The cable supporting the mass is made from steel of Young's modulus 2.4 x 10" Pa. The cross- sectional area of the cable is 1.3 x 10“ m*. As the mass leaves the ground, the strain in the cable is 0.0010. (Assume the weight of the cable is negligible.) (i) Use the Young’s modulus of the steel to determine the tension in the cable. (2 marks} i) Assuming it is an 8-tonne crane and that the length of the cable is 8 m, determine the extension in the cable when it is operating at maximum load. [3 marks} Total 15 marks2016 3. (@)_Aftera lesson on Hooke’s law, a student is asked to measure the mass of a rock sample using a steel spring, standard masses and a metre rule. The student measured the unstretched length of the spring and then set up the arrangement shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Arrangement for measuring the mass of rock sample (State Hooke's law. [2 marks} (ii) Describe how this arrangement could be used to determine the spring constant and hhenee, the mass of the rock sample. [6 marks}(6) Aspring manufacturer tests the properties of a spring by measuring the load applied each time the extension is increased. The graph of load versus extension is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6. Load versus extension Use the graph to find the work done in extending the spring up to Point B. IS marks] Beyond Point A, the spring undergoes inelastic deformation. Explain the term ‘inelastic deformation’. [2 marks} Total 15 marks