Experiment No.

04

Introduction

A sphere of acoustical energy is created as a sound wave moves away from its source. As

the sphere's surface area expands, the sound source's limited amount of energy is dispersed

thinner and thinner. The inverse square law in audio production explains how a sound's intensity

decreases with distance. According to the inverse square law, the sound will become four times

less intense for every doubling of the distance from the source.

The intensity level can be computed along the wavefront's surface area with the aid of the

inverse square law. Only a tiny portion of this surface area is measured by our ears and

microphones when it comes to pressure level variations. The inverse distance law is used to

calculate changes in pressure level at a specific distance from a sound source. The sound

pressure level at a given distance is proportional to the inverse of that distance, according to the

inverse distance law. In general, the inverse distance law is far more helpful when producing

audio.

Reference

Inverse Square Law of Sound: Simple Explanation – Audio University

(audiouniversityonline.com)

Objectives

1. To verify that as the distance from the transmitting antenna increases, the received signal

strength decreases according to the inverse square law.

 2. To evaluate the differences in signal propagation characteristics between the 4-element

and 3-element Yagi antennas.

3. To assess the signal strength measurement capabilities, sensitivity, and accuracy of the

ATS05 device.

Experiment No. 05

Introduction

Omnidirectional antennas are able to receive signals from any direction equally well.

This indicates that they are typically omnidirectional in both the vertical and horizontal planes,

with a 360-degree reception pattern. Omnidirectional antennas can receive signals from any

direction and offer uniform coverage over a large area because they are typically made with a

balanced antenna

gain across all frequencies. Wireless access points, cellular sites, and base stations are the

common locations for omnidirectional antennas. They are frequently employed in applications

involving point-to-multipoint systems, monitoring, and coverage. On the other hand,

omnidirectional antennas typically have low gain, requiring more power to send signals farther.

Weak signal strengths can make this an issue for applications that need long-distance coverage.

When omnidirectional antennas are used, signals are sent and received from all directions

in the same manner. This is because the antenna can receive signals from a wide bandwidth

thanks to its omnidirectional radiation pattern. The physical structure of an omnidirectional

antenna determines its pattern. Typically, this pattern has an antenna in the middle and is shaped

like a doughnut. Several antenna arrays, including vertical rods and dipoles (two or more antenna
elements), are included in the design. The omnidirectional radiation pattern is produced by the

combination of these radiating components. The components in the antenna detect and focus

radio waves as they travel through it, directing them in a full circle. Omnidirectional antennas are

able to simultaneously receive signals from all directions because of this.

Reference

Omnidirectional Antenna vs Directional Antenna Explained (novotech.com)

Objectives

1. To assess the azimuthal and elevation plane radiation patterns of the dipole and monopole

antennas.

2. To examine the differences in gain, directivity, and efficiency between the monopole and

dipole antennas.

3. To consider the effects of antenna polarization on the transmission and reception of

signals.

4. To analyze the ATS05 instrument's precision, sensitivity, and dependability when

determining signal strength for monopole and dipole antennas.

Experiment No. 06

Introduction

In order to improve signal strength and range, directional antennas concentrate radio wave power

primarily in one direction. They are therefore very useful for applications that need point-to-

point, long-distance communication. The radiated power can be focused in a particular direction
with the use of directional antennas. Longer range communication and stronger signals in a

particular area or toward a specific target are made possible by this. Applications for directional

antennas include wireless backhaul links, satellite communication, long-distance point-to-point

communication, and wireless network coverage extension in a particular direction.

A directional antenna's range is determined by a number of variables, such as the transmitter's

power output, the antenna's gain, the frequency being used, and the existence of any obstructions

or interference. A directional antenna can typically cover several miles or longer, especially if it

has a high gain and is used in an open, line-of-sight environment. However, if there are

obstructions like hills, trees, or buildings that block the signal, the effective range may be greatly

decreased. Lower frequency signals, like those used in AM or FM radio broadcasts, typically

have longer ranges than higher frequency signals, like those used in Wi-Fi or microwave

communications. This is due to the fact that obstructions in the surrounding environment can

more readily absorb or reflect higher frequency signals.

Reference

What Is A Directional Antenna? - Sanny Telecom

Objectives

1. To determine the azimuthal plane radiation patterns of the 3- and 4-element Yagi
antennas.
2. To examine the differences in gain between the 3- and 4-element Yagi antennas.
3. To measure the signal strength in the direction of maximum radiation and compare it with
the signal strength in other directions to determine the directivity of the 4-element and 3-
element Yagi antennas.
4. To evaluate the ATS05 instrument's precision, sensitivity, and dependability when
determining the signal strength of both Yagi antennas.