EXPLORING THE PERCEPTIONS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ON

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SAFETY SYSTEM IN DAVAO CITY

A Qualitative Research Paper

Presented to the
High School Department
Malayan Colleges Mindanao
General Douglas MacArthur Highway,
Matina, Davao City

by

Aguelo, Rhoan Blez P.

Alvarez, Erica Mhel F.
Limbo, Teddy Lark P.
Molina, Vincent Fernan P.

MAY 2024
EXPLORING THE PERCEPTIONS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ON

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SAFETY SYSTEM IN DAVAO CITY

______________________________

A Qualitative Research Presented to

the High School Department of
Malayan Colleges Mindanao
General Douglas MacArthur Highway,
Matina, Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for APP3:
Practical Research 1 (Qualitative Research)

______________________________

By

Aguelo, Rhoan Blez P.

Alvarez, Erica Mhel F.
Limbo, Teddy Lark P.
Molina, Vincent Fernan P.

IVY CHOCENT B. FRANCISCO

Research Adviser

MAY 2024
 Republic of the Philippines
MAPÚA MALAYAN COLLEGES MINDANAO
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
General Douglas MacArthur Highway,
Matina, Davao City

Declaration of Originality

We, Rhoan Blez P. Aguelo, Erica Mhel F. Alvarez, Teddy Lark P. Limbo, and

Vincent Fernan P. Molina, declare that this research is original to the best of our

knowledge. We declare further that this activity was undertaken by us.

RHOAN BLEZ P. AGUELO ERICA MHEL F. ALVAREZ

Researcher Researcher

TEDDY LARK P. LIMBO VINCENT FERNAN P. MOLINA

Researcher Researcher

MAY 2024
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled, “EXPLORING THE PERCEPTIONS OF

PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SAFETY
SYSTEM IN DAVAO CITY,” prepared and submitted by RHOAN BLEZ P.
AGUELO, ERICA MHEL F. ALVAREZ, TEDDY LARK P. LIMBO, and VINCENT
FERNAN P. MOLINA, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject APP3:
Practical Research 1 (Quantitative Research), has been examined and is, hereby,
recommended for the corresponding oral presentation, approval, and acceptance.

IVY CHOCENT P. FRANCISCO

Research Adviser

_____________________________________________________________________
PANEL OF EXAMINERS

APPROVED by the Panel of Examiners with a grade of _____.

DR. FLORA MAE C. YPARRAGUIRRE MR. JOMARD NARCISO

Chairman Member

______________________________________________________________________

APPROVED and ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the subject APP3: Practical Research 1 (Qualitative Research).

FLORA MAE C. YPARRAGUIRRE, Ph.D.

School Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers wish to express their appreciation to those individuals who

assisted them during the study's creation, as their involvement significantly enhanced
its overall success.

Jasmine C. Hermoso. First and foremost, we extend gratitude to Ms. Jamie, our
Practical Research 1 Teacher, for her unwavering support and guidance during the
making of this study.

Ivy Chocent B. Francisco. We extend our heartfelt thanks to our research

adviser for her unending support throughout the development of this study. We
appreciate her generous sharing of knowledge, as well as the invaluable assistance and
recommendations she has offered.

The Panelists. The researcher expresses gratitude to Dr. Flora Mae C.

Yparraguirre and Mr. Jomard L. Narciso for their valuable insights and
recommendations, which have contributed to the improvement of the conducted study.

Parents. The researchers extend their heartfelt gratitude to their respective

parents and guardians for their consistent support and financial assistance throughout
the process.

God, The researchers honor the Almighty Father for all glory and attribute
everything to Him.

Rhoan Blez P. Aguelo

Erica Mhel F. Alvarez
Teddy Lark P. Limbo
Vincent Fernan P. Molina
 DEDICATION

This study is dedicated to our parents, family, friends, and above all, to God
 ABSTRACT

This study investigates the perceptions and experiences of persons with

disabilities (PWDs) regarding the safety of public transportation in Davao City. Using

a multiple case study approach, we conducted in-depth interviews with five

participants who have various disabilities, including two visual impairment,

Amputated foot, no left arm, and proximal femoral focal deficiency. Three main

components serve as a structure for the study: experiences using public transportation,

challenges and problems related to public transportation safety, and the application of

regulations to improve safety. The study assesses participant perspectives on public

transportation design and infrastructure, accessibility issues, driver awareness, policy

effectiveness, and the importance of inclusive practices using the frameworks of

perception of risk theory, protective motivation theory, and social cognitive theory. The

results bring attention to important obstacles that people with disabilities have to

conquer, including poor infrastructure, a lack of driver education, and a poor

application of current laws. The research emphasizes the importance of comprehensive

safety protocols, disability awareness, and government responsibility in establishing a

secure and easily accessible public transportation system. The research's conclusions

are intended to educate stakeholders, transportation authorities, and lawmakers on the

changes that must be made to improve public transportation's dependability and safety

for all commuters in Davao City.

Keywords: Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), Public Transportation, Safety,

Accessibility Issues, Davao City

SDG’s: Goal 10 (Reduced Inequalities), Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities)

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES/FIGURES

Page

1 INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study...............................................................................2
Research Questions........................................................................................4
Theoretical Lens............................................................................................5
Related Literature..........................................................................................8
Importance of the Study...............................................................................18
Limitation of the Study................................................................................19
Definition of Terms.....................................................................................19

2 METHODOLOGY
Research Design..........................................................................................20
Research Participants...................................................................................20
Data Sources................................................................................................21
Data Collection Procedures.........................................................................22
Data Analysis..............................................................................................22
Trustworthiness of the Study......................................................................23
Ethical Considerations................................................................................24

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Profile of the Participants…………………………………………………25
Cross-Case Analysis………………………………………………………89

4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary………………………………………………………………….95
Conclusion………………………………………………………………...96
Recommendations………………………………………………………97
REFERENCES

APPENDICES
A. Statement of Project Member Contribution
B. Permission Letter
C. Letter of Informed Consent
D. Interview Guide Questions
E. List of Validators

CURRICULUM VITAE
 1. Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

The primary concern of passenger and transportation safety centers on developing

an improved model of transport access that minimizes the likelihood of incidents. From

origin to destination, passenger road transportation meets the need of the population for

spatial movement. They take up a large portion in the transport infrastructure of large

cities Cheberiachko et al., (2023). It is a crucial aspect that significantly influences the

overall quality of life in communities, ensuring the security and well-being of residents.

While much attention has been given to objective measures such as travel times and

environmental impacts in transportation policy, the importance of subjective experiences,

including perceptions of safety, is increasingly recognized (Chatterjee et al., 2019). This

study is focused on exploring the perceptions of persons with disabilities (PWD)

commuters in Davao City who utilize public transportation. Given their significant

representation within the population, this research aims to understand their views,

particularly concerning public transportation safety systems.

Mexico City's poor transportation safety is a major social issue. Based on Reuters

survey, Mexico City's public transit system is recognized as the second most dangerous in

the world (Boros, 2014). Nationally, a significant transportation strategy that aims to

satisfy the many demands of Davao City's businesses, religious organizations,

government offices, and schools is presented in research done by Lazo et al. (2022). To

ensure the comfort and safety of passengers as they travel, this program suggests using

public transportation. Data was gathered from 92 respondents who represented a range of

enterprises, religious organizations, local governments, and educational institutions using

2
a descriptive study methodology with a quantitative approach. The report does,

however, also emphasize the need for additional research into the viability of such a

transportation service company and investigates ways to grow it inside the local area.

Locally, the study by Lagumbay et al. (2018) discusses Davao City's difficult

infrastructure and transportation issues. These are essential for the growth of the city's big

goals. To learn more about the state of transportation, they conducted interviews with

drivers and commuters. They discovered that improvements, such as new regulations and

cooperation with private enterprises, are important. The larger context of transportation in

Davao is made clearer by this study. It is an excellent place to start if we want to go

deeper into the minds of PWDs regarding how to be safe when taking public

transportation for our research.

Although the city has put up policies aimed at the improvement of safety and

accessibility for PWDs within the public transportation systems, the execution of these

policies turns out to be different. For instance, they implemented a policy to reserve a

place in the front seat of jeepneys for PWDs to easily get in and remain safely there;

however, more often, this is occupied by non-PWD passengers, forcing PWDs to go to

less accessible seating at the back. Furthermore, although there are policies aimed at

making buses more accessible to PWDs, the reality is that the stairs in buses remain a

significant barrier, particularly for individuals using crutches or wheelchairs. The stairs

are often too steep, lacking the sloped access that is standard in public transportation

systems in other countries, which deploy ramps or slopes to facilitate wheelchair access.

This inconsistency points to a gap in the literature: the policy compliance is mostly taken

for granted and strongly calls for further in-depth inquiry about the actual experiences of

3
PWDs in using public transportation in Davao City. It is this gap that this study tries to

fill by looking at the lived experiences of PWDs, focusing on the effectiveness and

inclusivity of the already implemented safety measures but from the perspective of the

people directly affected by the policies that are put in place.

1.2 Research Questions

With a focus on persons with disabilities perceptions this study aims to explore

how PWDs perceive the safety system for public transportation in Davao City,

Philippines. The study's goal is to analyze these perceptions to offer the local

administration useful information about areas in which the city's public transportation

system may be enhanced. The research questions guiding this study are as follows:

1. What are the lived experiences of selected PWDs in public transportation safety

system in Davao City?

2. What are the challenges and problems encountered by PWDs relative to

protecting themselves in riding public transportation?

3. What insights and motivations do PWDs have regarding the implementation of

rules or features in public transportation by the local government to enhance safety for

people with disabilities?

4
1.3 Theoretical Lens

Urban public transportation systems are vital for any urban environment, acting as

the main infrastructure often used daily, such as persons with disabilities’ daily

commutes. Scarcity of the perceived safety of the systems is of profound importance,

which at the end of the day dictates their use and effectiveness. The research objective is

to survey a cross section of PWDs' views on transportation safety in Davao City, through

mixed methods that draw from different complimentary theories. PWDs' public transport

perception will be investigated from various perspectives for an analysis and enriched

knowledge of the safety dynamics for public transportation to improve persons with

disabilities commuters' reliability and confidence.

Perception of Risk Theory (Slovic, 2016). This theory states that risks are evaluated by

people with mixed cognitive and affective aspects in mind. In his recent work, Slovic

once again underlines the major role emotions play in risk perception and acknowledges

the existence of blending analytical and intuitive processes. In this research, the

Perception of Risk Theory analyzes PWDs’ perception and assessment of safety risks in

public transport. It goes in-depth into the relationship between cognition and the

emotional state, providing perspective into complicated issues in risk evaluation among

Davao City PWDs.

This theory is a remarkable tool for getting to know how the persons with

disabilities of today think and then decide upon the safety of public transport. Through its

exploring connections intellectual and emotion, the theory gives us what are the needed

ideas by governments and transport agencies to implement safety measures based on the

5
correct information. Those perceptions are the target to creating safety problems for

PWDs in Davao City. With the interventions that are enhanced can be directed at solving

these problems.

Protective Motivation Theory (Maddux and Rogers, 2015). This Theory mentions that

people will exhibit behaviors that are meant to shield them based on the level of the threat

they are feeling, their recovery preparedness, skills for implementing preventive

measures effectively, and their confidence to execute them. It enlightens all the aspects

and reasons that can cause the PWDs to opt for public transport. This concept is applied

as the focus of the study which investigates the factors establishing the intentions of the

PWDs adopting safety practices, thus providing a comprehensive comprehension of the

safety of public transport in Davao City.

Using Protective Motivation theory to know the PWDs intentions concerning

safety behaviors on public transport gives a strong grasp of the decision-making structure

of the PWDs. It enhances our understanding of their decision-making processes. This is

an understanding that will be helpful for the making of programs that encourage PWDs to

be aware of their behavior during traveling, thus facilitating a safe public transport in

Davao City.

Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 2015): Social Cognitive Theory is the framework

that would help us see the overlap of personal factors, environmental stimulants, and

behavior. Incorporating the updated theory of Bandura, the cognitive, the imitative, the

self-regulatory, and the introspective components are crucial in determining how people

change behavior. In the article, Social Cognitive Theory underlines the process of PWDs

self-defense perception construction based on social and modeling influences. It studies

6
the sensitive contest between individual experiences, environmental stimuli, and safety

behaviors that PWD commuters experience on public transit.

Social Cognitive Theory gives invaluable insights into social factors that affect

PWDs' perceptions of safety and behavior in public transport. The knowledge of these

factors can lead to the development of interventions that take advantage of social

influence to ensure that among the PWDs in Davao City, safe travel behavior is

promoted. Through these findings policymakers together with transportation authorities

can use them in the development of strategies that will help to protect public transport

and the general welfare of persons with disabilities.

7
1.4 Related Literature

In this study, we aim to explore the perceptions of PWDs concerning the safety of

public transportation in Davao City. Understanding PWDs' experiences, concerns, and

opinions toward utilizing public transportation systems is essential for informing

government officials, transportation authorities, and other stakeholders about potential

areas for enhancing the public transit safety infrastructure. Through the examination of

PWDs perceptions, our goal is to refine transportation safety systems and foster the

development of a more reliable and secure public transit system for all commuters in

Davao City.

Public Safety

Understanding the detailed and broad characteristics of public safety, which goes

beyond typical concepts of protection from violence and disasters, is essential to

understanding it. Friedman (2021) argues that over time, governments have prioritized

these factors. However, as Khoo (2023) indicates out, modern discourse emphasizes the

importance of having wider perspectives. This broader perspective includes access to

needs including food, clean water, shelter, healthcare, and education. In order to ensure

the general safety and well-being of individuals within a community, it is essential to

recognize these related aspects, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive

approaches to public safety that address a variety of socioeconomic factors.

8
 As Public Safety Canada (2023) states, there are many different professional paths

and jobs in the field of public safety that are all committed to the critical duty of

protecting the public and maintaining order. According to Nicor-Mangilimutan et al.

(2020), that wide variety of occupations include occupations including paramedics, call

center operators, law enforcement officers, and firefighters. Each of these professions is

essential for the safety and security of communities. By means of concerted initiatives,

these professionals collaborate to promptly address emergencies, carefully uphold legal

requirements, and effectively reduce hazards, thereby strengthening the complex system

of public safety. Their collaborative efforts provide the basis of social resilience, ensuring

that communities are prepared to face difficulties and develop in a safe environment.

Additionally, as stated by Philippine Public Safety College (2019) establishments

as the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) serve an important part in developing the

upcoming generation of public safety professionals. According to the Georgia

Department of Public Safety (2020), PPSC plays an important part in providing with the

necessary skills and knowledge needed for addressing the many difficulties encountered

in the field. This is considering the institution is committed to providing specialized

training programs and degrees that are particular to details of public safety. Through

means of difficult coursework and practical training programs, PPSC and related

institutions serve a major role in developing skilled and ethical individuals in the field of

public safety. By establishing an environment that prioritizes lifelong learning and

professional development, these organizations enhance the effectiveness and truthfulness

9
of public safety actions, ensuring that communities are attended to by knowledgeable and

ethically committed personnel.

Public safety is a broad concept that includes access to healthcare, education, and

basic necessities as well as to more traditional ideas of protection. It includes the

collaborative efforts of different professionals who put up endless effort to ensure the

safety and wellbeing of communities, such as law enforcement officers, firefighters,

paramedics, and contact center operators. Future public safety professionals are prepared

in large part by organizations such as the Philippine Public Safety College, which

emphasizes the importance of education and training in improving general public safety

measures. Societies can develop more secure and resilient communities for all people by

adopting an overall strategy for public safety and providing resources for training and

education.

Cases Involving the Challenges of PWD commuters

The employment status of people with disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines has

come under investigation, with research showing substantial variations between rural and

urban areas. According to Mina's (2013) study, despite the percentage of PWDs with jobs

in urban areas is greater than average, over half of them work part-time. This emphasizes

how difficult it is for PWDs to get good jobs even in the presence of supportive

legislative conditions. Furthermore, Tabuga (2013) emphasizes that barriers such as low

self-esteem and lack of identification make it difficult for many PWDs to engage in the

workforce, even when they are aware of their legal rights. In order to overcome job gaps

10
and empower PWDs in both urban and rural settings, these studies collectively emphasize

the necessity for focused interventions.

Mobility and safety of people with disabilities are further affected by accessibility

to transportation, particularly in urban areas. Verafiles (2023) provides insight into the

challenges that people with disabilities have when commuting in Metro Manila, where

insufficient facilities and a lack of knowledge among passengers without disabilities

increase problems. According to this, Ipingbemi (2015) studies transportation safety and

mobility issues in Ibadan City and finds that a significant number of PWDs are involved

in car accidents as a result of poorly designed vehicles and inaccessible road conditions.

These results emphasize the critical need for inclusive transportation infrastructure and

education campaigns to ensure PWDs' safety and accessibility when traveling in various

urban areas.

The mobility issues faced by people with disabilities (PWDs) are being addressed

through new methods such telemedicine for rehabilitation care, in addition to

infrastructural upgrades. Leochico and Valera (2020) describe a situation in which

telerehabilitation was utilized to overcome obstacles such as distance and transportation

costs in order to follow up with patients who are paralyzed. This study shows how

telemedicine can be used to give everyone access to rehabilitation therapy, particularly

for underprivileged PWDs living in areas with limited resources. Ajayi et al. (2020)

emphasize the necessity for government efforts to address accessibility difficulties

completely and emphasize the importance of including PWDs' concerns into the design

and implementation of transportation infrastructure and services.

11
 Encounter in metropolitan settings, encompassing issues such as differences in

employment opportunities, accessibility to transit, and rehabilitation services. The

resolution of these issues requires comprehensive strategies that include modern

healthcare delivery approaches, infrastructure upgrades, legal reforms, and awareness

campaigns. Governments may enable people with disabilities to lead independent,

satisfying lives and to fully participate in society by giving inclusion and accessibility top

priority in urban design and policy-making.

Experiences of Persons with Disabilities

People with disabilities are frequently overlooked when designing infrastructure

in various countries (Abidi & Sharma, 2014). Furthermore, problems associated with

disabilities exist in both developed and developing countries, despite the enforcement of

various rules and regulations (Stancliffe, 2012). The capacity to move around freely and

independently, allowing for active engagement in society is essential to an individual’s

well-being. According to Park and Chowdhury (2021) people with disabilities frequently

encounter difficulties in utilizing public transportation because of barriers in the urban

landscape and public transportation infrastructure. The study also emphasizes how crucial

the “bottom-up” approach is for engaging with the disability community and

implementing policies.

Moreover, people with disabilities (PWD) possess requirements concerning

inclusion, independence, and involvement in society. According to Nanchen et al. (2022)

mobility is one of the criteria for their inclusion and ability to take part in social events.

In addition, in Metro manila riding trains is similar to overcoming an obstacle course,

with crowded trains, lengthy lines, and steep stairs. But for people with disabilities, it's

12
even harder to commute by themselves. Bless Andriano, a 25-year-old office worker who

is visually impaired has to bring her mother along with her travels in the city. The train

system, which includes LRT-1, LRT-2, and MRT-3, doesn't meet her needs for her to

travel by herself. She faces blocked ramps, locked public restrooms, broken ticket

machines and stations without elevators (Ranada, 2024).

Furthermore, Malaysia, which aspires to be an advanced and inclusive society that

embraces PWD groups is widely recognized for its socio-economic and cultural diversity.

According to a study by Ramli et al. (2023) it is crucial to provide accessibility in public

transportation for those with disabilities as well as the broader community in the country.

Additionally, the study also emphasizes that there is a chance that in the future,

universal design will be favored above costly new assistive technologies to suit the

different capacities and abilities of society, and accessibility for PWD would be

neglected. Poor planning and execution would have concerning consequences and put

PWDs and senior citizens at a disadvantage when it comes to using public transit, making

it harder for them to get essential services and commute securely. Similarly, the lack of

accessible public transportation greatly affects people with cognitive, sensory, and

physical disabilities. This occurs because of problems like not having the right

equipment, how people see disability, not following accessibility laws, and issues with

communication. These problems make it difficult for people with disabilities to use

transportation regularly and go where they need to, such as medical care (Aldoukhi et al.,

2023).

Overall, the study emphasizes the common difficulties experienced by people

with disabilities (PWD) encounter when using public transportation systems in an array

13
of countries, including Malaysia and the Philippines. A lack of facilities keeps hindering

PWDs' movement and social involvement even despite regulatory initiatives. These

barriers might be structural, like inadequate planning and inaccessible communication, or

they can be physical, like blocked ramps and lack of elevators. Promoting PWDs'

independence, inclusion, and general well-being in society requires addressing these

concerns.

Community Engagement and Safety Advocacy

As stated by Sunnexdesk (2019), the Land Transportation Office (LTO) advocates

for adding road safety advocacy into the high school curriculum. This emphasizes the

importance of formal education in increasing youth awareness about road safety. By

establishing safety instruction, this project seeks to address the rather significant number

of traffic accidents, including those involving minors. In addition, Larastiti (2024) tells

the motivational tale of Keisha Alena Mayuga, a Filipino supporter of environmentally

friendly transportation. Keisha's endeavors to encourage cycling and upgrade road safety

infrastructure can be used as a model for neighborhood-based projects to improve safety

and movement. Her story serves as an example of the strength of individual advocacy and

perseverance in bringing about positive change in the transportation industry, supporting

initiatives to build more sustainable and safer transportation options.

The importance of road safety and active transport has been underscored by

advocacy groups like Move As One Coalition and the Department of Health (DOH) amid

Road Safety Month (San Juan, 2021). Move As One Coalition emphasizes safeguarding

the safety of vulnerable road users such as cyclists, pedestrians, and commuters to ensure

overall road safety. Similarly, the DOH promotes active transport for its health benefits

14
while emphasizing the need for safer roads. Both groups stress the shared responsibility

in ensuring road safety, calling on those involved in road design, construction,

management, and driving to prioritize safety. With the launch of this year's theme,

"Safety First on the Road para sa Healthy Pilipinas," and initiatives like the "Local Health

System Health Promotion Playbook: Active Transport," efforts are being made to create

healthier and safer transportation environments, especially amidst the COVID-19

pandemic. This aligns with Presidential Proclamation No. 115-A, which designates May

as Road Safety Month, aiming to reduce road accidents and casualties by promoting

awareness of traffic rules and implementing safety measures. Additionally, Mazlan et al.

(2020) talk about Malaysia's Safe City Program, which was started with the goal of

establishing safe urban settings by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. The

study assesses how much the Johor Bahru district's public is aware of the program's

implementation and emphasizes the importance of community participation for program

success. The study discovers through questionnaire surveys that there is a strong

correlation between public knowledge and the physical visibility of safe city efforts. The

study is important because it offers ways to raise public awareness and ensure that the

Safe City Program will continue in the years to come. Additionally, Mazlan et al. (2020)

talk about Malaysia's Safe City Program, which was started with the goal of establishing

safe urban settings by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. The study

assesses how much the Johor Bahru district's public is aware of the program's

implementation and emphasizes the importance of community participation for program

success. The study discovers through questionnaire surveys that there is a strong

correlation between public knowledge and the physical visibility of safe city efforts. The

15
study is important because it offers ways to raise public awareness and ensure that the

Safe City Program will continue in the years to come.

Addressing the ongoing traffic problems in Metro Manila, Gatarin (2023)

emphasizes the difficulties commuters have on a daily basis as a result of traffic and the

scarcity of public transportation options. The important involvement of civil society in

developing solutions has received limited attention, despite government and corporate

initiatives focused on infrastructure development. Gatarin provides instances of

cooperative projects run by Pasig City's civil society, emphasizing the value of shared

accountability in finding sustainable solutions to transportation-related issues. In

addition, the RHIHub Transportation Toolkit (2019) emphasizes how important it is to

give rural transportation safety first priority. The toolkit emphasizes the adoption of

safety policies and practices because rural areas have a higher accident and fatality rate

than urban areas. This involves making sure that transportation worker initiatives

incorporate safety training and clear communication of safety guidelines for all transit

riders, aiming to improve safety standards across rural transportation systems.

These studies provide insightful information about transportation safety,

especially in rural and urban settings. They emphasize the value of both individual and

community engagement while emphasizing the effectiveness of community-based

programs and community organizing in advancing traffic safety. They also point out

barriers that prevent the community from participating in safety programs and offer

solutions, putting a focus on inclusive approaches that involve the community. The study

emphasizes how important it is for civil society organizations to get involved in solving

transportation-related issues and giving safety top priority in transportation operations

16
and planning. Given the circumstances, these results are consistent with our goals of

promoting enhanced safety protocols for transportation and encouraging community

engagement to guarantee safer routes to work.

A vivid depiction of the literature heroically illustrates the implication of safety as

a factor for a PWDs transit usage, implying that both the perceptions of safety and real

measures taken play a crucial role in the use of this type of transportation. Through these

studies, which investigate different dimensions (ranging from comfort and affordability to

specific safety threats and safety measures in urban environments), these studies

collectively draw the attention about the importance of safety for the publics transport

systems. As a result of the innovation of safety protocols conjunction with the knowledge

of PWDs, often, the best ways of improving transportation safety are discovered. Aside

from creating a comprehensive body of knowledge that encompasses all factors that

influence PWDs' transportation choices, the compilation of these works gives a roadmap

for the implementation of measures that is tailored to the convenience of PWDs, which is

a perfect match with the aim of designing a safe and reliable public transit system in

Davao City.

17
1.5 Importance of the Study

By deepening our exploration of PWDs’ perceptions regarding the safety system

of public transportation, this research has the potential to strengthen areas that need

enhancement. This study aims to close the gap by evaluating specific safety concerns and

perceptions of PWD commuters.

Local government. The results of the research can help the city’s local government

develop better safety systems on public transportation for the well-being of its residents.

Persons With Disabilities. The study’s findings can help PWDs gain more knowledge

about the safety system in place for public transportation and be encouraged to take more

precautions for their own well-being.

General public. The public can use the study’s findings to gain knowledge about the

perceived safety of public transportation in Davao City.

Future researchers. The study can inspire future research on PWDs’ perceptions of the

public transportation safety system and its impact on various aspects of life, and future

research can build on the study’s findings and explore other factors that affect the PWDs’

perceptions.

18
1.6 Limitations of the Study

The findings of the study could not apply to other cities or regions with distinct

public transportation systems and infrastructure if they are not applicable. The study's

limited scope only considers the perceptions of PWDs, overlooking the opinions of other

public transportation stakeholders like government representatives, operators of public

transportation, and law enforcement organizations, which could offer a thorough

understanding of the system for public transportation safety.

1.7 Definition of Terms

The following are the operational definitions of keywords used in this research.

Perception. Participants' individual opinions, and feelings about the safety aspects

of public transportation. It includes both emotional reactions and mental evaluations of

the perceived level of security and safety when using transportation services.

Public Transportation Safety System. Refers to the places of work, rules, and

procedures put in place by local governments to ensure the safety and well-being of

commuters using Davao City's public transportation options, including buses, jeepneys,

and taxis. This involves taking measures to stop crimes, accidents, and other safety risks

that commuters may come across while traveling.

Subjective experience. Produced by the individual mind. Within this research,

subjective experience refers to how PWDs feel about the safety of public transportation

in Davao City based on their observations, interactions, and perceptions.

Transportation. In the context of this study transportation refers to the movement

of PWDs in Davao City via jeepneys, buses, taxis, and UV express.

19
2. Methodology

2.1 Research Design

This study used a multiple case study approach, as it allows for an intensive

analysis of multiple instances to understand their diversity and complexity within real-life

contexts (Baxter & Jack, 2008). This approach is particularly well-suited for the

investigation of the varied perceptions of safety among persons with disabilities in public

transportation, providing a detailed and contextual analysis across different scenarios.

2.2 Research Participants

This research used purposive sampling in the selection of five interviewees who

have disabilities and utilize public transport. The selection process ensured

representation from a diverse range of disabilities, including individuals with physical

disabilities (such as those using crutches), amputated foot, visually impaired individuals,

and no left arm. Each participant presented a valid Person with Disability (PWD)

Identification from either the local government of Davao or a medical institution to verify

their disability status. The criterion in this category was to capture and elicit a wide

perspective in regard to public safety in transport. (Creswell & Creswell, 2017; Baxter &

Jack, 2008).

20
Participant Code Name Description

Participant 1 Green Visually Impaired

Participant 2 White Proximal Femoral Focal

Deficiency (PFFD)

Participant 3 Red Amputated foot

Participant 4 Yellow Visually Impaired

Participant 5 Blue No left arm

2.3 Data Sources

This research collected its primary data through semi-structured in-depth

interviews of PWDs either resident of Davao City, who use public transport to go to and

from where they reside to their place. The dynamics in terms of terminology shifts us

from intensive interviews. This approach coincides with our objectives to obtain a

detailed understanding of the motifs and sequences that are repeated in the participants'

conversations thus, adding to the information we already have and enriching others (Rev,

2023). Along with the academicians' articles, studies conducted by the government on

public transportation safety, and the accepted statistical data about incidents are

invaluable resources in substantiating our qualitative findings while simultaneously

proving the rightness of our data by providing a wider context for the perception of safety

of urban PWDs in a sustainable manner.

21
2.4 Data Collection Procedure

The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with the participants, as it

allows room for gathering experiences and viewpoints related to what needs to be done in

improving accessibility and safety features. The questions asked are open-ended to

capture a lot of experiences and suggestions on what improvements can be undertaken.

These provides relevant and in-depth understanding of the challenges for persons living

with a disability, therefore contributing directly to meeting goals of the study (Creswell &

Poth, 2018).

2.5 Data Analysis

Data collected from individual case studies are subjected to cross-case analysis to

establish the patterns, themes, and variances among the experiences of the different

participants (Eisenhardt, 1989). It plays a role in the general overview of underlying

factors and mechanisms that influence the perception of safety by persons with

disabilities.

22
2.6 Trustworthiness of the Study

The transcending of single-source evidence problem are attained through

triangulation, which involves a comparison of the data obtained from in-depth interviews

with the existing literature and, examination of the theoretical framework, therefore,

credibility will be highly enhanced. Transferability is supported through a comprehensive

description of research context and methodology, thus making the findings responsive to

future similar research. Integrity of the research does not only stop with the studies

themselves but includes all the intermediary steps; auditing the research to maintain its

transparency and visibility will aid further in its review and openness to replications.

Dependability was ensured through the continuous checking process where the researcher

documents his/herself biases, assumptions, and reflections. Information here is not

ordered according to the researcher but by the participant's responses without any

researcher bias. Confirmability was achieved by maintaining a reflexive approach from

the beginning to the end, noting down the researcher’s biases, understanding, and

assumptions, and improving authenticity of the research findings by participants’

responses not researcher’s bias.

23
2.7 Ethical Considerations

Ethical issues are particularly important since it deals with personal perception

and individual experiences. We guarantee that in compliance with the Data Privacy Act

all the participant personal information will be anonymized to protect their identity. The

participants will know the rights, including the right that they can withdraw from the

study any time without any consequences. Before collecting any data, a consent form was

explained and distributed, providing adequate information regarding the reason behind

the study, the nature and manner of the participant’s involvement, and how their data

shall be utilized. The process was done with full expression of participants' autonomy and

privacy and that all ethical standards have been met, in exploring how they perceive

safety of public transportation in Davao City.

24
3. Results and Discussion

This chapter was aimed at providing insight on the core ideas among major

themes that develop through a thematic analysis of the data gathered using five (5)

one-on-one in-depth interviews. A detailed description of the findings and themes within

each case will be first presented, followed by a cross-case analysis to provide synthesized

comparison of the commonalities and differences in the response of the participants. The

discussion expands on the results’ implications, integrating them with related literature

and relevant theories. The result revealed shared experiences among the selected persons

with disabilities.

3.1 Profile of the Participants

Green. A 25-year-old male student who stands at about 5'6, is a student from a

well reputed school in Davao City. At the moment, green has a co-roommate who also

has no disclosed identity in a boarding house in Agdao Central. Green has a degenerative

eye disease, which impedes his visual perception. As an individual who uses public

transport, Green can provide an informed viewpoint that would be critical to our study.

Table 3.1 Summary of Informant/s Profile for Green

Description/ Visually Impaired, resides in Davao City, goes to a well-known

Profile public school in Davao City

25
 White. A 48-year-old man from Roxas Boulevard, Davao City, has height at

approximately 5'5". He suffers from a Deficiency in his legs which greatly reduces his

mobility and thus he has to walk with the help of crutches. His willingness to share his

own personal challenges and perspective, will give us a particular point of view.

Table 3.2 Summary of Informant/s Profile for White

Description/
Suffers from proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD), middle
Profile aged, a notary for City Hall.

Red. She is 59 years old and has an orthopedic physical disability. Red is married

to someone who also has a disability; her husband is visually impaired. They live in an an

rea prone to flooding. People like Red ace even more challenges during floods because of

the additional obstacles their disabilities present. Drawing from Red’s experiences that

led to her disability, this study can collect valuable data and insights.

Table 3.3 Summary of Informant/s Profile for Red

Description/
Resident in Davao City, resides in a flood-prone area, has
Profile orthopedic physical disability

Yellow. He is 44 years old and visually impaired, residing in the district of

Talomo. He is considerate of the challenges he faces during his daily commutes. Yellow

is also a president of the Persons with Disability federation in the city government. By

using Yellow’s experiences in his travels to work, this study can gather important data

and insights.

26
Table 3.4 Summary of Informant/s Profile for Yellow

Visually impaired, employee in the City Government,

Description/ Profile
holds the position of president in PWD federation

Blue. She is 42 years old and has no left arm, residing in the district of Agdao.

She reflects on her experiences with someone she knows and is also considerate of the

challenges she faces in commuting. Blue is currently working under the city's

government office for PWDs and also the district PWD federation president. By using

Blue's experiences in her travels to work, this study can gather important data and

insights.

Table 3.5 Summary of Informant/s Profile for Blue

No left arm, employee in the City Government,

Description/ Profile
holds the position of president in PWD federation

27
3.2 Discussion of Cases

Participant 1: Green
Green is preferred for our study as he has a visual disability that greatly affects his

day-to-day life. Through studying Green's daily commuting, we intend to research his

opinion on the efficiency and safety of the public transport in the city of Davao. This

analysis will provide essential insights into the challenges faced by visually impaired

individuals, contributing significantly to discussions on improving accessibility and

inclusiveness within public Jeepneys systems.

Table 3.2.1

Summary of the Themes in Research Question 1 for Green

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Challenges with Stop Signals Visibility and Hailing Challenges

● Reliance on Visual Indicators

● Barriers to Accessible Travel

● Dependence on Traditional Modes Reliance on Jeepneys

● Need for Infrastructure Adaptation

● Promoting Inclusive Transportation

Policies

● Enhancing Passenger Safety Need for Direct Assistance

● Implementation of Security Protocols

● Advocacy for Policy Enhancements

28
Experiences with Public Transportation

Visibility and Signal Challenges. Green encounters significant difficulties in

hailing public transport due to the inability to visually identify signs and signals. This

issue not only affects their independence but also adds an element of uncertainty and risk

to their daily commutes, highlighting the need for better visual aids and signaling

mechanisms tailored to visually impaired users.

Green encounters significant difficulties in hailing public transport due to the

inability to visually identify signs and signals. This issue affects their independence and
adds uncertainty and risk to their daily commutes. Green explained:

(Translated)When im hailing because I can't see

clearly.... that's where I have difficulty (Green,

Q1.2, L1-3)

Green further elaborated on the challenges faced when using public

transportation, noting the difficulty in safely navigating and signaling due to visual

impairment. This issue extends beyond merely hailing transport; it affects every aspect of

the commute, including safely disembarking. The difficulty in seeing clearly impacts the

ability to ensure that stops are properly identified, leading to missed stops and potential

safety hazards. Green shared:

29
 (Translated) “Difficulties? Those where I can't

really see and when I ride a jeepney when I

get off, those are my difficulties.” (Green, Q2.1,

L1-4)

Green’s struggle with seeing signs clearly when trying to catch public transport is

a common problem highlighted in studies about transportation for people with

disabilities. Research by Verafiles (2023) and Ipingbemi (2015) shows that many people

with disabilities face dangers and difficulties because buses and trains aren’t designed

well for them. These studies suggest adding features like sound signals and special paths

to help people who can’t see well find their way and get alerts about approaching

vehicles. By making these changes, we can help Green and others like him travel more

safely and independently, matching what experts say is needed in the research.

Reliance on Jeepneys. Participant Green's brief response suggests a reliance on

jeepneys, which are a common and economically accessible form of public transportation

in many parts of Davao City. This dependence on a single mode of transportation

highlights the potential limitations in options available to them, which may reflect

broader accessibility and economic factors.

Green's reliance not only highlights economic considerations but also points to the

broader infrastructural and accessibility challenges faced by people with disabilities in

urban areas like Davao City. Green shared his primary mode of transport:

30
 (Translated) uhh....just jeep (Green, Q1.1, L1)

Green's preference for jeepneys as his main transportation method in Davao City

highlights significant limitations in the availability and accessibility of diverse transport

options for individuals with disabilities. Research by Ipingbemi (2015) points to the

critical impact of such limitations on the daily mobility and independence of persons with

disabilities in urban settings. Additionally, a report by Verafiles (2023) on Metro Manila's

public transportation challenges suggests that Davao City might face similar

infrastructural issues, emphasizing the need for more inclusive and accessible

transportation solutions.

Need for Direct Assistance. Green highlights the critical need for drivers to

enhance security measures to ensure safer conditions for visually impaired passengers.

They stress the importance of drivers being more vigilant and proactive, especially when

assisting with boarding and alighting, to significantly improve the safety and accessibility

of public transportation. This need for enhanced driver intervention underscores the

broader requirement for transportation systems to adapt and respond more effectively to

the needs of those with visual impairments.

Green shared the necessity for drivers to be more attentive and supportive,

especially when visually impaired passengers are boarding or alighting from public

transportation. This assistance is crucial for ensuring their safety and reducing the risks

associated with their commutes:

31
 (Translated) “We just need proper guidance, and it

would really help if someone can assist us when see us

getting a hard time..” (Green, Q2.3, L1-3)

Green further emphasized the importance of enhanced security measures, calling

for drivers to be more proactive in ensuring the safety of visually impaired passengers:

(Translated) “They should strengthen our

security to make us safer.” (Green,

Q1.3, L2-4)

Green's call for increased driver vigilance and proactive assistance underlines the

critical gaps in public transportation for visually impaired passengers. Studies by Park

and Chowdhury (2021) and Ranada (2024) confirm that urban transportation often lacks

supportive infrastructure for people with disabilities, with specific challenges in vehicle

accessibility and driver training. Addressing these deficiencies is essential to enhance

safety and accessibility, ensuring a more inclusive commuting experience for all

passengers, particularly those with visual impairments.

32
Table 3.2.2
Summary of the Themes in Research Question 2 for Green
Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Difficulty in Signaling Jeeps Inadequate Driver Awareness and

● Challenges in Disembarking Training

● Struggles in Identifying the Right

Jeep

● Frequent Difficulty in Riding Policy Enhancements for Accessibility

● Improving Safety for PWDs

● Providing Help During Difficulties

● Asking for Assistance from Others Enhanced Support Measures

● Need for Proper Guidance

● Assistance for Visually Impaired

Challenges and Problems in Public Transportation Safety

Driver Awareness and Training. The need for driver awareness and training is

highlighted by Green's difficulties in signaling (para) jeepneys and safely alighting at

their intended stops. They describe these challenges as significant barriers, primarily due

to the absence of visual cues which are crucial for visually impaired passengers to

navigate public transport independently.

33
 Green stated the persistent issue of visibility and the difficulty in

interacting with public transportation drivers to signal stops and navigate safely. This lack

of visual cues hinders his ability to use public transport independently and safely:

(Translated) “My difficulties?..... when I can't see when

I'm about to hail a jeep..... and when I get off.. those are

my struggle.” (Green, Q2.1, L 1-5)

Green's struggles with hailing and alighting from jeepneys due to limited visibility

underscore the urgent need for improved driver awareness and training. The absence of

visual cues, crucial for the navigation independence of visually impaired passengers,

presents significant barriers in using public transportation effectively. Research by Park

and Chowdhury (2021) emphasizes that the lack of adequate infrastructure and training in

urban transport systems frequently compromises the safety and autonomy of persons with

disabilities. Therefore, enhancing driver training to include specific strategies for

assisting visually impaired passengers can significantly improve their transit experience,

ensuring that public transportation is accessible and safe for all users.

Policy Enhancements for Accessibility. Green's reliance on bystanders to

identify the correct jeepney underlines the necessity for a more structured support system

within public transportation. Improving driver training to include specific techniques for

assisting visually impaired passengers and introducing systems that facilitate better

communication between drivers and visually impaired passengers can greatly enhance

their transit experience.

34
 Green's highlights the need for improved support in public transportation,

emphasizing driver training and better communication systems to assist visually impaired

passengers in Davao City:

(Translated) “Sometimes I just ask people which

jeep I should take because I can't really see well.”

(Green, Q2.2, L 1-4)

This reliance points to a critical need for systematic changes, such as enhanced

driver training and communication systems designed specifically for assisting those with

visual impairments. According to Nanchen et al. (2022), mobility and independence are

crucial for social participation, and tailored transport solutions can significantly aid those

with disabilities. Furthermore, the Philippine Public Safety College (2019) emphasizes

the importance of specialized training for public safety professionals, which could be

extended to include transport operators to better meet the needs of visually impaired

passengers. By adopting these recommendations, public transportation can become more

accessible, enabling visually impaired individuals like Green to travel with greater

confidence and safety.

Enhanced Support Measures. The call for enhanced support measures by Green

highlights the broader need for systematic improvements within public transportation.

Implementing these measures would not only assist visually impaired passengers but also

enhance the overall user experience by fostering an inclusive and supportive transit

environment.

35
 In Green’s responese, He emphasizes the necessity for more structured guidance

and assistance from transportation personnel to aid visually impaired passengers. His

insights point to a broader need for systematic improvements to create a more inclusive

public transportation system:

(Translated) “Umm... just that... they should guide

us properly and help us when they see us having

difficulty.” (Green, Q2.3, L 1-3)

Green’s emphasis on the need for proper guidance and help for visually impaired

passengers underscores the importance of creating a supportive and inclusive transit

environment. This need aligns with findings by Verafiles (2023) and Ipingbemi (2015),

which discuss the critical challenges faced by people with disabilities in urban

transportation systems due to insufficient facilities and a general lack of awareness

among other passengers and drivers. Verafiles points to the frequent issues that arise from

non-disabled passengers' unawareness of the needs of those with disabilities, while

Ipingbemi highlights the dangers posed by poorly designed public transit systems that fail

to accommodate all users.

36
Table 3.2.3

Summary of the Themes in Research Question 3 for Green

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Dependence on Drivers for Drop-off Enhancing Driver Responsiveness

Points

● Drivers' Forgetfulness Leading to

Issues

● Importance of Drivers Being

Informed

● Challenges in Alighting from Community Sensitization to Visual

Jeepneys Impairments
● Impact of Missed Stops on Timeliness

● Difficulty Due to Visual Disabilities

● Need for Assistance from Drivers Advocating for Inclusive Practices

● Necessity for Clearer Access to

Transport

● Call for More Supportive Measures

37
Implementation of rules to Enhance Safety

Enhancing Driver Responsiveness. Increasing driver responsiveness is essential

to improving the transportation experience for visually impaired passengers. Green

suggests that more engaged and informed drivers can significantly reduce the daily

challenges faced by visually impaired passengers, enhancing their confidence and safety

while using public transit.

Enhancing the responsiveness of drivers is crucial for the safety and convenience

of visually impaired passengers. Green stated his experiences, and thus shed light on how

attentive and informed drivers can make a significant difference, reducing the challenges

these passengers face daily:

(Translated) “Sometimes I tell the jeepney driver

where I need to get off... and I do get off there.

But some drivers forget... and that's why I miss

my stop.” (Green, Q3.1, L 3-7)

Green's observation about the need for increased driver responsiveness highlights

a significant issue within public transit systems—ensuring that drivers are adequately

informed and attentive to the needs of visually impaired passengers. This need for

enhanced driver engagement aligns with our findings, such as those by Philippine Public

Safety College (2019), which emphasizes the importance of specialized training for all

public safety professionals, including transportation workers. Such training could help

drivers remember specific stops requested by visually impaired passengers, thereby

reducing incidents where passengers like Green miss their stops due to driver oversight.

38
This specialized training would not only improve the daily transit experience for visually

impaired individuals but also foster a more inclusive and accessible public transportation

environment.

Community Sensitization to Visual Impairments. For Green, there is a critical

need for greater community sensitization regarding the challenges visually impaired

individuals face in public settings. By educating the community and fostering an

inclusive atmosphere, public transportation can become a safer and more welcoming

space for all users.

Green's experiences underscore the importance of community sensitization to the

difficulties faced by visually impaired individuals in public transportation. By raising

awareness and educating the community, including drivers, on these challenges, public

transportation can evolve into a more inclusive and supportive environment for all. Green

emphasizes the need for this change:

(Translated) “They should focus on us, even the

jeepney drivers should know or prioritize us...

guide us properly.” (Green, Q3.2, L 1-5)

39
 The necessity for increased community awareness about the challenges visually

impaired individuals face is critical for enhancing public transportation safety. As Green

highlights, more informed drivers and educated communities can significantly improve

the daily transit experience for visually impaired passengers. According to studies like

those by Sunnexdesk (2019) and Larastiti (2024), integrating road safety and disability

awareness into educational programs and community projects can lead to more inclusive

and accommodating public transport systems. This approach ensures that transportation is

not only accessible but also supportive for all users.

Advocating for Inclusive Practices. Advocating for more inclusive practices is

crucial for developing a public transportation system that truly accommodates all users.

Green calls for ongoing efforts to integrate the needs of visually impaired passengers into

the planning and operation of transit services, ensuring that these systems are equipped to

support a diverse range of needs effectively.

The necessity of inclusive practices within public transportation cannot be

overstated. To ensure that visually impaired passengers are adequately supported,

ongoing advocacy is essential. Green’s insights shed light on the importance of such

efforts, emphasizing the need for accessibility improvements:

(Translated) “We should be given easier access

to public transport... so that we don't struggle
too much... like me who can't really see.”
(Green, Q3.3, L 1-5)

40
 The need for more inclusive practices in public transportation is critical, as

highlighted by Green's call for systems that accommodate all users, particularly those

with visual impairments. This advocacy for easier access is supported by the study by

Ramli et al. (2023), which emphasizes the importance of designing public transit systems

that cater to a diverse range of needs. Incorporating these inclusive practices ensures that

transportation is not only accessible but also supportive, allowing individuals like Green

to travel with greater independence and safety.

Participant 2: White

White is well-suited for our research due to his condition, Proximal Focal

Femoral Deficiency (PFFD), which impacts his mobility and necessitates the use of

crutches. By delving into White's routine experiences with public transport, we aim to

capture his perspectives on how effective and secure Davao City’s transportation system

is for those with physical disabilities. This study will shed light on the broader challenges

such individuals face, providing vital contributions to discussions on making public

transit more accessible and inclusive.

41
Table 3.2.4

Summary of the Themes in Research Question 1 for White

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Usage of Different Transportation Modes of Transportation

Modes

● Preference Based on Budget

● Walking as an Alternative

● Legal Requirement for Front Seat Government Responsibility and Legal

Priority Compliance
● Right to Request Seat Relocation

● Ensuring Availability of Alternative

Seating

● Proximity of Destinations Perceived Capability

● Personal Perception of Ability

● Lack of Identifying as PWD

Experiences with Public Transportation

Modes of Transportation. White's choice between taxis and jeepneys is dictated

by their budget, reflecting the financial considerations that impact the transportation

accessibility for people with disabilities. Their strategy reveals how proximity to home

influences their transportation decisions, pointing to the broader issue of limited options

that meet their accessibility needs.

42
 Many of our interviewees find taxis preferable due to their lower steps and higher

accessibility compared to jeepneys. Green emphasized this preference, he mentioned that

when budget allows, he prefers using taxis:

(Translated) “It depends... if there's a

budget, of course taxi... its comfier.”

(White, Q1.1, L2-3)

Additionally, White mentioned that he turns to jeepneys as an alternative when he

doesn't have the budget for taxis. He even mentioned instances where he resorts to

walking, indicating that his choice of transportation adapts according to his financial

limitations:

(Translated) “If there's no budget, jeep. But

I'm just around here, near my house at the

Almendras gym area.” (White, Q1.1, L4-10)

White’s strategy of choosing transportation based on financial ability and

proximity underscores the economic challenges that restrict the mobility options for

people with disabilities. According to Nanchen et al. (2022), such economic barriers are a

significant concern that affects transportation accessibility for disabled individuals.

Addressing these issues by enhancing the affordability and accessibility of public transit

can lead to greater independence for those in similar situations as White.

43
 Government Responsibility and Legal Compliance. White details the specific

legal stipulations regarding seat allocation for persons with disabilities in Davao's public

transportation, emphasizing that PWDs are legally entitled to front seat placements. They

elaborate that if a reseating is necessary, it should be done with the assurance that another

appropriate seat is available, ensuring compliance without inconvenience. This law

underscores the social and legal efforts to make public transit more accessible and

equitable for PWDs, reflecting a commitment to their dignity and mobility needs.

White brings attention to the specific legal requirements for seat allocation for

persons with disabilities in Davao's public transportation. This legal mandate ensures that

PWDs are given priority seating in the front, reflecting a commitment to their dignity and

ease of mobility. This underscores the importance of adhering to these laws to create a

more accessible and equitable transit system:

(Translated) “The law actually says... if there's a

person in the front seat, you can ask them to move
to the back.” (White, Q1.3, L7-10)

White also stated that when a person transfers seats, they should still have a place

to sit and not be forced to fully get off the jeepney. This statement advocates for

prioritizing the needs of PWDs while maintaining a sense of equality and inclusion

within public transportation:

(Translated) “When he moves to the back,

he also has have a seat to sit on there.”
(White, Q1.3, L13-16)

44
 White's commentary on legal provisions for seat allocation for persons with

disabilities emphasizes the necessity of ensuring public transportation is accessible and

compliant with legal standards. Such legal frameworks are designed to uphold the dignity

and mobility of persons with disabilities, ensuring they receive prioritized seating without

causing inconvenience to others. For instance, the Philippine Public Safety College

(2019) discusses the importance of enforcing laws that protect vulnerable populations,

supporting the need for strict adherence to these regulations in public transit to foster an

equitable environment. By ensuring that transportation providers comply with these laws,

we can enhance the overall accessibility of public transport, making it a more inclusive

system for all users, particularly those with mobility challenges.

Perceived Capability. White perceives themselves as capable, indicating a

personal dismissal of disability as a barrier in public settings. This attitude suggests an

internalization of societal norms that may overlook the specific needs and challenges

faced by individuals with disabilities.

White's assertion of their capability reveals an internalized view that aligns with

societal norms, potentially overlooking the unique challenges faced by individuals with

disabilities. This perception underscores the need to acknowledge and address specific

needs:

(Translated) “None, because I see myself

like.. I’m like abled.” (White, Q1.2, L1-5)

45
 White's self-perception as an able individual, despite his disability, reflects a

significant societal narrative that often emphasizes capability over vulnerability. This

attitude, while empowering on a personal level, might lead to the underestimation of the

specific challenges faced by persons with disabilities in accessing public facilities and

services. This situation resonates with our Findings, particularly those highlighted by

Stancliffe (2012), who discusses how societal expectations can sometimes contribute to

overlooking the practical needs of disabled individuals. Further, Abidi & Sharma (2014)

underscore that infrastructure often fails to accommodate these needs precisely because

of the prevailing perception that sees disabled individuals as less in need of specialized

support. By recognizing and addressing these internal and societal perceptions, we can

better tailor public systems to be truly inclusive, ensuring they cater effectively to all

citizens, irrespective of their physical capabilities.

46
Table 3.2.5

Summary of the Themes in Research Question 2 for White

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● No Experience of Being Harassed Absence of Harassment Experiences

● Personal Perception of Safety

● Vigilance While Crossing Streets

● Drivers Needing to Drive Properly Safety Enhancement Suggestions

● Importance of Safe Driving for PWDs

● Need for PWDs to Be Aware of Their

Surroundings

● Precautionary Measures Due to Adapting to Transportation Challenges

Weather

● Importance of Walking Carefully

● Challenges with Crutches

Challenges and Problems in Public Transportation Safety

Absence of Harassment Experiences. White clarifies that they have not

encountered harassment or threatening situations while using public transportation. This

statement indicates that while such issues are significant for many with disabilities,

White’s personal experience does not align with those challenges, suggesting variability

in the experiences of persons with disabilities regarding safety in public transport.

47
 White mentions not encountering harassment or threatening situations while using

public transportation, which is a positive aspect, but we cannot overlook the fact that

safety issues are not identical. Individual experiences can vary significantly, highlighting

the importance of addressing these concerns comprehensively”

(Translated) “I haven't experienced that

yet... being messed with or encountering

that.” (White, Q2.1, L 4-6)

White's experience of not facing harassment or threatening situations on public

transportation, though positive, highlights the variability in safety experiences among

persons with disabilities. This divergence underlines a crucial point: while some

individuals may navigate public spaces without incident, others face significant

challenges. This variability is reflected in the literature reviewed, where studies like those

by Abidi & Sharma (2014) and Stancliffe (2012) discuss the inconsistent safety measures

and accessibility in public transportation systems. These studies suggest that while some

progress has been made, there is still a need to address safety and accessibility

systematically to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their disability status, can use

public transport without fear of harassment or discrimination. Enhancing these measures

will contribute to a more inclusive and safer environment for everyone using public

transportation.

48
 Safety Enhancement Suggestions. In discussing improvements for safety, White

emphasizes the dual responsibility of drivers and persons with disabilities. They advocate

for careful driving by operators and greater situational awareness among PWDs

themselves, especially when navigating streets or crossing them, to ensure their safety.

He emphasized that drivers should prioritize safe driving, as this not only

enhances the safety of persons with disabilities (PWDs) but also ensures the well-being

of all passengers. Safe driving practices benefit everyone on the road, creating a more

secure and reliable public transportation system:

(Translated) “He also needs to... drive properly, not

too fast for the passengers.” (White, Q2.3, L 2-4)

Furthermore, he mentioned that PWDs should also watch out for themselves.

Promoting safety can only be achieved if both drivers and pwd passengers look out for each

other. This mutual responsibility ensures a safer and more supportive environment for

everyone using public transportation:

(Translated) “uh, for the PWDs too, since

they have disabilities, they also need to... watch

where they are.” (White, Q2.3, L 4-7)

49
 White's suggestions for enhancing safety underscore the shared responsibility

between public transportation operators and persons with disabilities (PWDs). He

emphasizes the need for drivers to maintain careful and considerate driving habits,

especially to accommodate passengers with disabilities. Concurrently, he advocates for

PWDs to maintain heightened situational awareness while navigating public spaces. This

dual approach is supported by findings from the literature, particularly those by Ramli et

al. (2023), who highlight the necessity of integrating universal design in public

transportation to support the varied capabilities of all users. Additionally, the studies

suggest that both infrastructural improvements and educational campaigns aimed at

drivers and the public can significantly enhance safety. By adopting these comprehensive

strategies, public transportation can become safer and more accessible, thereby fostering

a more inclusive environment for all commuters, including those with disabilities.

Adapting to Transportation Challenges. White describes how their strategy of

walking quickly generally assists them in coping with the demands of public

transportation. However, they note that rain can complicate their mobility due to the

increased slipperiness, especially when using crutches. This response highlights the need

for careful pacing and adaptation to environmental conditions to maintain safety.

Despite White's condition, he has adapted well to his lifestyle and stated that he

doesn't really struggle. His ability to navigate daily challenges demonstrates his resilience

and resourcefulness:

50
 (Translated) “I don't struggle... actually.” (White,

Q2.2, L1)

Although using crutches typically slows a person down, He mention that he

has adapted by learning to walk quickly. Despite the potential limitations, he has

successfully adjusted and now walks at a fast pace:

(Translated) “It's because I... I walk fast, I'm not really,

you know.” (White, Q2.2,L2-4)

White's adaptive strategy of walking quickly to meet the demands of public

transportation exemplifies the individual tactics used by persons with disabilities to

navigate urban environments. However, his mention of the challenges posed by rain,

which increases the slipperiness of surfaces and complicates mobility for those using

mobility aids like crutches, highlights broader issues of environmental adaptation. This

need for careful pacing and the ability to adjust to varying conditions reflects discussions

in the literature about the importance of designing urban infrastructure that

accommodates diverse mobility needs. As noted by Ajayi et al. (2020), ensuring that

public spaces are safe and accessible under various weather conditions is crucial for

individuals who rely on physical aids. Additionally, the emphasis on environmental

adaptation aligns with findings from Park and Chowdhury (2021), who advocate for the

inclusion of robust, weather-responsive features in public transportation systems to

enhance safety and accessibility for all users, particularly those with mobility challenges.

51
By addressing these environmental factors, cities can better support the independence and

safety of all commuters, including those with disabilities.

Table 3.2.6

Summary of the Themes in Research Question 3 for White

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Not Identifying as PWD Personal Identification's Impact on

● Limited Awareness of PWD Issues Disability Accommodation.

● Risk of Slipping Due to Hurrying

● Importance of Implementing PWD Enforcement of Existing Laws

Laws

● Reference to Magna Carta for PWDs

● Potential for Accidents with Others

Rushing

● Making Transportation Wheelchair Accessibility Improvements in Public

Accessible Transportation
● Increased Safety with Accessible

Vehicles

● Ease of Use for People with

Disabilities

52
Implementation of Rules to Enhance Safety

Personal Identification's Impact on Disability Accommodation. White

articulates that they do not view themselves as fitting the typical profile of a person with

disabilities that might require special accommodations in public transportation. This

self-perception emphasizes their independence and ability to manage without the specific

provisions usually reserved for those recognized under legal disability frameworks. Their

statement highlights a significant aspect of disability identity—how personal

identification with disability status can influence the need and desire for legal

accommodations and support.

White's view on their own disability status reveals an important facet of how

personal identification impacts the need for accommodations. Their self-perception of

independence suggests a nuanced understanding of disability that might not align with

conventional frameworks, underscoring the diverse experiences within the PWD

community:

(Translated) “I'm not like that... I don't see

myself as PWD so I don't really encounter

these problems because I don't see myself... as

a PWD.” (White, Q3.1, L 1-5)

53
 White's perspective on not identifying with the typical profile of a person with

disabilities underscores the complex nature of disability identity and its impact on the

utilization of accommodations in public transportation. This notion of self-perception

influencing the acceptance and use of designated supports is corroborated by findings in

the literature, notably by Stancliffe (2012), who discusses how personal and societal

perceptions of disability can affect individuals' decisions to claim their legal

accommodations. Additionally, Abidi & Sharma (2014) highlight the importance of

recognizing the diversity within disability experiences, advocating for more personalized

approaches to disability support that respect individual self-identification and needs. By

acknowledging these personal identifications, public transportation systems can better

address the varied requirements of all users, ensuring that services are not only legally

compliant but also truly accessible and supportive for those who choose to use them.

Enforcement of Existing Laws. White highlights the importance of properly

enforcing existing legislation related to the rights and accommodations for persons with

disabilities. They point to specific laws, referenced by numbers, which likely detail

clauses that mandate certain standards for public transportation systems. The focus is on

ensuring these laws are actively applied to improve safety and accessibility in public

transportation for individuals with disabilities.

White underscores the critical role of enforcing existing legislation to protect the

rights and ensure accommodations for persons with disabilities. Their reference to

specific laws emphasizes the need for active application of these standards to enhance

public transportation safety and accessibility for PWDs:

54
 (Translated) “For me, what people can do...

they just really need to... apply what is in the

Magna Carta, in the PWD law. Everything is

there in... laws 72 77.” (White, Q3.2, L 1-5)

White emphasizes the critical need for strict enforcement of existing laws

designed to protect and accommodate persons with disabilities within public

transportation systems. He specifically references the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons,

underlining the necessity for practical application of these legal provisions to enhance

accessibility and safety. This aligns with discussions in our literature review, such as

those by the Philippine Public Safety College (2019), which stresses the importance of

rigorous training and adherence to legal standards to ensure public safety professionals,

including transportation operators, are well-equipped to support the rights of disabled

passengers. Furthermore, reinforcing compliance with disability rights laws not only

fosters a safer transportation environment but also promotes a broader societal respect for

the dignity and independence of all individuals, ensuring that public transportation

systems are truly inclusive and accessible.

Accessibility Improvements in Public Transportation. White advocates that the

implementation of wheelchair-accessible vehicles would address the physical barriers that

currently hinder mobility for those with disabilities, making public transport safer and

more convenient. They emphasize that these structural modifications are critical in

55
fostering a more inclusive and accessible environment for all users, especially those who

face mobility challenges.

White's advocacy for wheelchair-accessible vehicles highlights the necessity of

structural modifications to overcome physical barriers in public transportation. This

approach underscores the importance of creating a safer and more inclusive environment

that accommodates the mobility needs of all users, particularly those with disabilities:

(Translated) “Obviously, installing wheelchair-accessible

vehicles would be a huge help and make things much safer

and easier for people with disabilities.” (White, Q3.3, L

1-6)

White's call for the introduction of wheelchair-accessible vehicles is a critical step

towards dismantling the physical barriers that impede mobility for individuals with

disabilities within public transportation systems. This initiative is essential for creating a

safer and more accessible environment, aligning with the broader goal of inclusivity.

Supporting White's advocacy, Ramli et al. (2023) emphasize the importance of

accessibility in public transportation as a key factor in societal inclusiveness. Moreover,

Aldoukhi et al. (2023) highlight how accessible vehicles not only assist those with

physical disabilities but also significantly enhance the overall functionality of public

transport systems. By integrating these structural modifications, public transportation can

better serve the diverse needs of the community, ensuring that all passengers, regardless

of their mobility status, can navigate the urban landscape safely and efficiently.

56
Participant 3: Red

Red is one of the five participants who willingly accepted to partake in the study.

She qualified as a participant because of her disability, having had her right foot

amputated due to leptospirosis. The illness resulted from a flood that forced her to wade

through the contaminated water with an open wound, leading to the infection.

Consequently, she underwent therapies at a well-known government hospital.

Table 3.2.7
Summary of the Themes in Research Question 1 for Red
Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Preference of taxis when possible

● Taxis bringing you to your residential Safety and Comfort in Travels

● Struggling to ride home late from the

hospital Challenges of nighttime commuting

● No other transportation available

● High step for PWD seat Difficult Passenger Seating

accommodation

● Reference of safety in abroad

Experiences with Public Transportation

Safety and Comfort in Travels. Red clearly prefers riding taxis after having her

foot amputated. The lower steps of taxis make it much easier for her to get in and out

without struggling. In contrast, Red finds it very difficult to ride jeepneys because of their

57
high steps. Her disability makes it hard to climb in and out of jeepneys, cause her a lot of

discomfort.

Red stated the difference between the step of a taxi and a jeepney and how taxis

serve as her preference because of its lower step:

(Translated) “Taxi because taxi has lower

step compared to jeepneys.” (Red, Q1.1,
L15-19 )
Additionally, Red further elaborated how taxis are safer for her since it brings her directly

to her residential:

(Translated) “Especially when i need to transfer

from places to places, I really take taxis

because it brings me to my destination, such as

my residential.” (Red, Q1.1, L27-34)

Transportation infrastructure plays an important role in the well-being of PWDs

(Persons with Disabilities) when commuting. For Red, taking high steps to get in and out

of public transport is very uncomfortable and challenging. Her experiences highlight the

struggles that people with disabilities face when commuting. The facilities are often not

designed to meet their needs, making travel difficult and sometimes impossible for them

(Verafiles, 2023).

58
 Challenges of Nighttime Commuting. Red finds it tough to get home late after

her therapy sessions at the hospital. She usually rides a single motorcycle, which is harder

for her because she must take a high step to get on. This is different from the usual

tricycles, which are easier for her to use. Because there are no tricycles available when

she leaves the hospital late, she often feels tingling sensation in her feet after riding the

motorcycle.

Red mentioned that whenever she arrives home late from the hospital, she has no

other transportation option besides a single motorcycle. Unfortunately, the motorcycle is

too high for her:

(Translated) “Every time I get home late from the

hospital and I have no other transport for me to use

other than the single motorcycle which is high for

me and my feet would really get numb and tingly.”

(Red, Q1.2, L)

Moreover, Red also highlighted that she struggles on getting on the motorcycle because

of its step:

(Translated) “I can’t even take a step properly

because of much discomfort it brings to my foot.”

(Red, Q1.2, L91-97)

59
 Based on Red’s experience, there are no convenient transportation options for her

when she gets home late from therapy sessions. Because of this, she has to find other

ways to get home, like riding on single motorcycles. This choice forces her to put in extra

effort and often leads to her feet feeling numb and tingly (Ajayi et al, 2020).

Difficult Passenger Seating. Red encounters challenges when trying to use the

designated PWD (Persons with Disabilities) seating in jeepneys. The steps to access these

seats are not considerate of people with disabilities, which makes it difficult for her

Instead, Red opts for the edge seat near the entrance of the jeepney. This seat is not only

easier for her to access but also provides her with more independence during her travel,

compared to the PWD seat allocated at the front of the vehicle.

Red expressed how uncomfortable the step she must take in jeepneys:

(Translated) “The step in jeepneys is really high

and I do not take the front seat because it is high

too.” (Red, Q1.1, L20-25)

Furthermore, Red highlighted how PWDs are prioritized when it comes to their

accommodation during her stay in abroad:

(Translated) “ I stayed in Hongkong for quite some

time and I can really say how PWDs are prioritized and

catered with their needs there.” (Red, Q1.1, L17-26)

60
 Red frequently addresses the challenges she encounters when attempting to use

jeepneys. A significant issue involves accessing the seats designated for individuals with

disabilities. The elevated entry to these seats proves difficult for her to navigate.

Consequently, Red typically opts to sit at the back of the jeepney. This choice allows her

to maintain independence, as she does not need to request assistance from others

(Nanchen et al., 2022).

Table 3.2.8

Summary of the Themes in Research Question 2 for Red

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Passengers being thoughtless Lack of passenger Etiquette

● Reckless way of passing by

● Taxis are pricey but safer Convenience Over Cost

● Jeepneys have people pass you by

recklessly in contrast with taxis

Challenges and Problems in Public Transportation Safety

Lack of passenger etiquette. Red has had several unpleasant experiences with

other passengers in jeepneys, which is why she prefers to ride in taxis. She has faced

situations where her amputated foot was stepped on by passengers who ignored her

walking cane, even though it was clearly visible. Red has also dealt with impolite

passengers who don’t even say “excuse me” when they bump into her or need to pass by.

These negatives interactions make her feel uncomfortable and unsafe in jeepneys.

61
 Red expressed her typical situation when she rides jeepneys and how people

would always still be careless with their surroundings:

(Translated) “If in jeepneys people tend to pass

by and step on me and if in taxis I am more
comfortable.” (Red, Q2.1, L12-23)

Furthermore, Red articulated on how uncomfortable it really is on her side when using
the public transportation:
(Translated) “I really don't feel comfortable in the
jeepney because there are passengers who just walk
carelessly, they don't even say "excuse me," and they
don't look where they're stepping, so they end up
stepping on the foot of a person with a disability
(PWD). That's why I don't feel comfortable taking the
jeepney, because it's happened to me several times that
my foot was stepped on, and that's why I'm not
comfortable in the jeepney.” (Red, Q2.1, L242-253)

Red talks about the problem of people stepping on her during her travels, which

makes her feel unsafe and vulnerable. This issue is a big concern for her throughout the

duration of her travel. An article by Ipingbemi (2015) highlights the importance of

transportation safety, showing that this is a common problem for many people with

disabilities.

Convenience Over Cost. Red has had experiences where people have fallen onto

her in jeepneys instead of onto the floor. She always tells those people to be extra careful

because it causes her a lot of pain due to her condition. Red mentioned that during times

when her condition was very delicate and she had a budget, she preferred taking taxis.

Even though taxis are more expensive than jeepneys, they ensure her safety. She also

62
mentioned that staying home would be the safest option for her, but she has no choice

because she needs to go therapies at the hospital in the downtown are of the city.

Red evidently express her experiences with passengers stepping on her and how

she would considered taking taxis instead:

(Translated) “If someone stepped on my foot, and I

said, "Watch where you're going, you're stepping on

a foot, not the floor of the jeep." That's why I

sometimes don't take the jeep. During those times, I

didn't always take the jeep. If I had money, I would

take a taxi because even though it's expensive, I felt

safer.” (Red, Q2.2, L1-9)

On the other hand, Red highlighted if she wants herself to be safe, she might as

well just stay home to ensure her safety:

(Translated) “For me, for my safety, I might as well

just stay at home. It's safe, right? Isn't that right? I

won't go out walking anymore because it's very

difficult to walk around, especially since I'm disabled.

So, for my safety, I'll just stay at home.” (Red, Q2.3,

L1-8)

63
 Red shared her experiences with careless passengers in public transportation.

According to an article from Verafiles (2023), many passengers without disabilities are

not aware of the needs of people with disabilities, which makes the situation even more

difficult. This lack of awareness and consideration adds to the challenges Red faces when

trying to use public transport.

Table 3.2.9
Summary of the Themes in Research Question 3 for Red
Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Risks arise from sitting near Safe and Accessible Seating in Public

jeepney doors Transport

● Inattentive passengers

● Legislation should prioritize Laws and Infrastructure Improvements

persons with disabilities. for PWD Safety

● Strategies to ensure safety

● Designate pathways and transport for Legislative and Structural

PWD safety and access Enhancements for PWD Safety

● Reference of safety in abroad

64
Implementation of Rules to Enhance Safety
Safe and Accessible Seating in Public Transport. Red recounted her

unfortunate experiences with individuals being careless about whom they lean on, despite

her visible disability affecting her foot. These incidents have made her feel unsafe and

uncomfortable while using public transportation. Consequently, to mitigate these issues

and ensure her own safety, she prefers to occupy the seat near the entrance of the jeepney.

This strategic choice allows her to avoid the crowded areas where such careless behavior

is more likely to occur.

Red stated her strategies to lessen the burden she has with her disability by

choosing which seat to occupy:

(Translated) “When I'm in the middle, near the door

of the jeepney, we can't always know everything.

Like I said earlier, there are really people who

don't watch where they're stepping.” (Red, Q3.1,

L4-14)

Red finds it frustrating when people remain unaware of their surroundings,

particularly inattentive passengers. This concern is echoed in the article by Park and

Chowdhury (2021), which discusses how individuals with disabilities frequently

encounter difficulties using public transportation due to various barriers, including

inattentive passengers.

65
 Laws and Infrastructure Improvements for PWD Safety. Red has had several

unpleasant experiences with other passengers in jeepneys, which is why she prefers to

ride in taxis. She has faced situations where her amputated foot was stepped on by

passengers who ignored her walking cane, even though it was clearly visible. Red has

also dealt with impolite passengers who don’t even say “excuse me” when they bump

into her or need to pass by. These negatives interactions makes her feel uncomfortable

and unsafe in jeepneys.

Red underscored that government should pay attention to implementing rules for

them:

(Translated) “The government should make a law

to prioritize us, people with disabilities (PWD).”

(Red, Q3.2, L1-3)

Red emphasized the importance of the branches within the city government

responsible for directly implementing rules to prioritize the well-being of individuals

with disabilities (PWDs). This underscores the findings of the study conducted by

Nicor-Mangilimutan et al. (2020), which emphasizes that a diverse range of occupations,

including law enforcement officers and other professionals in related fields, is crucial for

ensuring the safety and security of communities.

66
 Legislative and Structural Enhancements for PWD Safety. Red emphasized

that the city government should implement rules more rigorously to ensure and prioritize

the needs of people with disabilities. She argued that a firm and consistent enforcement of

these regulations is essential to create a more inclusive and accessible environment for all

individuals with disabilities.

Red mentioned that during her stay in Hong Kong, she observed how convenient

accessibility is for PWDs there:

(Translated) “In Hong Kong, people with disabilities

(PWD) are really safe because they have their own

pathways.” (Red, Q3.3, L6-12)

Subsequently, Red suggested that the governments should have ideas in mind that will

make accessing transportation convenient for them:

(Translated) “The government really need to have ideas

for persons with disabilities so that they will not struggle

when using public transportation.” (Red, Q3.3, L18-21)

Red contrasted her experiences and observations from her time in Hong Kong

with the challenges she faces as a person with disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines.

She noted that PWDs in Hong Kong have a more convenient situation compared to her

current circumstances. This observation highlights the commonality of challenges

associated with disabilities in both developed and developing countries, despite the

67
enforcement of various rules and regulations, as discussed in Stancliffe's research

(2012).

Participant 4: Yellow
Yellow, a male government employee, qualified as a participant in our study due

to his visual impairment. His reliance on either his parents bringing him to the city hall or

his spouse accompanying him for his commute to work underscores the unique

challenges he faces in navigating public transportation. By analyzing into Yellow's

commuting experiences, we hope to gain a comprehensive understanding of his

perceptions regarding the efficacy and safety of the public transportation system in Davao

City, thereby contributing valuable insights to the discourse on accessibility and

inclusivity for individuals with visual impairments.

Table 3.3.1
Summary of the Themes in Research Question 1 for Yellow

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Inconsiderate PWD Seating Design and Infrastructure Difficulties

● Accessibility

● Struggling with Hailing Jeepneys Accessibility Challenges

● Using Visibility tools

68
Experiences with Public Transportation
Design and Infrastructure Difficulties. Yellow has critically evaluated the

design and infrastructure of the designated seat for Persons With Disabilities (PWD) and

deemed it suboptimal from his perspective. Consequently, he opts to occupy the last seat

on the edge of the row. This decision is motivated by a desire to minimize inconvenience

to other passengers, who might otherwise be disrted by the limited space of the jeepney.

Yellow prefers not to sit in the front seat of vehicles, even if it is designated for persons

with disabilities (PWD). The primary reason for this preference is the difficulty in getting

out of the front seat. Yellow instead opts for the back seat, specifically the last one, to

avoid stepping on anyone when exiting the vehicle.

(Translated) “I don't claim the front seat,

even if it's for PWD. I don't do that because
it's usually hard to get out of. I prefer the
back seat, the last one, so when I get off, I
won't step on anyone else.” (Yellow, Q1.2,
L8-18)

Yellow emphasized the significant challenges he encounters with the design and

infrastructure of jeepneys, which he experiences firsthand. These challenges underscore

the transportation safety and mobility issues he faces during his daily commute to work

(Ipingbemi, 2015).

69
 Accessibility Challenges. Yellow experiences significant challenges when hailing

jeepneys. He shared his experiences with his acquaintances who are also visually

impaired, including those who perform blind massages. Yellow explained that he cannot

read the signboards on jeepney windshields due to his limited vision. Furthermore, he

noted that drivers often do not recognize him as a person with a disability unless he

carries his cane, which serves as an indication of his visual impairment.

Yellow is a visually impaired individual who highlights the challenges faced by

people with visual impairments, particularly regarding public transportation.

(Translated) “The biggest hindrance for us visually

impaired people is... many of my acquaintances
share stories that the biggest problem is how to
signal for a stop, because we can't see the
signboard. That is the number one problem.
Secondly, the driver doesn't notice us right away,
especially if we don't have a cane.” ( Yellow,
Q1.3,L8-16)

Additionally, yellow is a commuter who often finds themselves at the mercy of

unreliable transportation systems. They are accustomed to facing accessibility

challenges, particularly when it comes to waiting for transportation in harsh weather

conditions. Yellow's experiences highlight the frustrations and difficulties faced by

many individuals who rely on public transportation systems that may not always be

reliable or easily accessible.

(Translated) “The worst thing is to wait for a

transportation to catch up and it's hot and
raining already and we can't still ride.”
(Yellow, Q1.3, L25-30)

70
 Yellow explains the additional challenges that people with disabilities face when

commuting. This issue is evident in an article by Ranada (2024), which discusses an

individual who is visually impaired and cannot travel to work alone due to accessibility

challenges that fail to meet her needs.

Table 3.3.2
Summary of the Themes in Research Question 2 for Yellow

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Comfortable Commuting Safety and Security

● Commuting Through Strong

Determination

● Using Visibility Tool Collaboration and Communication

● Accessibility

Challenges and Problems in Public Transportation Safety

Safe and Security. Yellow shares that he always makes sure his commute is safe

and comfortable. He wants to feel sure that he won't face any problems while traveling.

This shows that safety is really important to him.

Yellow is a cautious and practical commuter who prioritizes comfort and

reliability in their daily travels. They ensure that their mode of transportation is

dependable and that they feel confident in their ability to commute without encountering

any issues.

71
 (Translated) “I make sure that I can ride every time I

commute… that I'm comfortable...and, uhh..I'm assured

that I can do it, I won't get into trouble.” (Yellow, Q2.2,

L3-8)

Additionally, Yellow demonstrates a strong sense of self-reliance and mental

courage. They emphasize the importance of conditioning their mind and maintaining a

resilient attitude. Despite challenges, Yellow believes in their own capability to overcome

obstacles independently, underscoring their determination and inner strength.

(Translated) “I cope uhh.. I really condition my

mind... I can do it.. I can do it on my own... uhh
i'm okay... it's a matter of strong determination.”
(Yellow, Q2.2, L9-15)

Yellow's response about the importance of using his white cane for safety while

traveling, we can connect it to the related literature discussing the challenges faced by

people with disabilities in transportation systems. Park and Chowdhury (2021) discuss

how individuals with disabilities often encounter difficulties in using public

transportation due to barriers in infrastructure and lack of awareness. Yellow's reliance

on his white cane to navigate safely reflects the challenges emphasized in this literature.

Additionally, the need for improved communication and understanding, as indicated by

Yellow's statement, aligns with the recommendations for engaging with the disability

community and implementing policies from Park and Chowdhury (2021).

72
 Collaboration and Communication. Yellow shares how using his white cane, a

well-known symbol for visually impaired individuals, helps him communicate his needs

while traveling. He explains that carrying his cane signals to drivers and others that he

may need extra assistance or consideration. By doing this, Yellow ensures his own safety

and encourages drivers to be more careful around him.

Yellow is a visually impaired individual who places a high priority on safety and

independence. They emphasize the importance of carrying a white cane as a clear signal

of their visual impairment, which helps others, particularly drivers, to be more cautious

and considerate. Yellow believes that visibly displaying their cane helps prevent

potentially dangerous situations, such as drivers speeding, ensuring a safer environment

for themselves and those around them.

(Translated) “Me as a visually

impaired..i..i..prefer to always bring my white
cane....once ..people know that you avoid "we can
get into trouble"... in that way, when the driver
sees you with a cane, he won't drive fast.”
(Yellow, Q2.1, L1-9)

Additionally, yellow provides insight into the tools commonly used by visually impaired

individuals, emphasizing the importance of the cane. They likely have knowledge or

personal experience related to visual impairment and demonstrate an understanding of the

cane's role as a recognizable aid for navigation and independence.

73
 (Translated) “Tademark of the visually impaired..
the cane.” (Yellow, Q2.1, L9-11)

Relating to Yellow's experience, we can look at Bless Andriano's story shared by

Ranada (2024). Ranada talks about Andriano's struggles while using the train system in

Metro Manila due to things like blocked ramps and broken ticket machines. Yellow's

choice to always carry his white cane to let drivers know he's visually impaired is

similar to Andriano's experience. Andriano even needs her mom's help to travel,

showing how important it is to have transportation that everyone can use easily. Yellow's

idea of using his cane to signal to drivers reflects the need for transportation that's

accessible and safe for people with visual impairments.

Table 3.3.3

Summary of the Themes in Research Question 3 for Yellow

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Educate drivers, passengers, and law

enforcers on disability needs. Inclusive Practices

● Raise awareness among people

● Limited vision complicates hailing

jeepneys. Design and Infrastructure

● Put up visible sign boards Improvements

74
Implementation of Rules to Enhance Safety
Inclusive Practices. Yellow’s experience shows how important it is for public

transportation to be inclusive. He explained that because he has trouble seeing, he needs

to call out to jeeps to get a ride. This emphasizes the need for public transportation to

help people with visual impairments. If drivers and passengers pay attention and respond

to these calls, it would make traveling easier and more accessible for everyone.

Yellow expressed how challenging it is for him to hail jeepneys due

to not being able to see:
(Translated) “That's when you call a jeep,
because I don't have much vision.”
(Yellow, Q3.1, L1-3)

Yellow’s experience emphasizes how hard it is to use public transportation with

limited vision. Verafiles (2023) explains that people with disabilities face big challenges

because of poor facilities and lack of awareness from other passengers. Yellow has to

call a jeep because he can't see well, showing the need for better help and accessibility

for visually impaired commuters. This shows why it's important to have inclusive

transportation systems to ensure safety and independence for everyone.

Design and Infrastructure Improvements. Yellow emphasizes the need for

better training and awareness among drivers, passengers, and law enforcers to improve

public transportation for people with disabilities. He suggests that orienting drivers and

educating common passengers and law enforcers about the needs of persons with

disabilities can make a significant difference. Yellow believes that training drivers on

75
how to assist people with disabilities is crucial, as it can prevent misunderstandings and

conflicts between drivers, passengers, and individuals with disabilities.

Yellow articulated that it is a must to have drivers and common passengers in

public transportation to be oriented with the presence of the PWDs:

(Translated) “Orient the drivers... and the

common passengers and law enforcers.”

(Yellow, Q3.2, L1-3)

Yellow emphasized that it is a crucial step since it can avoid

unforeseen situations:

(Translated) “We must train our drivers on how to

cope with persons with disabilities because if the

driver is not oriented, it can cause an argument

between the PWD and the passenger.” (Yellow, Q3.3,

L6-11)

Yellow's response emphasizes the need for better training and awareness among

drivers and passengers about the needs of people with disabilities. This connects with

the findings of Ajayi et al. (2020), which emphasize the importance of government

efforts to address accessibility issues by considering the needs of people with disabilities

when planning and managing transportation services. Proper training can help avoid

misunderstandings and conflicts, making travel smoother and more respectful for

everyone involved.

76
Participant 5: Blue

Blue is one of the five participants who is willingly accepted to partake in the

study. She is qualified as a participant because of her disability, having no left arm.

Table 3.3.4

Summary of the Themes in Research Question 1 for Blue

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Discrimination and inconsiderate Instances of Verbal or Non-Verbal

passengers Discrimination
● Challenges to the accessibility

● Opting for free bus rides or taxis Financial Constraints Influencing

during rush hour Transportation Choices

● Finding a balance between

convenience and cost

● Awareness Improve Operator Awareness and

● Raise operator awareness and install Signage for Accessibility

signages

77
Experiences with Public Transportation
Instances of verbal or non-verbal discrimination. Blue shared how she often

feels left out because she does not get the seat she needs, even though she has a disability.

She described instances where she had to ask loudly for someone to make room for her,

which made her feel uncomfortable.

Blue express frustration or dissatisfaction with a situation involving seating

arrangements, possibly on public transportation. They perceive it as discriminatory,

feeling they should rightfully occupy a more advantageous position, like the front seat.

Their tone suggests annoyance, perhaps due to feeling unfairly treated or overlooked.

They emphasize the need to speak up, especially when carrying a load, indicating a desire

for fair treatment and respect.

(Translated) “Discrimination at first.. isn't it

supposed to be that we should be in the front seat,

or at the back of the first seat, but you still need to

shout, especially if you have a load, please just

move.” (Blue, IDI5, Q1.2. L2-9)

78
 We can look at how people with disabilities face challenges when using public

transportation. Verafiles (2023) talks about the difficulties they encounter in places like

Metro Manila, where there aren't enough facilities and many passengers don't

understand their needs. Blue's story about having to ask loudly for a seat shows how

some commuters aren't considerate. Also, Ipingbemi (2015) mentions that many people

with disabilities get into accidents because roads and vehicles aren't designed for them.

Blue's struggle reflects these problems, showing the importance of making

transportation safer and more accessible for everyone, especially those with disabilities.

Financial constraints influencing transportation choices. She mentions the

various modes of public transportation available, including jeeps, buses, pedicabs,

tricycles, and e-bikes. Despite this variety, she emphasizes her preference for free rides

on buses, particularly those provided by the office of Vice President Sarah, or opting for

buses when she can afford it. Blue's choice reflects the financial constraints she faces,

where she seeks out opportunities for cost-saving measures to manage her transportation

needs effectively.

Blue describes their transportation options, listing various modes like jeeps,

buses, pedicabs, tricycles, and e-bikes. They mention that they typically ride the bus,

especially when there's a free ride available, like at the office of Vice President Sarah.

This suggests they prefer practical and cost-effective transportation choices over more

pricey options.

(Translated) “Our public transportation is, we also

have.. jeeps, buses, pedicabs, trycicle, ebikes, yes,

79
 dull.. dulltan, we have them all but mine is more on I

ride when there is a free ride on the bus like in the

office of Vice President Sarah, or take the bus.”

(Blue, IDI5, Q1.1, L3-10)

Additionally, Blue, a resourceful and budget-conscious individual, suggests

opting for a more affordable mode of transportation to save money. With a practical

mindset, Blue focuses on finding solutions that offer the best value, prioritizing

efficiency and cost-effectiveness in her approach.

(Translated) “Then jeep for cheaper

fare.” (Blue, IDI5, Q1.1, L10-12)
We can look at how people with disabilities often struggle to afford

transportation. Mina (2013) talks about how hard it is for them to find good jobs and pay

for transportation, especially in places where there aren't many opportunities. Blue

mentions riding buses for free, like those provided by Vice President Sarah's office and

choosing cheaper fare, which shows how she tries to save money on transportation.

Verafiles (2023) also talks about how people with disabilities have trouble commuting in

big cities because the transportation isn't always accessible or easy to use. Blue's choice

to use free transportation might be because regular options aren't suitable for her needs

or because she can't afford them.

80
 Improve operator awareness and signage for accessibility. Blue emphasizes

the importance of increased awareness, particularly among transportation operators. Her

concise statement emphasizes the need for operators to be more knowledgeable and

considerate of the needs of passengers with disabilities.

Blue prioritize awareness, particularly among operators, suggesting a focus on ensuring

that individuals involved in a certain process or activity are well-informed and conscious

of relevant information or procedures.

(Translated) “Just awareness especially among

the operators.” (Blue, IDI5, Q1.3, L2-3)

Additionally, Blue points out that people, especially those with disabilities, still

need to shout to get attention, especially when carrying something heavy. This shows that

we need better signs and awareness from operators and from everyone to make things

easier and safer for everyone.

(Translated) “You still need to shout, especially

if you have a load, please just move.” (Blue,

IDI5, Q1.2, L6-9)

Blue's statement about the need for more awareness among transportation

operators connects with the idea that everyone involved in public safety contributes.

Nicor-Mangilimutan et al. (2020) talk about how different professionals, like operators,

work together to keep the public safe. Blue wants operators to understand the needs of

passengers with disabilities better, which aligns with the idea of making transportation

81
accessible for everyone. Similarly, Park and Chowdhury (2021) mention the challenges

faced by people with disabilities when using public transportation. Blue's call for more

awareness shows how important it is for operators to consider the needs of all

passengers.

Table 3.3.5

Summary of the Themes in Research Question 2 for Blue

Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Seeking for help Dependence on Assistance for

● Increase safety by being cautious Navigating Public Transportation

● Early commuting Challenges in Accessing Transportation

● Accessibility facilities and services

● Drivers' safety awareness for persons Need for Enhanced Driver Training and

passengers with disabilities. Sensitivity Towards Passengers with

● Guidance Disabilities

Challenges and Problems in Public Transportation Safety

Dependence on Assistance for Navigating Public Transportation. Blue talks

about needing help to get around on public transportation. She often has to ask a

policeman or a traffic officer to guide her.

82
 Blue is a calm and composed citizen who values order and respects authority.

They believe in following rules and seeking guidance from appropriate authorities when

needed.

(Translated) “You call the attention of an officer who

is the policeman or the CTTMO to guide.” (Blue, IDI5,

Q2.1, L7-10)

Blue's suggestion to seek help from officers aligns with what Larastiti (2024) talks

about—a person named Keisha who works to make roads safer. Blue's idea is like

Keisha's efforts to improve safety on the roads. Also, Sunnexdesk (2019) talks about

teaching students about road safety, which is similar to what Blue suggests. Blue says it's

a good idea to ask officers for help when needed, which is something the authorities also

encourage for keeping roads safe.

Challenges in Accessing Transportation Facilities and Services. Blue

emphasizes the difficulties faced by people with disabilities in using public

transportation. She mentions that even for PWDs, getting on the bus is not easy.

Additionally, she notes the challenges faced by wheelchair users and those with crutches,

who need accessible paths to ensure their safety.

Blue's statement reflects their empathy and concern for the difficulties faced by

people with disabilities when accessing public transportation. They highlight a specific

issue regarding accessibility on buses, indicating a broader awareness of societal barriers

and the need for improvement in infrastructure and services.

83
 (Translated) “Now on the bus, even
PWD, it's not easy to get on.” (Blue, IDI5,
Q2.3, L10-12)

Additionally, blue further emphasizes the value of accessibility by depending on

wheelchairs and crutches for mobility. Their identification clearly shows that safety is

their top priority.

(Translated) “Accessible to walk, they are wheel

chair users and crutches so they have what we call
wholesale visces. For their safety.” (Blue, IDI5,
Q2.3, L3-7)
Furthermore, Blue highlights the importance of being early to avoid rush hour,

reflecting a proactive approach to managing transportation challenges. Their response

underscores the difficulties associated with accessing transportation facilities during peak

times, suggesting that early arrival can mitigate the stress and delays caused by heavy

traffic. This perspective indicates an awareness of the congestion issues that many

commuters face and offers a practical solution to navigate these challenges effectively.

(Translated) “If you are also early and go to your

destination or your duty, you should be early to avoid

rush hour.” (Blue, IDI5, Q2.2, L2-5)

We can find similarities in the challenges emphasized by Verafiles (2023) and

Ipingbemi (2015). Verafiles discusses how people with disabilities, like Blue, struggle to

board buses because they aren't always accessible. Blue's comment about it being hard

for PWDs to get on the bus connects with this issue, showing the need for better access.

Additionally, Blue's mention of "wholesale visces" (likely referring to a wholesale ride)

84
and the need for safety measures echoes the importance of accommodating different

mobility aids mentioned in the literature. Ipingbemi (2015) also talks about the

importance of making buses and other transportation options accessible for wheelchair

users and others who use mobility aids to ensure their safety.

Need for Better Driver Training and Sensitivity Towards Passengers with

disabilities. Blue shared a story that shows why drivers need better training and

sensitivity toward passengers with disabilities. She described how a fellow passenger on

crutches fell while trying to board a bus because the driver started moving before he was

fully on. This happened because the passenger struggled to get up the bus stairs.

Blue describes an incident in which they and another person who was using

crutches were involved. They recall an incident in which one of the other person's feet

slipped away and fell while attempting to get on the bus. This person hadn't walked on

the bus stairs yet, leading to the accident.

(Translated) “We were on crutches at the same time

and he fell off the bus.. because the bus was here after
him because he hadn't walked yet... one of his feet
couldn't exactly walk on the stairs of the bus.”(Blue,
IDI5, Q2.3, L17-22)
We can consider how people with disabilities face problems when using public

transportation. Verafiles (2023) talks about these challenges, like not having enough

facilities and others not understanding their needs. This could lead to accidents, as seen in

the participants' account of their friend falling off the bus because it moved before they

were ready. Also, Mina (2013) talks about how hard it can be for people with disabilities

to find jobs, which can make transportation even more difficult. This connects to the

85
participant's story of struggling to get on the bus with their friend who had trouble

walking. It shows why it's important to make transportation safer and more accessible for

everyone, especially those with disabilities.

Table 3.3.6
Summary of the Themes in Research Question 3 for Blue
Core Idea/s Theme/s

● Encouraging empathy

● Assistance for persons with Education and Awareness among youth

disabilities among the youth and common passengers

● Small measures are necessary to Accessibility Enhancements

ensure everyone can use and benefit

from public transport services.

Implementation of Rules to Enhance Safety

Education and Awareness among youth and common passengers. Blue

stresses the importance of teaching people about the needs of those with disabilities. She

believes that if people understand more, they will be kinder and more helpful.

Blue expresses a balanced perspective, emphasizing the importance of mutual

support. They acknowledge that while they won't be entirely neglected, their primary

focus is on the willingness and ability to assist others. This sentiment highlights a sense

of empathy and a proactive attitude toward helping those in need.

86
 (Translated) "If we can do that, it's not like we'll be

totally neglected, but we also have a heart that at

least we can help them" (Blue, IDI5, Q3.2, L11-13)

Additionally, Blue emphasizes the importance of education and awareness in

fostering inclusion for people with disabilities (PWDs). They highlight a vision where

newer generations understand and ensure that PWDs are not left behind, advocating for

greater societal awareness and educational initiatives to support this integration.

(Translated) “Maybe they or you, the new

generations, should be aware that when you
PWDs meet, you will not be left behind.”
(Blue, IDI5, Q3.2, L3-6)
Blue's response, "If we can do that, it's not like we'll be totally neglected, but we

also have a heart that at least we can help them," shows how important it is for everyone

to pitch in and support each other, especially those with disabilities. This idea matches

with what researchers like Mazlan et al. (2020) and Gatarin (2023) have found. They talk

about how when communities work together, they can make transportation safer and

more accessible for everyone. It's all about everyone doing their part to help out and

make things better for those who need it.

Accessibility Enhancement. Blue emphasizes how important it is to make small

changes to public transportation so everyone can use it. She believes these improvements

are necessary to ensure that people with disabilities can benefit from public transit just

like everyone else. Her response shows the need for ongoing efforts to make public

transportation more accessible and user-friendly for all passengers.

87
 Blue emphasizes the importance of inclusive measures in public transportation,

advocating for small but necessary methods to ensure that the services are accessible and

beneficial to everyone. This perspective emphasizes a commitment to equity and the

practical steps needed to achieve it.

(Translated) “These small methods are...

necessary to ensure that everyone can use and
benefit from the services of this...
public...public transport.” (Blue, IDI5, Q3.3,
L1-6)

Relating to the idea of ensuring everyone can use and benefit from public

transportation, we can refer to the related literature that discusses the importance of

accessibility and inclusion. Specifically, Nanchen et al. (2022) emphasize the significance

of mobility for people with disabilities to participate in social activities. This aligns with

the sentiment expressed in the participant's response, emphasizing the necessity of

implementing small but crucial measures to make public transportation accessible to all

individuals, regardless of their abilities.

3.2.8 Cross-Case Analysis

In this chapter, we presented a cross-case analysis to identify the emergent themes

from participants' responses to the inquiries anchored on the research questions. This

chapter also aims to highlight the common themes derived from the participants'

experiences, particularly the challenges faced by individuals with disabilities (PWD).

These common experiences are related with existing literature and theories presented in

the Review of Related Literature.

88
 Table 3.3.7

Comparison of Cross - Case Analysis

I. EXPERIENCES WITH PUBLIC Green White Red Yellow Blue

TRANSPORTATION

A. Design and Infrastructure ✓ ✓

B. Accessibility Challenges ✓ ✓ ✓
C. Government Responsibility ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
II. CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS IN
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SAFETY

A. Inadequate Driver Awareness and Training ✓ ✓

B. Policy and Safety Enhancements ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
C. Lack of Support Measures ✓ ✓ ✓
D. Adapting to Transportation Challenges ✓ ✓
III. IMPLEMENTATION OF RULES TO
ENHANCE SAFETY

A. Need for Effective Implementation of ✓ ✓

Existing Law

B. Disability Awareness ✓ ✓
C. Advocating Inclusive Practices ✓ ✓

89
Experiences with Public Transportation

The safety of public transportation is significantly influenced by the awareness

and training of drivers, who must be equipped to interact appropriately with persons with

disabilities. Effective policies and safety enhancements are necessary to create a secure

environment for all commuters. Support measures such as assistance programs and

adaptive solutions help individuals navigate transportation challenges, ensuring their

safety and comfort.

Design and Infrastructure. Red and Yellow's experiences show important design

and infrastructural difficulties in public transportation. As an orthopedic disabled person,

Red finds it difficult to go around and believes that the actual design of transportation

systems is poor. These findings align with Verafiles (2023) and Ramli et al. (2023). These

studies emphasize the need for PWD-accessible transportation infrastructure. The Social

Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 2015) claims that PWDs' usage of public transportation can

be positively impacted by improved infrastructure since it strongly influences thoughts

and actions of safety.

Accessibility Challenges. Yellow's vision impairment, Red's amputated foot, and

Green's degenerative eye illness show the variety of accessibility issues that people with

disabilities have when using public transit. Red's issue nevertheless hinders her mobility

and access to public transportation even if it is not a visual impairment. This is in line

with studies of Verafiles (2023) and Aldoukhi et al. (2023) that emphasize the importance

of inclusive urban design and infrastructure for accommodating all kinds of disabilities,

including physical impairments. It is nevertheless possible to apply the Perception of

90
danger Theory (Slovic, 2016) to comprehend how these accessibility issues influence

PWDs' willingness to use public transit by raising their perception of danger.

Government Responsibility. With the exception of yellow, participants Green,

White, Red, and Blue consistently emphasized the importance of government action to

increase public transportation accessibility and safety. This is supported by public safety

literature Friedman( 2021) and Khoo( 2023), which promotes a comprehensive plan for

public safety that takes transportation infrastructure into consideration. According to

Maddux and Rogers' (2015) Protective Motivation Theory, well-designed government

initiatives can boost the self-assurance and sense of safety of people with disabilities,

which in turn promotes increased usage of public transportation.

Challenges and Problems in Public Transportation Safety

The implementation of existing laws and regulations is crucial for maintaining

safety standards in public transportation. Raising disability awareness among the general

public and transportation personnel fosters a more inclusive and respectful environment.

Advocacy for inclusive practices ensures that the needs of persons with disabilities are

considered in the planning and execution of transportation services, promoting equitable

access for all.

Inadequate Driver Awareness and Training. The lack of awareness of PWDs'

needs by drivers was brought into focus by Green and Blue. This is in line with the body

of studies emphasizing the importance of training transportation staff (Public Safety

Canada, 2023). According to Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 2015), increasing

drivers' comprehension through training can foster a more accommodating environment

for people with disabilities, encouraging safer and more inclusive transport.

91
 Policy and Safety Enhancements. All of them emphasized about the importance

of improving safety and policies. Studies of Ajati et al., (2020) and Ipingbemi (2015),

that emphasize the important needs of inclusive policies and infrastructure provide

support to this. According to Maddux and Rogers (2015), the Protective Motivation

Theory explains how better policies can reduce perceived dangers and strengthen PWDs'

protective behaviors, which will make using public transportation safer.

Lack of Support Measures. The importance for additional assistance measures,

such easily accessible information and help services, was emphasized by Green, Yellow,

and Blue. The literature, which supports comprehensive support systems, supports this

need Nicor-Mangilimutan et al., (2020) and Leochico and Valera ( 2020). Effective

assistance programs can lessen the cognitive and emotional strain on PWDs, improving

their overall sense of safety, according to the Perception of Risk Theory (Slovic, 2016).

Adapting to Transportation Challenges. White and Blue talked about how they

handle obstacles in transportation. This is consistent with research by Tabuga (2013) and

Mina (2013), which emphasizes how PWDs respond to environmental obstacles through

adaptive behaviors. The application of Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 2015) can

facilitate an understanding of the ways in which personal and environmental factors

combine to form adaptive behaviors.

Implementation of Rules to Enhance Safety

Analyzing these topics provides an in-depth understanding of how individual

experiences, social problems, and regulatory frameworks connection with regard to

public transit safety. By merging appropriate theories and literature with participant

responses, a thorough analysis of Davao City's public transportation system is provided.

92
In the end, this strategy seeks to promote a more inclusive and dependable public

transportation system by emphasizing areas for improvement and educating users and

lawmakers about what is needed to improve accessibility and safety for people with

disabilities.

Need for Effective Implementation of Existing Law. White and Red

emphasized how crucial it is to preserve current rules to improve PWD safety. The

literature from Public Safety Canada (2023) and Ramli et al. (2023) supports this and

recommends strict enforcement of safety laws. According to the Protective Motivation

Theory (Maddux and Rogers, 2015), PWDs' perception of security and willingness to

take public transportation can both be boosted by visible law enforcement.

Disability Awareness. Red and Blue gave attention to the need for the general

public and operators of transportation to be more cognizant of disabilities. This is in line

with research that highlights the value of awareness initiatives (Abidi & Sharma, 2014;

Ranada, 2022). According to Slovic (2016), perception of risk theory, raising awareness

can lower PWDs' perceived risk and boost their preference for public transportation.

Advocating Inclusive Practices. Green and Yellow talked about the importance

it is to promote inclusive policies in public transit. This is in accordance with research by

Mazlan et al. (2020) and Gatarin (2023), which emphasizes the importance of advocacy

in advancing inclusivity and safety. According to Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura,

2015), showing inclusive actions and behaviors may lead to larger social change that will

benefit all users of public transportation.

93
 In conclusion, this cross-case analysis puts insight into the variety of experiences

and obstacles that people with disabilities have when using public transit in Davao City.

The addition of relevant research and theoretical frameworks offers an in-depth

understanding of these matters. Three important theories that provide insight on the

social, emotional, and cognitive aspects impacting PWDs' perceptions and behaviors are

the Perception of Risk Theory, Protective Motivation Theory, and Social Cognitive

Theory. Through targeted policies, training, and support measures, participants may

improve public transportation's safety and accessibility for all users.

94
4. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

4.1 Summary

In this study, we studied how Davao City's public transportation system is

perceived as safe by persons with disabilities. The study shows several important

obstacles these participants had to deal with, such as poor infrastructure, disrespectful

other passengers, and accessibility problems. Through in-depth interviews, we discovered

that the absence of appropriate visual aids and signaling mechanisms makes it very hard

for visually impaired participants to recognize and hail public transportation vehicles.

Since jeepneys are the most accessible and reasonably priced option, they are forced to

rely thoroughly on them despite the difficulties and often risky condition of their

everyday trips caused by this lack of visual support.

In addition, we discovered that there is an issue between the postulate's language

and its implementation. The participants stated that they had trouble accessing the

designated PWD seats and services since the law was not strictly enforced. The

combination of high jeepney steps and restricted seat accessibility causes issues for

persons with disabilities, which led to an increase of corrective recommendations. Very

poor. Further, many users of public transportation frequently experience rude behavior

from other users who either trip over their assistive devices or fail to extend assistance,

which worsens the problems associated with commuting and alters the passengers' sense

of security and comfort.

95
 The study also made clear how important it is for driver education programs to

address the needs of disabled passengers and how to accommodate them. Participants

stated that to guarantee safer and more accessible public transit, drivers must be attentive

and provide timely help. PWD-friendly policies do exist, but due to insufficient execution

and awareness, they are still rarely used. The report recommends a more inclusive

approach to managing and running Davao City's public transportation system, one that

includes stronger policy enforcement, improved infrastructure, and extensive public

awareness campaigns for the city's disabled persons population.

4.2 Conclusion

This study emphasized the fact that insufficient infrastructure and passengers with

low expectations of both the public transportation operators and their fellow riders cause

many problems for disabled persons using Davao City's public transportation system. The

participants' own experiences emphasize the seriousness of the problem because they are

unable to lead regular lives because of unfair transportation laws and infrastructure.

Participants visually impaired have similar difficult issues when identifying and using

public transportation services. This is because their capacity to safely and independently

commute is reduced when visual aids and signaling systems are not properly addressed.

The study additionally shows an obvious gap between the rules intended to

support people with disabilities and how those policies are actually put into action. In

addition to the policies that exist to support disabled individuals, the uneven

implementation of these policies leads to challenges such as high jeepney stairs and poor

seating arrangements. These physical barriers limit the mobility of individuals with

physical disabilities, which in turn reduces the dependability of their transportation and

96
emphasizes the urgent need for improved policy enforcement and infrastructure upgrades

to establish an environment helpful to accessible transportation.

Furthermore, this study emphasizes the importance that public awareness and

education have in creating a community that supports those with disabilities. The

participants frequently criticized the carelessness of others, which made their commute

and sense of security worse. The importance of learner driving programs is stated, since

drivers serve an important part in boosting the security and comfort of the transportation

system, particularly for individuals with disabilities. Comprehensive public awareness

campaigns and driver education programs could address these problems, allowing Davao

City to have a public transportation system that is accommodating and inclusive that

satisfies the needs of persons with disabilities.

4.3 Recommendations

Local Government. To fully support the safety and inclusion of persons with

disabilities, city governments must actively listen to their suggestions and prioritize their

needs. It is crucial to address the daily struggles they face to improve their quality of life.

This includes establishing dedicated branches within city government to focus on

disability issues, ensuring the effective implementation of relevant rules and regulations,

and making accessibility enhancements to reduce the burdens associated with disabilities.

Additionally, raising public awareness about the challenges faced by persons with

disabilities can foster a more inclusive community. By taking these steps, city

governments can significantly enhance the quality of life for persons with disabilities,

ensuring their safety and inclusion in all aspects of city life.

97
 General Public. Residents of Davao City should cultivate an environment of

mindfulness and respect towards individuals with disabilities, recognizing the importance

of inclusivity and support in their community. It is crucial for everyone to extend a

helping hand whenever they notice someone with a disability facing difficulties, whether

it involves navigating public spaces, accessing services, or carrying out everyday tasks.

This considerate approach not only fosters a more compassionate and supportive society

but also ensures that people with disabilities feel valued and empowered. By integrating

these values into daily interactions, residents can contribute significantly to creating a

city that is welcoming and accommodating for all its members.

Future Researchers. In order to fully realize the potential of this study, further

research should consider expanding the scope of this study by including a broader range

of participants with various disabilities. This will enable a deeper understanding of their

experiences and identify additional ways to better address their needs as individuals with

disabilities.

98
 REFERENCES

Abidi, J., & Sharma, D. (2014b). Poverty, disability, and employment. Career
Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 37(1), 60–68.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2165143413520180

Ajayi, J. O., Aworemi, R., Wojuade, C. A., & Adebayo, T. (2020). Problems affecting the
accessibility of Physically-Challenged individuals to intermediate public
transport services in Oyo State, Nigeria. Logistics & Sustainable Transport, 11(1),
114–120. https://doi.org/10.2478/jlst-2020-0008

Aldoukhi, M., Angel, M., Bare, L., Blacher, D., Cawi, J., Chabanel, T., Ciccone, M.,
Clapper, K., Jai, S. E., Ferrer, A., Figueroa, P., Fraticelli, K., Freudenthal, B.,
Glime, M., Gupta, M., Henley, I., Hill, J., Huber, E., Johnson, A., . . . Mesa, J. C.
(n.d.-c). Access of Persons with Disabilities to Public Ground Transportation and
Roadways. Purdue e-Pubs. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ugcw/6/

Anti-Insurgency Measures and Community Policing: The Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay

(R-PSB) in Region 11, Philippines Munich Personal RePEc Archive. (2022).
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/115225/

APA PsycNet. (n.d.). https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1984-15006-001

Simply Psychology. (2024, February 2). Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory.

Bakrad S. Balabanian (2020). Transportation and Its Effect on Student Performance

Master degree thesis, 30/ credits in Master in Geographical Information Science
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University.
https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=9032279&fil
eOId=9032280

Chatterjee, K., Chng, S., Clark, B., Davis, A., De Vos, J., Ettema, D., Handy, S., Martin,
A., & Reardon, L. (2019b). Commuting and wellbeing: a critical overview of the
literature with implications for policy and future research. Transport Reviews,
40(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2019.1649317

Cheberiachko, S., Yavorska, O., Deryugin, O., Lantukh, D., Bas, I., Kruzhilko, O., &
Melnyk, V. (2023). Improving safety of passenger road transportation. Trans
Transp Sci, 14, 11-20

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and
mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

99
Gatarin, G. R. (2023). Beating the Traffic: Civil society participation in transport reforms
and innovations in Metro Manila, Philippines. In Advances in 21st century human
settlements (pp. 143–158). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8726-7_9

Friedman, B. (2021, February 8). What is Public Safety?

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3808187

Georgia Department of Public Safety. (2020, July 24). Georgia Department of Public
Safety. https://dps.georgia.gov/

Hamann, C., Daly, E., Schwab‐Reese, L., Askelson, N. M., & Peek‐Asa, C. (2021).
Community engagement in the development and implementation of a rural road
safety campaign: Steps and lessons learned. Journal of Transport & Health, 23,
101282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101282

Ipingbemi, O. (2015b). Mobility challenges and transport safety of people with

disabilities (PWDs) in Ibadan, Nigeria.
http://repository.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/1152

Lagumbay, L.B., Luengo, M.C., & Paeldonia, R.V,. (Nov-Dec, 2018). Issues and
Challenges on Transport Modernization: The Case of Davao City, Philippines.
International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-–
Volume 1 Issue 2.
https://ipindexing.com/journal-article-file/11572/issues-and-challenges-on-transpo
rt-modernization-the-case-of-davao-city-philippines?fbclid=IwAR2d584C9gek7T
IrnGzcX4E_C9etBCR3eQSqbvBJ99-lza-6QAT6fva-nus

Larastiti, S. (2024, February 5). Advocating for better transportation in the Philippines.
Changing Transport.
https://changing-transport.org/advocating-for-better-transportation-in-the-philippi
nes/

Lazo, J. L., Hirang, J. E. N., & Gomez, J. P. R. (2022). A project feasibility on the
establishment of transportation services in Laguna.
https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=18989

Leochico, C. F. D., & Valera, M. J. S. (2020). Follow-up consultations through

telerehabilitation for wheelchair recipients with paraplegia in a developing country: a
case report. Spinal Cord Series and Cases, 6(1).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41394-020-0310-9

Mazlan, A. N., Lizan, M. H. N., Aminuddin, E., Lim, N. H. a. S., Warid, N., Mohd, A., &
Mohamed, M. F. (2020b). Community engagement and public awareness on safe
city program based on road safety initiatives. IOP Conference Series: Earth and

100
 Environmental Science, 476(1), 012005.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/476/1/012005

Mina, C. D. (2013). Employment of Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines:

The Case of Metro Manila and Rosario, Batangas.
https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/126933

Nanchen, B., Ramseyer, R., Grèzes, S., Wyer, M., Gervaix, A., Juon, D., & Fragnière, E.
(2022b). Perceptions of People with Special Needs Regarding Autonomous
Vehicles and Implication on the Design of Mobility as a Service to Foster Social
Inclusion. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 3.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.751258

Nicor-Mangilimutan, R. G., Mejica, M. N. A., & Caelian, M. V. (2020). Implementation

of the Community Peace and Order and Public Safety Program in Negros
Occidental, Philippines. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(3), 76–84.
https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i3.273

Nowell, L., Norris, J. M., White, D., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 160940691773384.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847

Park, J., & Chowdhury, S. (2021b). Towards an enabled journey: barriers encountered by
public transport riders with disabilities for the whole journey chain. Transport
Reviews, 42(2), 181–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.1955035
Philippine Public Safety College | edukasyon.ph. (2019, July 17).
https://www.edukasyon.ph/schools/philippine-public-safety-college
Sabado, J. R. F., Deveza, V. C. R., Bausing, G. A., & Mohamad, J. G. (2022b).
MEASURING EFFICIENCY USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS:
APPLICATION ON 12 POLICE PRECINCTS IN DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES.
European Journal of Economic and Financial Research, 6(3).
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejefr.v6i3.1309

Prakash.Srivastava. (2023, August 25). Phenomenological research: methods and

examples. Harappa.
https://harappa.education/harappa-diaries/phenomenological-research/

Ramli, R., Zainol, R., & Yaacob, N. M. (2023b). Perception of persons with disabilities
groups on accessibility and connectivity of public transportation infrastructure in
kuala lumpur, malaysia. International Journal of Property Sciences, 13(1), 65–91.
https://doi.org/10.22452/ijps.vol13no1.5

Ranada, P. (2024b, March 7). How Metro Manila’s train system fails persons with
disabilities. RAPPLER.

101
 https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/how-metro-manila-train-system-fail
s-accessibility-facilities-persons-disabilities/

Rev. (2023, November 20). How to analyze interview transcripts in qualitative research.
Rev Blog.
https://www.rev.com/blog/transcription-blog/analyze-interview-transcripts-in-qual
itative-research

Safety Considerations – RHIHub Transportation Toolkit. (2019).

https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/transportation/4/safety

San juan, A.D. (2021). Safer roads in PH a must, says active transport advocates. Manila
Bulletin.
https://mb.com.ph/2021/05/07/safer-roads-in-ph-a-must-says-active-transport-adv
ocates/

Stancliffe, R. J. (2012b). Inclusion of adults with disability in Australia: outcomes,

legislation and issues. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(10),
1053–1063. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2012.693395

Sunnexdesk, & Sunnexdesk. (2019, June 29). DepEd urged: Include road safety in
curriculum. SunStar Publishing Inc.
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/deped-urged-include-road-safety-in
-curriculum

Tabuga, A. D. (2013). What constrains PWDs to participate in discount privileges? the

case of bus fare and medical care discounts in the Philippines.
https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/126936

The perception of risk. (2022-b). Routledge & CRC Press.

https://www.routledge.com/The-Perception-of-Risk/Slovic/p/book/978185383528
5
https://www.simplypsychology.org/social-cognitive-theory.html

Thomson Reuters Foundation. (2014-b). EXCLUSIVE-POLL: LatAm most dangerous

transport for women, NYC best. news.trust.org.
https://news.trust.org/item/20141028235939-edprr
d-challenges-on-transport-modernization-the-case-of-davao-city-philippines?fbclid=IwA
R2d584C9gek7TIrnGzcX4E_C9etBCR3eQSqbvBJ99-lza-6QAT6fva-nus

Verafiles. (2023, June 21). Accessibility, Sensitivity toward PWD commuters. VERA
Files.
https://verafiles.org/articles/accessibility-sensitivity-toward-pwd-commuters?fbcli
d=IwAR3x763e5Rlyu3vkqZSGkfs5H2qg4203FKKfyKlOdh3L3U3s88xxsh-KSiw

102
VKhoo, J. (2023, December 11). What is Public Safety? An In-Depth Understanding.
10-8 Systems. https://10-8systems.com/what-is-public-safety/
Public Safety Canada. (2023, August 17). About Public Safety Canada.
https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/bt/index-en.aspx

Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (5th ed.). SAGE
Publications, Inc.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design:
Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. The Academy of
Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.

Bazeley, P., & Jackson, K. (2013). Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo. SAGE
Publications Ltd.

103
 APPENDIX A

Statement of Project Member Contribution

SPECIFIC TASKS IN DETAIL

% of
Name of Member Contribution
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Other Parts
to the Whole
Project
1. Aguelo, Rhoan Introduction, Research Profile of Recommendations Transcriptions 33.3
Blez, P. RRL, participants the
(Researcher) Importance participants,
of the study, Case
Limitations discussion,
of the study, Cross-case
Definition of analysis
terms
2. Alvarez, Erica Introduction, Research Case Summary, Transcriptions 33.3
Mhel, F. RRL, design discussion, Conclusion
(Researcher) Definition of Cross-case
terms analysis
3. Limbo, Teddy Theoretical Data sources, Case Transcriptions 33.3
Lark, P. lens, Data collection discussion
(Researcher) Research gap procedures,
Data analysis,
trustworthiness
of the study,
Ethical
Considerations
4. Molina, Vincent
Fernan, P.
(Reasearcher)

Total 100%
 APPENDIX B

Permission Letter
 APPENDIX C

Letter of Informed Consent/ Assent Form

 APPENDIX D

Interview Guide Questions

Research Question: Interview Guide Question: Probing Question:

Research Question 1: 1. How do you usually get
What are the lived around Davao City using
experiences of selected buses, jeepneys, or other
PWDs in public public transportation?
transportation safety
system in Davao City? 2. Have you faced any
difficulties while using
public transportation as
someone with a disability?
3. What do you think could
be done to make public
transportation in Davao City
more accessible and
convenient for people with
disabilities like yourself?
1. How do you typically
travel around Davao
City using public
transportation,
considering your
disability?
2. What challenges do you
encounter when trying
to access or utilize
public transportation
services in Davao City?

Research Question 2: 1. What challenges or issues 1. Why do you feel

What are the challenges you have as a person with a vulnerable or unsafe when
and problems disability trying to ensure using public transportation in
encountered by PWDs your safety when using Davao City? Can you share
relative to protecting public transportation? specific situations where
themselves in riding you've felt this way?
public transportation?
2. How do you currently
address or cope with these 2. What steps do you take to
challenges while riding stay safe while using public
public transportation? transportation as a person
with a disability?
3. What do you believe
could be done to improve the
 safety of people with
disabilities while using
public transportation in
Davao City?

Research Question 3: 1. What problems do

What insights and
motivations do PWDs
have regarding the
implementation of rules
or features in public
transportation by the
local government to
enhance safety for
people with disabilities?
you face when using 1. How do these problems
public transportation affect your everyday life and
as someone with a getting around?
disability?
2. How do you think 2. What do you think causes
we can make public the need for these safety
transportation safer improvements in public
for people with transportation?
disabilities like you?
3. Why do you think
certain changes or
rules would make
public transportation
safer and easier to
use for people with
disabilities?
 APPENDIX E

VALIDATION SHEET

APPENDIX F

Validation Results
APPENDIX G

Transcriptions
Research Question 1: What are the lived experiences of selected PWDs in
public transportation safety system in Davao City?
Responses Core Ideas Themes
Line Sub-question 1.1: How do you usually get around Davao City
using buses, jeepneys, or other public transportation?
GREEN:
1 uhh....jeep ra.... Reliance on
Jeepneys as Jeepneys
primary mode of
transportation
(L1)

WHITE:
1 Depende… kung naay
2 budget, taxi jud... hayahay
3 man, kung way budget, Selective use of Budget-consciou
4 jeep. pero diraa raman ko, taxis (L1-2) s decisions
5 duol ra akong balay diha
6 sa kuan.. diha sa Reliance on
7 Almendras gym banda. jeepneys (L3)
8 usahay ga lakaw lang..
9 mhm

RED:
1 Ang ako gyud masakyan
2 kanang galisod pakog Preference of Safety and
3 taman sauna nga kato taxis when Comfort in
4 naputol ang akong kuan, possible Travels
5 tiil kuan jud ko taxi kay (L 1-7)
6 ngano comfortable ko sa
taxi kay ubos man High step for
7
iyahang kuan ubos PWD seat
8
iyahang sakaanan accomodation Accessibility
9 kanang kuan kay kung (L10-14) challenges
10 sa jeep ko taas kaayong
11 hagdanan sa jeep dili Taxis as safer
12 pud ko comfortable nga mode of
13 musakay ko sa frontseat transport
14 kay kuan taas. ah kanang (L5-6)
15 akong ihalimbawa didto
16 sa hongkong dugay pud
17 ko sa hongkong ang mga
18 kasagaran jud nko makita
19 didto sa mga PWD
20 comfortable kaayo sila
21 kay ang transportation
22 didto sa hongkong kuan
23 naa gyud ang bus nila naa
24 gyud kanang agianan para
25 sa PWD ug matabangan
pud sila ug naa puy mu
26
assist sa ilaha while dinhi
27
kung naa may muassist
28 kanang kuan kanang dili
29 gyud ingon nga na
30 knang safety jud ka labi
31 na ug mag labang
32 labang ka o kinahanglan
33 ako mag taxi jud ko kay
34 ngano destino jud ko
35 sakong kuan sakoang
36 residential, oh- kana ra
akong masulti.
YELLOW:
1 Usually, I ahmm...
2 kuan..get around davao Routine and
3 city ahh..usually have a familiarity Regularly using
4 commute, naga sakay (L3-11) jeepneys and
5 lang ko or gina hatud ko often
6 sa akong parents but Daily commute accompanied by
7 most of the time akong (L3-4) spouse.
8 misis kauban
9 nako..usahay ihatud ko
10 ahhh... sometimes taxi
11 sometimes jeep.. pero
most of the time jeepney.
BLUE:
1 uhhhhm… atoang public
2 transportation is, naa man Opting for free Balancing cost
3 tay mga.. jeep, buses, bus rides or taxis and convenience
4 pedicab, trycicle, ebike, during rush hour
5 diba, dull.. dulltan man ta (L 7 - 10)
6 naa man ta tanan pero
7 sakoa is more on ko
8 nagasakay pag may free
9 ride sa bus like sa office
10 ni vp sarah, o mag bus,
11 pag ano talaga rush
12
 hour, taxi, then jeep para
barato.
Sub-question 1.2: Have you faced any difficulties while using public
transportation as someone with a disability?

GREEN:
1 ahh.. kanang mag para Struggle with Accessibility
2 kay dili man ko ka hailing public challenges
3 klaro.... dira gud ko mag transportation
lisod due to) vision
impairment
(L1-3)
WHITE:
1 Wala man, kay murag No difficulties Privilege and
2 ang..kuan nako sakong due to perception
3 sarili, mura mag.. able self-perception
4 man. Dili man ingon na gi as an able-bodied
5 kuan nako na pwd ko. individual
(L1-5)

RED:
1 o, katong kuan kanang na
2 gabihian ko sa hospital Struggling to Vulnerability
3 nya wala nakoy kanang ride home late during night
4 lain nga masangpit kun from the hospital travel
5 dili ang katong kuan (L1-11)
6 kanang nakasakay ko ug
7 kanang motor nga taas
8 kaayo ang motor ha
9 kanang habal habal nga
10 nagsakit gyud akong tiil
11 ni ngotngot jud akong
12 tiil gumikan tanang—dili
13 gani ka kaayo ko kuan dili
14 matungkad akong tiil sa
15 kuanan butanganan gani
16 sa tiil sa motor kdto dili
17 jud ko comfortable ato
18 panahona kay sakit.
YELLOW:
1 honestly..yes..first, Struggling with
2 ahh..kanang..mag kuan hailing Jeepneys
3 ka.. mag..para kag mga (L2-5) Barriers to
4 jeep kana..then, pag mo accessibility
5 sakay kana ahh..some
6 passenger dili na lang
7 mo.. mo urong pasulod
8 kay usually ako man gud Inconsiderate
9 gina prefer..dili na anako PWD seating
10 gina claim ang sa (5-12)
11 atubangan bisan pa sa
12 pwd na..uhhh... dili nako
13 ana kay usually lisod
14 man gud ang tikangono
15 bah.. akong gina prefer
16 kay kaning sa likog gni
17 ....kaning sa last.. para
18 pag baba nako dili nako
19 maka tamak ug lain..but,
20 some things na ma
21 encounter nako kay
22 kaning uban pasahero kay
23 dili mo irog ..once na ma
24 tamakan mao pay
masuko..especially sa
akoa na visualy impaired..
BLUE:
1 Ay meron na po..
2 discrimination at first.. Discrimination Barriers to
3 diba supposed to be and accessibility
4 dapat naa mi sa front inconsiderate
5 seat, or at the back sa passengers
6 pinaka first nga (L1-12)
7 lingkoranan, pero need
8 pa nimo mushout labi
9 nag naa kay karga
10 please pa urong nalang
11 ang uban no need na mu
12 ingon kay naa man silat
heart so urong na sila
diretso.
Sub-question 1.3: What do you think could be done to make public
transportation in Davao City more accessible and convenient for people with
disabilities like yourself?
GREEN:
1 (long pause) ahmm...
2 kanang mas paligonon pa Strengthen Enhanced safety
3 nila among sekyuridad PWD security measures
4 aron mas safety gud for safety
(L1-4)
 mi......

WHITE:
1 Kuan lang…
2 kanang….gina kuan man Priority seating Accessibility
3 gud diri sa davao is ang… for PWDs in initiatives
4 pwd considered naa jud jeepneys
5 siya sa front seat, naa jud (L 2-6)
6 na sa balaod. Mao gani,
7 pwede mana siya ang..
8 ang balaod man gud
9 ana… pag naay tao sa
10 front seat, pwede nimo na
11 siya pa.. pa pabalhinon sa
12 likod, mananghid ka
13 saiyaha nga mubalhin ka
14 sa… s.. uhhh.. pabalhinon
15 nimo siya sa likod noh,
16 dapat pagbalhin niya sa
17 likod, naa pud siyay ma
18 lingkoran didto. Dili
19 pwede nimo siya nga
20 pabalhinon didto na wala
21 siyay ma lingkoran.. mao
22 nay kuan sa balaod ana…
pero priority jud ang.. sa
front seat, and pwd
RED:
1 kinahanglan satong
2 gobyerno ang atong Government Enhanced
3 buhaton, ang mabuhat sa should offer mobility options
4 gobyerno mag kuan sila vehicles
5 like karun naa natay exclusively for
6 vehicles kanang kuan mag PWD use
7 kuan pud sila ug para sa (1-20)
8 PWD kay dili man tnan
9 Pwd nga nay mga
10 sakyanan nga private,
11 private sakyanan usahay
12 kadaghanan baya sa
13 atoang kuan dinhi mga
14 pobre intawn mao na nga
15 hinahanglan ang gobyerno
16 nato maghatag pud sila ug
17 kuan sa atong mga PWD
18 kanang naa pud silay
19 buhaton para sa—
20 sakyanan para sa mga
PWD. kana lang
YELLOW:
1 i think...uhhh..dili na man
2 kaayo complex ang
3 himoun, it's a matter of Enhancing PWD Collaborative
4 uhh.. mga driver and access in public approach
5 passenger.. uhh.. transport through
6 kuan..collaboration...uhh.. driver-passenger
7 yung participation ba.. on collaboration
8 how to deal with (L2-8)
9 it....uhh..biggest
10 hindrance sa aming mga Struggling with
11 visualy impaired ...uhh.. hailing jeepneys
12 maraming kinekwento (L9-15)
13 mga kasamahan ko yung
14 pinaka biggest problem
15 is yung paano mag para,
16 kay ang sign board dili
17 makita namo, that is
18 number one ..uhh
19 problem, ikaduha, dili
20 dayon ma pansin sa
21 driver, especially if dili
22 mi mag dala ug cane..sa
23 visualy impaired..third,
24 kung maka kita man ang
25 driver usually gina
26 ignore..lakaw ditso..and
27 pinaka worst mag para ug
28 sakyanan ma abtan na
29 lang ug initan ulan dili
30 pami maka sakay unless
31 naay mga good samaritan
32 ma mo asisst... so that is
the very uhh.. big
sacrifices.. or mga burden
na among ma encounter...
BLUE:
1 Uhhhh maybe ano,
2 awareness nalang pud labi Raise operator Promoting
3 na sa mga operators.. o na awareness and awareness
4 mag lagay nang… anung install signages
5 tawag niyan.. mag lagay (L1-7)
6 nang… o signage.
7
Research Question 2: What are the challenges and problems encountered by
PWDs relative to protecting themselves in riding public transportation?
Responses Core Ideas Themes
Line Sub-question 2.1: What challenges or issues you have as a
person with a disability trying to ensure your safety when using
public transportation?
GREEN:
1 (long pause).... mga Visibility issues
2 gikalisdan?..... kanang dili while using and
3 gud ko kakita ig kanang exiting jeepneys. Accessibility
4 mag para ko ug jeep..... ug (L 1-5)
5 kanang pag baba nako..
mao na akong mga ma
lisdan

WHITE:
1 Unsa nga klase nga
2 kuan?.. dili ko tripan?... sa Never Harassment-free
3 akong kuan, wala paman Encountered commuting
4 gud ko ka encounter ana Harassment
5 na gi tripan ko eh… wala (L 1-5)
pako ka kuan ana nga.. gi
tripan ko na encounter,
RED:
1 aw kung sa taxi murag
2 safety jud ka kaysa jeep
3 kay ngano kung sa jeep
4 man gud daghan kaayo
5 kag kanang ingon na kana Selecting safer
6 ganing maagian kung sa transport based
7 taxi murag comfortable ko on affordability
8 sa taxi sumala skong and personal
9 giingon ganiha nga ihatud safety needs.
10 jud ko skong kaugalingon ( L 1-11) Transportation
11 na pinuy-anan mao na nga Choices
12 depende rapud sa kwarta
13 maigo sa pang bayad sa
14 txi kay usahay mahal
15 kaayo ang taxi kung naa Passengers being
16 tay kwarta ha kuan hm, thoughtless
17 dili jud ko comfortable sa (13-23)
18 kuan sa jeep kay ngano
19 naa man guy pasahero nga
20 pataka lang gani ug lakaw
21 kanang kuan agi, dili gani
22 sila mag excuse me
23 excuse me nya wala sila
mag tanaw nga ang tiil sa
PWD ila na diay
natamakan mao nang dili
gyud ko comfortable nga
mag jeep ko kay ngano
kapila na na nahitabo
saakoa nga na nakuanan
akong tiil nga na tumban
mao na nga kuan dili ko
comfortable sa jeep.
YELLOW:
1 para mas ma safe..uh.. me Using visibility Assistive
2 as a visually tools and Devices
3 impaired..i..i..prefer to strategic
4 always bring my white practices to
5 cane..na..once na ing ana safely navigate
6 man gud..kabalo ang mga public spaces as
7 tao na mo likay na "ay a visually
8 maka bangga ta"... in that impaired person.
9 way, pag makita ka sa ( L 1-5 )
10 driver nga naay cane dili
11 dayon na magpa harurot
12 ug dagan.. kay mao mana
13 ang trade mark sa mga ing
14 ana..ang cane.. sa akoa
15 pud is akoang gina buhat
16 kay usually sa akong
17 trabaho na mo balhin ug
18 pikas branch kanang mo
19 tabok ko.. uhhh.. dira sa
20 pedestrian lane dili kaayo
21 ko kompyansa gud dinha
22 na ako ra mo tabok..akong
ginabuhat ...naa pa man
koy little vision..akong
ginabuhat kay.. gina
tansya nko kung naay mo
sulod or naay mo agi and,
isa nako na ginabuhat kay
 mo sabay ko sa daghan
tao pag mo tabok...
BLUE:
1 ah mao nang gina ingon Increase safety Pedestrian
2 na.. Alerto, noh. Before ka by being Safety.
3 mu tabok left and right cautious and
4 tanawon nimo then labis seeking help
5 mga, labi na sa mga tawag from officers
6 ana.. kanang delikado nga when crossing
tabokanan or pedes a pe. streets.
7
Or pedestrian lane dapat o (L 1-8)
8
dili ka mu kompyansa,
9 tawagon nimo ang
10 attention sa usa ka officer
kung kinsa mana si police
bana or si cttmo mana to
guide.
Sub-question 2.2: How do you currently address or cope with these challenges
while riding public transportation?
GREEN:
1 ahh...kuan.. usahay Ask people Vision
2 mangutana rako sa mga which jeep to impairment and
3 tao kung unsa pud na jeep take due to poor transportation
4 akong sakyan kay dili mn vision.
5 gud ko kakita kaayo, mag (L 1-4)
lisod gud kog sakay
permi...
WHITE:
1 Di mag lisud… actually Adjusting Adaptive
2 kuan man gud ko kanang.. mobility for mobility
3 kanang paspas man gud safety in
4 ko mulakaw gud di man challenging
5 gud ko ingon na kuan. weather like rain.
6 Siguro kana sigurong.. (L 4-9)
7 naa siguroy kuan na….
8 mag ulan lang siguro ana..
9 ana.. basi.. Ma slide ko o
10 unsa ba mahitabo…
11 kailangan jud ka mag
kuan ka mag hinay kag
kuan kay crutches man ka,
slide man kaayu. Mao
rajud na siya.
 RED:
1 aw akong gihimo sa tao Taxis are safer Transportation
2 na nakatamak sa tiil ingon but pricey. Choices
3 pud ko na tanaw tanaw (L 9-12)
4 pud brad tiil ang imong
5 gitumban dili na salog sa
6 jeep mao bitaw na nga dili
7 jud ko usahay katong mga
8 panahona to dili jud ko
9 ingon nga perminti ko
10 mag jeep kung nakoy
11 kwarta kana maka taxi jud
12 ko kay kahit mahal siya
safe man sab ko perog
wala jud koy kuan kwarta
mao na maka jeep ko
padung sa hospital
YELLOW:
1 okay.. kana..gina cope Ensuring safe Determination in
2 nako is..uhh.. gina sure and comfortable commuting.
3 gud nako na akong ma commuting
4 sakyan everytime na mag through strong
5 commute determination.
6 ko..kanang....komportable ( L 9-15)
7 ko...and, uhh..gina assured
8 nako na kaya nako, dili ko
9 ma butang sa alanganin,
10 when especially sa pag
11 sakay sa pag lakw lakaw
12 sa syudad..ako lang gud
13 gina cope uhh.. hina mind
14 condition gud nako akong
15 hunahuna... na kaya nako
ni..I can do it on my
own...uhh kuan na lang...
it's a matter of strong
determination... na all of
this things ma cope up
nako...
BLUE:
Go early to avoid Early commute
1 uhhhh.. unang una, dili ta rush hour. for efficiency
2 ka tanto sa mga ingana na (L 1-5)
3 kalisod kung mu sayo pud
4 kag adto saimong adtoan
5 or saimong duty, sayo
rajud ka para dili ma
abtan ug rush hour
Sub-question 2.3: What do you believe could be done to improve the safety of
people with disabilities while using public transportation in Davao City?
GREEN:

1 umm..kanang kuan ra.. ih Guidance Supervision

2 guide ra gud mi ug tarong (L 1-3)
3 unya tabangan ug makita
na mag lisod
WHITE:
1 Kuan, basaha daw balik Drivers must Drivers
2 daw.. sa mga driver.. drive safely, Awareness
3 kailangan pud siya ug.. especially for
4 tama pag drive, dili passengers with
5 paspas sa pasahero ba.. disabilities.
6 uhh., sa mga pwd pud, (L 1-4)
7 dapat.. naa man silay
8 kapansanan, kailangan
9 pud sila nga mag.. lantaw
10 kung asa sila, asa sila mag
11 kuan padulong, asa sila
mag.. lalo na mag tabok,
kailangan jud sila mu
lantaw gud sa mga jeep
para dili pud sila ma
kuan..
RED:
1 para sakoa, para skoa ah Staying home for Home for safety.
2 para safety ko puyo safety.
3 nalang siguro kog balay ( L 4-8)
4 (katawa) safety man
5 kaha? tama ba? di nako
6 mag lakaw lakaw di nako
mag lakaw lakaw kay
7
lisod kaayo mag lakaw
8
lakaw nga kuan pata
9 disabled pa ta mao na for
10 safety puyo nlng kog
11 balay
12 kung sa mga buta,
13 parehas sakong bana, buta
14 siya kinahanglan naa juy
15 kauban para safety siya
16 kinahanglan naa jud syay
17 alalay na mu guide
18 saiyaha kay kung wala
19 man guy mu guide kablo
20 ka sa mga jeep kay nag
21 tuo sila nga kaning
tawhana walay kabilingan
mao usahay ila nalang
maligsan
mao lagi na akong giingon
saimoha na para safety ko
naa ko sa balay mag puyo
sapag therapy nako naga
taxi jud ko—- para safety
jud ko
YELLOW:
1 okayy... actually.. naa Accessible Accessibility.
2 natay gina tawag na buses, waiting
3 FU-..kung nakabalo namo areas, trained
4 kana gani atong enforcers, public
5 HVBS..uhh..hapit na ma awareness.
6 implement...uhh... High (L 2-17)
7 priority bus system, which
8 is, kani siya na system sa
9 transportation..naa
10 gud...naa gud mismo sa
11 bus slots for pwd, and
12 slots for seniors citizen
13 and pregnant women...pag
14 mangutana mo sako..na
15 how to help when it
16 comes to accessibility
17 kining mga pwd na sa
18 gika ingon nimo sa klase
19 klaseng disability...uhh.. i
20 would prefer to suggest na
21 mag butang ug...usaa ka
22 lugar na pwede dira mag
23 para or mag hulat ug
24 sakyanan ang mga pwd,
25 and isa pa, dapat ih orient
26 ng atong mga traffic
27 inforcer na oh how to deal
28 and assist the pwd
29 persons..kasi.. usahay man
30 gud..mao lagi to.. lisod
31 kaayo especially mag
32 commute ka lang.. kung
33 walay mo assisst saimo na
34 magpa sakay and third,
35 we need...uhhh.. siguroo
36 it's a right time na..ambot
37 lang...ahh..gina buhat
38 namani sa government but
mas.. uhh.. is to improve
gud na ang mga driver
also will be oriented with
this kind of situation
...mhmm.. para makabalo
sila unsaon pag deal..
tapos...uhh... public
information.. ih share ito
sa public ...kay dili ra man
gud ang driver ug law
enforcer and involve ani
pati ang mga common
passenger on how to deal
persons with disabilities
kung sila maka kita...kung
maka sakay nila.. mao
ranay pinaka maayo na
buhaton...
BLUE:
1 uhhh Like for example sa Safer Accessibility.
2 akong mga kauban sa transportation for
3 adapt village which is wheelchair and
4 dilis a uhhhh. Accessible crutch users.
5 sa pag lakaw, wheel chair ( L 1-22)
6 user sila ug crutches so
7 naa jud silay gina ingon
8 nato nga pakyawan visces.
9 For their safety so dili sila
10 pwede nga pang publiko
11 kay ngano man.. ma ano
12 man ang mga kaubnan
13 nga pasahaero, what we
14 call this is kanang ma
15 disturb ug samot unlike
16 siguro kung karon nga
17 mga bago na buses na ang
18 mag uhh mag.. tawag ani..
19 mag dagan kana friendly
20 pwd na sila unlike sa
21 pagka karon sa bus even
22 pwd gani dili basta basta
maka saka.. naa mi
kauban na na crutches na
hulog sa bus.. Yes kay ni
go na siya wa pa naka
lakang. ang isa ka tiil niya
dili siya exactly nga maka
lakang sa steep, sa ano sa
hagdanan sa bus.. so
ingana
Research Question 3: What insights and motivations do PWDs have regarding the implementation of
rules or features in public transportation by the local government to enhance safety for people with
disabilities?
Responses Core Ideas Themes
Line Sub-question 3.1: What problems do you face when using public transportation as someone
with a disability?
GREEN: Missing stops due to visual Communication Barriers in
1 ahh..kining.. inig kuan.. panaog impairment (L 1-6) Jeepneys for the Visually
2 nako kay dili baya kaayo ko ka Impaired.
3 kita.. usahay kay mo ingon ko sa
4 driver sa jeep kung asa ko mo
5 naog.. ih naog ra sad ko.. pero
6 naay uban driver na
7 makalimot...mao malampas gud
8 ko...
9 (PQ) ahh... ma late gud ko kay
10 usahay pareha tung ghi ingon nko
11 ganina na malimtan usahay sa
jeepney driver akong ingon mao
uahay ma late gyud kog adto sa
skwelahan....
WHITE: Non-identifying disabled Independence and Safety in
1 Dili lagi ko kanang kuan... dili ko individuals often adopt Mobility
2 pwd sakong pananaw so dili kaayu distinct lifestyle practices.
3 nako ma kuan ining mga problema (L 1-9 )
4 kay dili nako kuan akong sarili..
5 Kanang makitan nga pwd pero
6 siguro kanang mag dali dali gud
7 ko kay naay tendency na ma slide
8 ko o unsa, unya kanang tao pud
9 guro na mag dali dali niya
masaghiran ko......
RED: Difficulty in navigating Safety Strategies in
1 Maglisod jud kog taman kay naa crowded spaces leads to a Jeepneys for Individuals
2 jud mga tawo dili mag tanaw sa preference for sitting behind with Mobility Challenges
3 gina agian nila the jeepney driver for
4 ah kadtong pag therapy nako? safety. (L 4-15)
5 kuan jud kinahanglan naa ko sa
6 likod sa jeep aw likod sa driver ha
7 likod sa driver para ma safety ko
8 kay ngano kung naa man gud ko
9 sa tunga ko sa kanang duol ko sa
10 pultahan sa jeep dili man gud nato
11 ma ma kuanan tanan dili ma
12 hibawan nga ingon bitaw ko
13 kaganina nga naa juy taw na dili
14 mag tanaw sila kung unsa ilang na
15 tumban , mao na ako para safety
naa jud ko likod sa driver
YELLOW: Challenges in hailing Visual Impairment
1 ....uhh...mao to..kuan...kanang mag jeepneys due to limited Challenges in Accessing
2 para gud ug jeep kay dili man gud vision (L 1-3) Public Transport
3 ko ka kita...gamay rgud..

BLUE: Experiences discrimination Challenges of Social

1 Na human na diba ni? Uhh kanang and discomfort from others. Acceptance for the Visually
2 kuan lang tung ingon nako... (L 3-5) Impaired
3 discrimination tapos usahay ma
4 kanang dili ma comportable ang
5 mga tao.
1. Sub-question 3.2: How do you think we can make public transportation safer for people with
disabilities like you?
GREEN: Need for jeepney drivers to Need for Enhanced Driver
1 .....unsa to?.....kanang tutokan gud assist visually impaired Assistance in Public
2 na kanaang pati ang mga jeep passengers. (L 4-6) Transport for the Visually
3 driver kay makabalo o kanang Impaired
4 unahon mi o kuan...ih guide gud
5 ka...
6 (PQ)(long
pause)......kuan..kanang.. ih guide
ra gud nilag tarong..tabangan

WHITE: Importance of enforcing Implementation of

1 Para sa akoa mabuhat sa mga tao.. laws to protect and Disability Laws in Public
2 kailangan ma.. ma apply lang jud accommodate persons with Transportation
3 ang kuan katung magnakarta, sa disabilities.
4 (L 1-5)
balaod sa pwd. Kay naa man gud
5 didto tanan ang… balaod sa.. 72
77

RED: Government action needed Advocacy for Enhanced

1 Kuan...dapat mag hatag ra jud ug to prioritize and protect the Legal Protections for
2 balaod ang gobyerno aron ma rights of persons with Persons with Disabilities.
3 priority jud mi mga PWD. disabilities. (L 1-3)
 YELLOW: Need for orientation and Education and Awareness
1 ..ahmm..mao to.. ih orient ang mga education for drivers, Initiatives for Public
2 driver... ug ang mga common passengers, and law Transport Safety.
3 passnger and law enforcer... enforcers. (L 1-3)

BLUE: Advocation for increased Promoting Disability

1 Uhh.. sa akoa lang siguro ang awareness and education Awareness and Compassion
2 isugyot nako is mas ano.. kanang about disability to foster in New Generations
3 awareness, pagpahibalo labi na sa compassion and assistance.
4 katung, sa inyo karon mga bago (L 8-13)
5 nga generation which is murag mu
6 ingon, AY.. o diba, o attitude
7 kaayu noh, wa ko ni ingon nga
8 tanan ha pero naa jud, naa jud so
9 dapat siguro nga ma aware sila or
10 kamo nga bago nga mga
11 generation nga pag maka kita mog
12 ingonana dili pud ingon totally
13 pasagdan kondili naa pud tay heart
14 na atleast ma tabangan nato sila..
15 ug sa mga ingon ani siguro sooner
16 or later pag ma ano nami diri sa
17 opesina naa gyud siguro mi ma
18 anon a mu adto jud mi sa mga
19 skwelahan sa mga inyo mga dagko
20 nga skwelahan aron sa pag
pahibalo ug paghatag ug
awareness.
1. Sub-question 3.3: Why do you think certain changes or rules would make public transportation
safer and easier to use for people with disabilities?
GREEN: Improving Public Transport
1 kanang.. kuan... tagaan mi ug mas Need for easier access to Accessibility for the
2 sayon na access sa mga public transportation for Visually Impaired
3 pampubliko na sakayan...kanang those with visual
4 di gud mi mag lisod kaayo....sama impairments. (L 565-569)
5 nako na di kita gud.....

WHITE: The Clear Benefit for pwds

1 Kuan.. Malamang mag butang kag Adding certain changes is regarding Changes in public
2 kining kuan... wheelchair an obvious improvement for Transportations
3 accessible nga kuan sakyanan. mas people with disabilities.
4 luwas ug mas sayon gamiton para (L 1-5)
5 sa mga tawo nga naay mga kuan..
6 adunay kakulangan

RED: Urges the government to Improving Accessible

1 balik balik.. ah patakaran, mao lagi improve transportation Transportation for
2 to akong ingon ganina ang access for people with Disabilities
3 government nato kinahanglan disabilities, inspired by
4 magbuhat pud sila o mangita pud systems in other countries.
5 silag mapaagi ug kanang (2-12)
6 transportation para sa mga PWD
7 kanang like sa hongkong ang mga
8 PWD didto safety gyud sila kay
9 ngano naa man silay sariling
10 agihanan dili parehas sa normal
11 muagi ka pag hagdanan ang didto
12 naa gyud silay kanang mura ganig
13 alsahon gani sila say ngan ana
14 day?—oh ana oh mga wheel chair
15 para san mga nka wheelchair kuan
16 na knang mura ug comfortable ang
17 mga PWD kung naa ka- naay
18 transportation na ingon ana na
19 kuan kanang sa na naay agianan sa
20 mga PWD kinahanglan atong
21 gobyerno naa pud silay idea ana
para ang atong mga PWD dili sila
mag lisod musakay ug
transportation
YELLOW: Calls for designated spaces Enhancing Public Transport
1 Uhh..same sa ghi ingon nako for persons with disabilities Training and Accessibility
2 ganina ma'am, dili kaayo as in in public transport and for the Disabled
3 na..ato gud kuanon.. kung dili... sa better training for drivers
4 passenger na sakyanan...it should and law enforcers. (L 4-10)
5 be... naa gud dapat designated
6 place ang mga pwd and ih train
7 gud atong mga driver on how to
8 cope with persons with disability
9 kay kung dili man gud oriented si
10 manong driver, it can cause
11 argument between the pwd and the
12 passenger and, dili na.. no need na
13 ih specialized na.. it's just only a
14 information dissemination
15 para tanan uhh..
16 goes...uhh..will...tapos, when it
17 comes to mga law enforcer , ih
orient gud sila....mao rato....
BLUE: Stresses the importance of Implementing Essential
1 Uhh, kay kaning mga gagmay nga small steps to ensure Improvements for Inclusive
2 mga pamaagi noh kay... everyone can use and Public Transport
3 kinahanglanon aron masiguro nga benefit from public
4 ang tanan makagamit ug transportation services. (L
makabenepisyo gikan sa mga 1-7)
5
serbisyo sa kining... public o noh,
6
public transport.

Transcription (Stage 2)
Table 2.1
CODED CORE IDEAS THEMES
TRANSCRIPTION
Research Questions 1: What are the lived experiences of selected PWDs in
public transportation safety system in Davao City?
GREEN: Reliance on jeepneys
“uhh....jeep ra.... .” (Q1.1, L1)
GREEN, Q1.1, L1
Visibility and Hailing
“kanang mag para kay dili Struggle with hailing Challenges
man ko ka klaro.... dira gud public transportation due
ko mag lisod.” GREEN, to vision impairment
Q1.2, L1-3 (Q1.2, L1-3)

ahmm... kanang mas

paligonon pa nila among
sekyuridad aron mas safety
gud mi..... GREEN, Q1.3,
L1-4

WHITE:
Selective use of taxis
(Q1.1, L2-3)
“Depende… kung naay Modes of
budget, taxi.... .” WHITE, Transportation
Q1.1, L2-3 Reliance on jeepneys
(Q1.1,L4-8)
“jeep.pero diraa raman ko,
duol ra akong balay diha sa
kuan.. diha sa Almendras
gym
banda.”WHITE,Q1.1,L4-
8

RED:
“taxi kay ngano Preference of taxis when
comfortable ko sa taxi kay possible
ubos man iyahang kuan (Q1.1, L5-8) Enhance Passenger
ubos iyahang sakaanan.... Seating
.” RED, Q1.1, L5-8 High step for PWD seat
accomodation (Q1.1,
“kanang kuan kay kung sa L9-14)
jeep ko taas kaayong
hagdanan sa jeep dili pud
ko comfortable nga
musakay ko sa frontseat kay
kuan taas.” RED, Q1.1,
L9-14

“dili gyud ingon nga na Riding taxis to ensure Safety and Comfort in
knang safety jud ka labi na safety Travels
ug mag labang labang ka o (Q1.1L29-35)
kinahanglan ako mag taxi
jud ko kay ngano destino
jud ko sakong kuan
sakoang residential.” RED,
Q1.1L29-35

“kanang na gabihian ko sa
hospital nya wala nakoy Struggling to ride home late Challenges of nighttime
kanang lain nga masangpit from the hospital commuting
kun dili ang katong kuan (Q1.2, L1-11)
kanang nakasakay ko ug
kanang motor nga taas
kaayo ang motor ha kanang
habal habal nga nagsakit
gyud akong tiil ni ngotngot
jud akong tiil.” RED, Q
1.2, L1-11

YELLOW:
“mag kuan ka.. mag..para
kag mga jeep kana..then, Struggling with hailing
pag mo sakay kana Jeepneys
ahh..some passenger dili na (Q1.2, L2-7)
lang mo.. mo urong
pasulod”YELLOW, Q1.2,
L2-7
Inconsiderate PWD
“dili na anako gina claim
seating
ang sa atubangan bisan pa
(Q1.2, L8-18) Design and
sa pwd na..uhhh... dili nako
Infrastructure \
ana kay usually lisod man
gud ang tikangono bah..
akong gina prefer kay
kaning sa likod gni
....kaning sa last.. para pag
baba nako dili nako maka
tamak ug lain.... .”
YELLOW, Q1.2, L8-18

“biggest hindrance sa
Struggling with hailing Accessibility
aming mga visualy
jeepneys Challenges
impaired ...uhh.. maraming
(Q1.3,L8-20)
kinekwento mga kasamahan
ko yung pinaka biggest
problem is yung paano mag
para, kay ang sign board
dili makita namo, that is
number one ..uhh problem,
ikaduha, dili dayon ma
pansin sa driver, especially
if dili mi mag dala ug
cane.” YELLOW,
Q1.3,L8-20

BLUE:
“discrimination at
first...diba supposed to be
dapat naa mi sa front seat, Discrimination and Instances of Verbal or
or at the back sa pinaka inconsiderate passengers Non-Verbal
first nga lingkoranan, pero (Q1.2, L2-9) Discrimination
need pa nimo mushout labi
nag naa kay karga please
pa urong nalang .... .”
BLUE, Q1.2, L2-9

uhhhhm… atoang public

transportation is, naa man
tay mga.. jeep, buses,
pedicab, trycicle, ebike, Opting for free bus rides
diba, dull.. dulltan man ta or taxis during rush hour
naa man ta tanan pero sakoa (Q1.1, L1-11)
is more on ko nagasakay
pag may free ride sa bus
like sa office ni vp sarah, o
mag bus.. pag ano talaga
rush hour, taxi,
BLUE, Q1.1, L1-11

Table 2.2
CODED TRANSCRIPTION CORE IDEAS THEMES

Research Questions 2: What are the challenges and problems encountered by

PWDs relative to protecting themselves in riding public transportation?
GREEN:

“dili gud ko kakita ig kanang mag

para ko ug jeep.....”
GREEN, Q2.1, L2-3
Visibility Issue Policy Enhancements
(Q2.1 L2-3) for Accessibility
“unsa pud na jeep akong sakyan kay (Q2.2L 2-4)
dili mn gud ko kakita kaayo”
GREEN, Q2.2, L2-4

“usahay mangutana rako sa mga tao

kung unsa pud na jeep akong sakyan” Guidance
GREEN, Q2.2, L1-3 (Q2.2, L1-3)
(Q2.3, L1-3)
“ih guide ra gud mi ug tarong unya
tabangan ug makita na mag lisod”
GREEN, Q2.3, L1-3

GREEN:
“dili gud ko kakita ig kanang mag
para ko ug jeep..... ug kanang pag
baba nako..”
Accessibility
GREEN, Q2.1, L2-4
(Q2.1, L2-4)
(Q2.2, L4-5)

“mag lisod gud kog sakay permi...”

GREEN, Q2.2, L4-5

WHITE
“sa mga driver.. kailangan pud siya
ug.. tama pag drive, dili paspas sa
pasahero ba..” Drivers' safety
WHITE, Q2.3, L1-4 awareness for Drivers' awareness
persons with
disabilities
passengers.
(WHITE, Q2.3,
L1-4)

RED:
“sa jeep man gud daghan kaayo kag
kanang ingon na kana ganing Passengers being
maagian kung sa taxi murag thoughtless (Q2.1,
comfortable ko sa taxi” L2-5)
RED, Q2.1, L2-5

“dili jud ko comfortable sa kuan sa

jeep kay ngano naa man guy
pasahero nga pataka lang gani ug
Inconsiderate
lakaw kanang kuan agi, dili gani sila Safe and Informed Passengers
mag excuse me excuse me nya wala Transportation
sila mag tanaw nga ang tiil sa PWD (Q2.1, L12-23)
ila na diay natamakan mao nang dili
gyud ko comfortable nga mag jeep
ko kay ngano kapila na na nahitabo Transportation
saakoa nga na nakuanan akong tiil Choices
nga na tumban mao na nga kuan dili
ko comfortable sa jeep.”
RED, Q2.1, L12-23
Home for Safety
“nakatamak sa tiil ingon pud ko na
tanaw tanaw pud brad tiil ang imong
gitumban dili na salog sa jeep mao
bitaw na nga dili jud ko usahay
katong mga panahona to dili jud ko
ingon nga perminti ko mag jeep kung
nakoy kwarta kana maka taxi jud ko
kay kahit mahal siya safe man sab
ko”
RED, Q2.2, L2-10

Staying home
“para skoa ah para safety ko puyo for safety
nalang siguro kog balay (katawa) (Q2.2,
safety man kaha? tama ba? di nako L2-10)
mag lakaw lakaw di nako mag lakaw
lakaw kay lisod kaayo mag lakaw
lakaw nga kuan pata disabled pa ta
mao na for safety puyo nlng kog
balay”
RED, Q2.3, L1-8
YELLOW:

“gina sure gud nako na akong ma

sakyan everytime na mag
commute
ko..kanang....komportable Comfortable
ko...and, uhh..gina assured nako commuting
na kaya nako, dili ko ma butang (Q2.2, L2-7)
sa alanganin”
YELLOW, Q2.2, L2-7

“me as a visually
impaired..i..i..prefer to always
bring my white cane..na..once na Using visibility
ing ana man gud..kabalo ang mga tools (Q2.1, L1-9)
tao na mo likay na "ay maka
bangga ta"... in that way, pag
makita ka sa driver nga naay cane
dili dayon na magpa harurot ug
dagan.”
YELLOW, Q2.1, L1-9
Using visibility
“trade mark sa mga ing ana..ang tools (Q2.1, Accessible and
cane..” L10-11) Comfortable
YELLOW, Q2.1, L10-11 Commuting

“High priority bus system, which

is, kani siya na system sa
transportation..naa gud...naa gud
mismo sa bus slots for pwd, and
slots for seniors citizen and
pregnant women...pag mangutana
mo sako..na how to help when it Accessibility
comes to accessibility kining mga (Q2.1, L4-17)
pwd na sa gika ingon nimo sa
klase klaseng disability...uhh.. i
would prefer to suggest na mag
butang ug...usaa ka lugar na
pwede dira mag para or mag hulat
ug sakyanan ang mga pwd”
YELLOW, Q2.1, L4-17

Seeking for help

(Q2.1, L7-10)

BLUE:

“tawagon nimo ang attention sa Accessibility

usa ka officer kung kinsa mana si (Q2.3, L3-7)
police bana or si cttmo mana to
guide.”
BLUE, Q2.1, L7-10
“Accessible sa pag lakaw, wheel
chair user sila ug crutches so naa
jud silay gina ingon nato nga Drivers' safety
pakyawan visces. For their safety” awareness for
BLUE, Q2.3, L3-7 persons with
disabilities
passengers.
(L Q2.3,
L17-22)
Empowering
“naa mi kauban na na crutches na Accessibility
hulog sa bus.. Yes kay ni go na
siya wa pa naka lakang. ang isa ka
tiil niya dili siya exactly nga maka
lakang sa steep, sa ano sa
hagdanan sa bus.. “
BLUE, Q2.3, L17-22

Table 2.3
CODED CORE IDEAS THEMES
TRANSCRIPTION
Research Questions 3: What insights and motivations do PWDs have regarding the
implementation of rules or features in public transportation by the local government to
enhance safety for people with disabilities?
GREEN:
“naay uban driver na Missing stops can cause Improving Public
makalimot...mao malampas lateness to important Transport Accessibility
gud ko.” GREEN, Q3.1, events like school and Safety for the
L5-6 (Q3.1, L5-6)

“kanang tutokan gud na
kanaang pati ang mga jeep
driver kay makabalo o
kanang unahon mi o
kuan...ih guide gud ka”
GREEN, Q3.2, L1-4
Improve public transport
“tagaan mi ug mas sayon na
access sa mga pampubliko
na sakayan...kanang di gud
mi mag lisod kaayo”
GREEN, Q3.3, L1-4
Visually Impaired.
Jeepney drivers must
assist passengers with
disabilities attentively.
(Q3.2, L1-4)
access for the visually
impaired.
(Q3.3, L1-4)

WHITE: Non-identifying disabled

“dili ko pwd sakong
pananaw so dili kaayu nako
ma kuan ining mga
problema kay dili nako kuan
akong sarili.” WHITE,
Q3.1, L1-4
“kailangan ma.. ma apply
lang jud ang kuan katung
magnakarta, sa balaod sa
pwd” WHITE, Q3.2, L1-4
“mas luwas ug mas sayon
gamiton para sa mga tawo
nga naay mga kuan.. adunay
kakulangan” WHITE,
Q3.3, L3-6
individuals often adopt
distinct lifestyle practices. Implementing Disability
(Q3.1, L1-4) Laws to Boost Public
Transport Accessibility
and Safety.
Enforce disability
protection laws properly.
(Q3.2, L1-4)
Modify public transport
for safer, easier use by
disabled persons.
(Q3.3, L3-6)

RED:
“kung naa man gud ko sa
tunga gud ko sa kanang
duol ko sa pultahan sa
jeep dili man gud nato ma
ma kuanan tanan dili ma
hibawan nga ingon bitaw
ko kaganina nga naa juy
taw na dili mag tanaw sila
Risks arise from sitting
near jeepney doors amid
inattentive passengers.
(Q3.1, L8-14)
Improving PWD Safety
in Public Transport
through Legislative and
Structural Changes.
Adopting Practices from
kung unsa ilang na
tumban” RED 3, Q3.1,
L8-14
“dapat mag hatag ra jud
ug balaod ang gobyerno
aron ma priority jud mi
mga PWD” RED, Q3.2,
L1-3
“sa hongkong ang mga
PWD didto safety gyud
sila kay ngano naa man
silay sariling agihanan”
RED, Q3.3, L6-9
YELLOW:
“kanang mag para gud ug
jeep kay dili man gud ko
ka kita...gamay rgud..”
YELLOW, Q3.1, 1-3
“ih orient ang mga
driver... ug ang mga
common passnger and law
enforcer” YELLOW, Q3.2,
L1-3
“ih train gud atong mga
driver on how to cope with
persons with disability kay
kung dili man gud
oriented si manong driver,
it can cause argument
between the pwd and the
passenger” YELLOW,
Q3.3, L6-11
BLUE:
other countries for PWD
Safety and Accessibility
Legislation should
prioritize persons with
disabilities.
(Q3.2, L1-3)
Designate pathways and
transport for PWD safety
and access, like in Hong
Kong.
(Q3.3, L6-9)
Limited vision Enhancing Driver and
complicates hailing Passenger Awareness for
jeepneys. PWD Needs
(Q3.1, 1-3)
Conflict Prevention
through Disability
Educate drivers, Awareness
passengers, and law
enforcers on disability
needs.
(Q3.2, L1-3)
(Q3.3, L6-11)
“kanang kuan lang tung Experiences of Combating
ingon nako... discrimination against Discrimination and
discrimination” BLUE, persons with disabilities Fostering Youth
Q3.1, L1-2 (Q3.1, L1-2) Empathy and Support
for PWDs.
“pag maka kita mog Encouraging empathy and
ingonana dili pud ingon assistance for persons
totally pasagdan kondili with disabilities among Implementing Inclusive
naa pud tay heart na the youth Measures in Public
atleast ma tabangan nato (Q3.2, L10-13) Transport
sila” BLUE, Q3.2, L10-13

“kaning mga gagmay nga

Small measures are
mga pamaagi noh kay...
necessary to ensure
kinahanglanon aron
everyone can use and
masiguro nga ang tanan benefit from public
makagamit ug transport services.
makabenepisyo gikan sa (Q3.3, L1-6)
mga serbisyo sa kining...
public o noh, public
transport.” BLUE, Q3.3,
L1-6
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: Rhoan Blez P. Aguelo
Birthday: May 3, 2007
Age: 16
Grade and Section: 11 - Fleming
Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
Address: BLK. 2, Lot 4 & 5, Pizarro Vill., Panacan, Davao City

Contact Number/s: 09458164162

Email Address: rbAguelo@mcm.edu.ph

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: Mapua Malayan Colleges Mindanao

Junior High School: Jose Maria College Foundation Inc.
Elementary: Jose Maria College Foundation Inc.

AWARDS/ACHIEVEMENTS

Mathematics Trainers’ Guild National Qualifier February 2020

Regional Schools Press Conference Qualifier November 2018

Division Schools Press Conference 2nd placer (News Writing) September 2018

Mathematics Trainers’ Guild National Qualifier April 2017

OTHER SKILLS AND INTEREST

Skill/s: Cooking
Talents: Cooking
Hobbies: Reading
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Erica Mhel F. Alvarez

Birthday: December 29, 2006

Birthday: December 29, 2006

Age: 17
Grade and Section: 11- Fleming
Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
Address: Purok 35 Maharlika Village Ma-a, Davao City
Contact Number/s: 09485333768
Email Address: emAlvarez@mcm.edu.ph

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: Mapua Malayan Colleges Mindanao

Junior High School: Davao City National High School
Elementary: Kapitan Tomas Monteverde Senior Central Elementary School

AWARDS/ACHIEVEMENTS

Manila Bulletin Art Competition Qualifier September 2018

2nd Place, Spelling Bee October 2017

OTHER SKILLS AND INTEREST

Skill/s: Drawing
Talents: Dancing
Hobbies: Drawing and Reading
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name: Teddy Lark P. Limbo
Birthday: February 13, 2007
Age: 17
Grade and Section: 11- Fleming
Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
Address: BLK. 9, Lot 7, Carnation St., Montclair Highlands Diversion
Road, Davao City
Contact Number/s: 09171022953
Email Address: tlLimbo@mcm.edu.ph

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: Mapua Malayan Colleges Mindanao

Junior High School: Shalom Crest Wizard Academy Gensan SCWA Gensan, Colegio De
San Ignacio
Elementary: Exegesis

AWARDS/ACHIEVEMENTS

Licensed Scuba Diver October 2023

Fortnite CashCup qualifier April 2020

OTHER SKILLS AND INTEREST

Skill/s: Good at multiple Instruments

Talents: Relative pitch hearing
Hobbies: Music, Video games, Movies, Books
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Vincent Fernan P. Molina

Birthday: May 11, 2006
Age: 17
Grade and Section: 11- Fleming
Strand: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
Address: Agan East Block 7 Lot 12 Phase 2
Contact Number/s: 09267804745
Email Address: vfmolina@mcm.edu.ph

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: Mapua Malayan Colleges Mindanao

Junior High School: Koronadal National Comprehensive High School
Elementary: Koronadal City Elementary School

AWARDS/ACHIEVEMENTS

Borneo Cup Malaysia semifinalist October 2019

Palarong Pambansa quarterfinalist April 2019

Palarong Pambansa quarterfinalist April 2018

MTAP Deped Math Challenge Gold April 2018

OTHER SKILLS AND INTEREST

Skill/s: Football
Talents: Playing video games
Hobbies: Playing video games