Table sugar

Tasteless Part of the cell

membrane components Fruit juices

Insoluble in water Sugar cane

Structural components of
many organisms
Honey
High molecular weight
Store energy
Maltose, sucrose, Fibers
Soluble in water lactose
Provide energy Beer
Low molecular weight Double sugars Characteristics
Milk
Characteristics Chitin, cellulose,
Sweet to taste amylose, glycogen,
Provides flexibility Provides strength and support to Oligosaccharides Etc Unhealthy when ingested
ligaments, tendons, and skin Red meat, cheese, butter

Found in the hair, Simple sugars Disaccharides Polysachharides

Functions Found in
nails, and skin Elastin Solid at room temperature
Collagen Give strength and structure to
Network of proteins that Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose Monosaccharides Classification our cell membrane and are
maintain the cell shape Keratin important for the bones
No C=C bonds Straight chain
Provide support
Cytoskeleton to the cells They are chains of amino Carbohydrates are Sugar molecules joined by
Cocoons and acids (polypeptide chains) Carbohydrates Structure
(CH2O)n biomolecules consisting of carbon, glycosidic bonds Saturated C-H bonds
spider webs linked by peptide bonds 3 fatty acid chains joined to a glycerol
Silk Structural hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Proteins are molecules Work for long term storage of energy and
composed of amino acids Lipids are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen insulation for animals, stores and transfers Olives, nuts, seeds, Liquid at room Bent chain
Myosin, actin, and myoglobin Related to the movement Types temperature
and oxygenation of muscles Contractile genetic information, fights disease avocado, fish
If there are more C=C bonds
Casein and ferritin At least one C=C bond in the
Store nutrients Storage
Globular Globular and fibrous Proteins Biomolecules Lipids Classification Triglycerides Saturated and unsaturated Unsaturated fatty acid chains
in the other chains it becomes
polyunsaturated
Composed of three 2 fatty acid chains and a Hydrophobic and Monounsaturated
Round or spherical with Fibrous They are polymers of phosphate groups Phospholipids
Surcase, lactase, polymerase, Catalyze chemical Found in ATP and ADP ATP phosphate head hydrophilic
Enzyme an irregular surface nucleotides (monomers) attached to themselves
ligase, and trypsin reactions inside cells The fatty acids are non-polar,
and a ribose, which is
attached to an adenine Part of the cell membrane as the hydrophobic (don’t dissolve in water)
Primarily tertiary or Rod or thread shaped chain Animals Nucleic acids ADP Steroids 4 joined carbon phospholipid bilateral
Communication Plants
Immunoglobulins Cytokines Signaling quaternary structures rings
with other cells The phosphate head is polar,
Composed of a phosphate
group, a pentose sugar, Lower energy (diphosphate Supplies energy hydrophilic (dissolves in water)
They transport substances across the Primary and secondary Hormones, vitamins,
Oats Eggs and a nitrogenous base instead of triphosphate) for the cells
body and regulate what enters and structures cholesterol
Regulates the amount of Recognize and attack invaders Protection
Insulin exits the cell membrane
glucose in the blood like virus or bacteria (antibodies) Tofu Chicken Found in the DNA DNA and RNA RNA Found in the nucleus
cell nucleus and the cytoplasm Waxes Solid at room temperature
Soluble in water They provide structure, support and
protection to cells, and construct connective Brown rice Tuna
It determines the Regulate the metabolism and Purines pair with
Growth hormone Hormone tissue like tendons and bones Double helix Single helix (strand) Insoluble in water
height of a person the nervous system Sensitive to pH and pyramidines
temperature changes Salmon
Quinoa To provide isolation Beeswax, earwax,
In the nerve cells they Act as enzymes Insoluble in water
Nitrogen base Nitrogen base and protection was on leaves
detect neurotransmitters and receptors Hydrophilic groups are in the pairs: c-g and a-t
Cell membrane Lentils Pork pairs: c-g and a-u
outside of the structure
Less sensitive to pH and
Regulate movement temperature changes Bases attached Hydrogen
3 types Cashews Beef Bases attached
inside and out of it Integral to the sugar bonds join the
Peripheral to the sugar
Hemoglobin and enzymes bases between
Hydrophobic groups are in the the two strands
Lipid-bound outside of the structure Almonds Deoxyribose
Milk Ribose

Contains genes, which determine It’s in charge of translating DNA and

Collagen and keratin Broccoli Cheese encoding it’s sequence to make proteins Directly involved in the
our traits and our heritage
which express the traits of the genetic code process of protein synthesis
Carry substances Transport
Hemoglobin and lipoproteins
through the body The DNA double helix unwinds
Replication
so a polymerase can read a
strand and produce a new tRNA rRNA mRNA
Maintain the right amount In the blood
Albumin antiparallel complementary
of liquid in the blood
strand during cell division
Brings amino acids to the ribosomes and Binds to the ribosomes so Carries the instructions from the
Clots blood Fibrinogen matches them to the encoded mRNA strand to they can begin encoding DNA in the nucleus to the
Move the cell It is folded into structures synthesize a polypeptide (protein) cytoplasm and ribosomes
the mRNA strand
called chromosomes

Flagella Allow cells to move from place to place Motor

Mutations lead
to evolution
Move components Translation and
Cilia transcription
around the cell

References:
- https://www.thoughtco.com/protein-structure-373563
Structural levels of proteins - https://askhematologist.com/abnormal-hemoglobins/
- https://adaptivecoach.com/2020/08/26/collagen-application-information/
- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Chemical-structures-of-different-storage-lipids-in-zooplankton-Wax-ester-221-alcohol_fig10_240809376
- https://www.britannica.com/science/steroid
- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/phospholipids/
- https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3/lipids