1

Adverb Clause
BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 2

 An adverb clause is a clause that adds some more

information about place, time, degree, manner…
 TYPES OF ADVERB CLAUSE
1. Cause/reason
2. Contrast
3. Condition
ADVERB 4. Purpose
CLAUSE 5. Time
6. Place
7. Manner
8. Comparison
9. Result/effect

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 3

 Answers the question “why”

 Can come before or after independent clause
 The subordinators are:
1. because => because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
2. for => The president couldn’t win the election for his
Adverb clause allies didn’t campaign well.

of Cause and 3. as
4. as long as ( ‫ به شرطی که‬،‫)تا زمانیکه‬
effect
5. so long as) ‫( تا وقتی که‬
6. since )‫(بخاطریکه‬
7. now that )‫(حاال که‬
8. inasmuch as )‫(از آنجاییکه‬

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 4

 Talks about two opposite ideas

 Two types of it are available
1. Direct contrast: dependent and independent clauses
are in direct contrast
 Subordinators: whereas & while

Adverb clause 2. Concession contrast: “this idea is true, but the idea
in the independent clause is more important.”
of contrast  Subordinators: although, even though, though
 Although I had studied all night, I fail the test.
 Kabul is very cold in the winter, whereas Jalalabad is
warm.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 5

Adverb clause of condition

Zero Conditional
 Expresses thing that is always true Condition Result
 Real condition
 Result that are always true If you leave It melts.
If simple present, simple present. ice-cream in
 Examples the sun,
1. If the wind blows, the trees move.
2. The trees move if the wind blows.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 6

Continue…
We can use imperative with 0 conditional
Imperative means command, order…
Example
1. If Ali calls, don’t answer the phone.
2. When you get home, call me.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 7

First Conditional
 Shows a possible future condition with its possible future result.
condition result
 If + present simple, will + infinitive
 Example;
1. If we don’t leave soon, we will miss our train.
2. We will miss our train if we don’t leave soon.
3. If I am late for work again, I might lose my job.
Note: might,, can, may, going to are possible with main clause.
BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI
 8

Second Conditional
 It shows imaginary, unreal, hypothetical condition; imaginary,
unreal and hypothetical result.
 Talks about unreal present
condition result
 If + simple past tense would + infinitive
 Example
1. If I won the lottery, I would buy a beautiful house.
2. If I were a wealthy man, I wouldn’t have to work hard.
Note; might and could also possible.
BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI
 9

Third conditional
 It shows unreal, impossible, hypothetical conditions; unreal,
impossible, hypothetical results.
 Talks about unreal past
condition Result
If + past perfect would/could have + past participle
Example
1. If I had practiced a lot, I would have been the first position.
2. I would have made more food if I had known Ali and his
family were coming.
BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI
 10

Type mixed
1.Mixed third/second: shows past hypothetical
condition with a present result
If clause Main Clause
Past perfect would/could/might + infinitive
Eg. If I had been elected, I would be the president
now.
If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
If I had not dropped out of school, I might have a
better job.
BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI
 Type mixed 11

2. Mixed second/third: shows the present hypothetical

condition with a past result.
If clause Main Clause
If + simple past would/could/might + have pp(v3)
e.G If I were a girl, they would have given me the job.
If I didn’t have so much work, I would have gone to
the party.
If I spoke German, I would have understood them.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 12

Some common expression with conditional

1. Even if: used to emphasize that nothing 4. Unless = if… not
can change a situation
The theater will close if some extra money
I would not tell you even if I knew. isn’t found.
Even if she survives, she will never fully The theater will close unless some extra
recover. money is found.
2. Whether or not: expresses the idea that
neither this condition nor that condition
5. Only if: only one condition will cause a
matters
particular result.
I will go to Bamayan, whether Ali goes or not
= when only if begins a sentence, the
3. In case / in the even that: means “if by subject and verb of main clause are inverted
chance this should happen.”
Only if my father agrees will we go to picnic.
Bring a map in case you get lost.
BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI
 13

 Shows the purpose of an action in the independent

clause
 Subordinators:
1. So that
Adverb clause 2. In order that
of purpose  Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can get
higher crop.

 We study English in order that we want to make a

better future for ourselves.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 14

 Shows when the action in the independent clause

took place
 Subordinators:
1. when
2. while(during the time)
Adverb clause 3. as(during the time)

of time 4. since(form that time to the present)

5. before
6. after
7. till , until
8. by the time(before the time)

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 15

 A. by the time:
o Adverb clause: simple present
o Main clause: future perfect
 By the time he arrives here, we will have done all the
necessary things.
o Adverb clause: simple past
o Main clause: past perfect
 By the time he brought the assignments, the teacher had left
Continue … the class.

 B. since
 Adverb clause: simple past Main clause: present perfect
 Since he got the class, he has learnt a lot about Algebra
problems.
 He has earned a lot of money, since he stated his new job.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 16

 Show where the action in the main clause take place

 Subordinators:
1. Where
2. Wherever
Adverb clause
3. Everywhere
of place 4. Anywhere
 Most people shop where they get the lowest price.
 We can use ATM card everywhere we shop.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 17

 Answers the questions “how”

 Follows the independent clause
 Subordinators
1. As
2. As if
3. As though
Adverb clause  Present time – simple past
of manner  Past time – past perfect
 Note: the conjunctions ‘as if’ and ‘as though’ have the same
meaning.
He works as if he were an old man.
He groaned as if he had been seriously injured.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 18

As + adverb + as => distance

Adverb clause  Follows the independent clause

of distance 1. Fire destroyed the trees in the forest as far as the

eyes could see.
2. She ran as fast as she could catch the bus.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

 19

 Answers the question “how often”

 Follows the independent clause

Adverb clause As + adverb + as => frequency

of frequency I don’t visit my father as often as a responsible child
should do.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI

  Show the differences or similarities between two people, things
20
or places.
 Subordinators:
 Equal comparison
1. As + adjective + as
2. As+ much +as
3. As + many +as
 than (unequal comparison)
Adverb clause  negative comparison:
comparison 1. Not + as + many +as
2. Not +as + much + as
3. Not + as + adjective + as
He is as bright as I am.
She works harder than I do.
She is as beautiful as she is intelligent.
BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI
 21

 Shows the effect or consequences of the information

in the main clause
 Subordinators:
1. So + adjective/adverb + that
2. Such + a(n) + noun + that
3. So much/many + noun + that

Adverb clause 4. So little/few + noun + that

of result  My business is so successful that I hired ten more

employees.
 My business is such a success that I hired people.
 I have so many books that I don’t know which I
should study first.
 I have so little time that I haven’t vacation this month.

BY AHMAD FARDIN ZAHEDI