HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 mark)

1. When two non-intersecting and non-coplanar shafts are connected by gears, the
arrangement is known as
A. Spur gearing B. Helical gearing
C. Bevel gearing D. Spiral gearing

2. The gears are termed as medium velocity gears, if their peripheral velocity is
A. 1 – 3 m/s B. 3 – 15 m/s
C. 15 – 30 m/s D. 30 – 50 m/s

3. The minimum number of teeth which can be cut for standard tooth, for given
pressure angle φ is equal to
A. Sin2φ/2 B. 2/sin2φ
C. 2 sin φ2
D. 2/sinφ
E. 2/sin2φ

4. Backlash in spur gears is the

A. Difference between the B. Difference between the tooth
dedendum of one gear and the space of one gear and the tooth
addendum of the mating gear. thickness of the mating gear
measured on the pitch circle.
C. Intentional extension of centre D. Does not exists
distance between two gears
E. None of the above

5. In which type of teeth, variation in centre distance which limits does not affect
the velocity ratio of the mating gears
A. Cycloidal B. Involute
C. Hypoid D. All of the above
E. None of the above

6. Which of the following tooth profiles can take very heavy load
A. 141/2° composite system B. 141/2° full depth involute system
C. 20° full depth involute D. 141/2° stub involute
E. 20° stub involute

7. Clearance in spur gears is the

A. Difference between the B. Difference between the tooth
dedendum of one gear and the space of one gear and the tooth
addendum of the mating gear. thickness of the mating gear
measured on the pitch circle.
C. Intentional extension of centre D. Does not exist.
distance between two gears.
E. None of the above.

8. Miter gears are

A. Right angled bevel gears having B. Spur gears of equal diameter and
same number of teeth. pitch.
C. Helical gears of same module. D. Gears of different module.
E. A kind of worm wheel and gear.
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

9. Low pressure angle gears result in

A. Stronger teeth B. Weaker teeth
C. Strength has nothing to do with D. Could be stronger or weaker
pressure angle. depending on module adopted.
E. None of the above.

10. The wear on the gear teeth can be equalized (while large and a small gear are
running together) by
A. Making the gear harder than the B. Making the pinion harder than the
pinion gear.
C. Making both gear and pinion of D. Using non-metallic materials for
same hardness. both.
E. Using non-ferrous materials for
both.

11. The value of form factor used in design of gear is

A. Independent of the size of the tool B. Depends on the number of teeth
on a gear
C. Depends on the system of the D. All of the above
teeth
E. (b) and (c) above

12. The gear reduction of a worm gear set with worm gear of 50 teeth and worm of
double lead thread would be
A. 50:1 B. 100:1
C. 25:1 D. Any one of the above
E. None of the above

13. If the number of teeth on two bevel gears in mesh is 30 and 60 , then the cone
pitch angle of the pinion will be
A. tan-12 B. tan-1 0.5
C. sin-10.5 D. sin-12
E. None of the above

14. Pitch lead angel in worm gears is the angle between the
A. Tangent to the pitch helix and the B. Tangent to the pitch helix and an
plane of rotation element of the pitch cylinder
C. Half the angel between two D. All of the above
inclined faces in axial plane
E. None of the above

15. Pressure angel in worm gears is the angel between

A. Tangent to the pitch helix and the B. Tangent to the pitch helix and an
plane of rotation element of the pitch cylinder
C. Half the angel between two D. All of the above
inclined faces in axial plane
E. None of the above
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

16. Helix angel in the worm gear is the angel between the
A. Tangent to the pitch helix and the B. Tangent to the pitch helix and an
plane of rotation element of the pitch cylinder
C. Half the angel between two D. All of the above
inclined faces in axial plane
E. None of the above

17. Gear used in machine tools must have the contact ratio of
A. Equal to 1 B. Less than 1
C. Equal to 1.4 D. Less than 1.4
E. More than 1.4

18. For accurately cut gears operating at velocities upto 20m/s ,the velocity factor is
equal to
A. 3/(3+v) B. 6/(6+v)
C. 9/(9+v) D. {((.75/(1+v))+.25}
E. None of the above
19. Best profile of gear to withstand resistance to wear is
A. 14.5° full depth involute tooth B. 20° involute stub tooth
C. 20° full depth involute tooth D. 14.5° stub tooth
E. None of the above

20. Zero axial thrust is expressed in

A. Helical gears B. Bevel gears
C. Spiral gears D. Worm gears
E. Herringbone gears
21. Surface endurance limit of gear material is dependent on its
A. Coefficient of elasticity B. Elastic strength
C. Brinell hardness test D. Yield strength
E. toughness

22. To avoid interference in internal gears , the internal gears as compared to pinion
with 14.5° full height teeth should have at least
A. 7 teeth more B. 12 teeth more
C. 20 teeth more D. 28 teeth more
E. None of the above

23. If both pinion and gear are made of the same material , then the load
transmitting capacity is decided by
A. Gear B. Pinion
C. Any one of the two D. Both should be considered
independently for tooth strength
E. There are many other
considerations

24. Bearing characteristics number relating Z-absolute viscosity of lubricant , N-

speed of journal and p-bearing pressure on projected bearing area is
A. ZN/p B. p/ZN
C. Z/pN D. N/pZ
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

E. pN/Z

25. Which of the following is anti-friction bearing

A. Pedestal bearing B. Collar bearing
C. Full journal bearing D. Hydrostatic bearing
E. Needle bearing

26. Anti-friction bearing are

A. Sleeve bearing B. Gas lubricated bearing
C. Ball and roller bearing D. Special bearings requiring no
lubricant
E. Plastic bearing

27. Which of the following is called the divided journal bearings

A. Ball and roller bearings B. Pivot bearings
C. Split carbon bearings D. Plummer block
E. Collar bearings

28. Which of the following parameters should be monitored for determining safe
operation of journal bearings
A. Oil pressure B. Bearing metal temperature
C. Drain oil temperature D. Bearing vibrations
E. All of the above

29. Railroad car bearing is a

A. Ball bearing B. Roller bearing
C. Needle bearing D. Full journal bearing
E. Partial journal bearing

30. For a block brake, the equivalent coefficient of friction is equal to

µ=coefficient of friction of materials of block and wheel
A. µ[4sinθ/(2θ+sin2θ)] B. µ[2sinθ/(2θ+sin2θ)]
C. µ[4sin2θ/(2θ+sin2θ)] D. µ[sin2θ/(4θ+sin2θ)]
E. µ[2sinθ/(4θ+sin2θ)]

31. In block brakes, the ratio of shoe width and wheel diameter is kept between
A. 0.1 and 0.25 B. 0.25 and 0.50
C. 0.50 and 0.75 D. 0.75 and 1
E. None of the above

32. The percentage of total brake effort thet results from self energizing action
depends on
A. The location of the brake arm B. The coeficient of friction
pivot point
C. The direction of rotation of the D. All of the above
brake drum
E. None of the above

33. In order to prevent the brake arm from grabbing, the moment of friction force
about the brake arm pivot point should be
A. Less than the total braking effort B. Greater than the total braking
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

effort
C. Equal to the total required D. Zero
braking effort
E. None of the above

34. In an involute gear, the base circle must be

A. At root circle B. Under root circle
C. Above root circle D. Under pitch circle
E. Above pitch circle

35. According to IBR, the following type of joint is preferred for circumferential
joint
A. Lap B. Butt
C. Welded joint D. Any of the above
E. None of the above

36. For designing thick cylinders, following equation is used

A. Barlow’s B. Birnie’s
C. Lame’s D. Clavarino
E. All of the above

37. The following is not a Friction clutch:

a) Fluid clutch b) Centrifugal clutch c) Cone clutch d) Disc clutch

38. The following is known as positive clutch:

a) Single plate clutch b) Cone clutch c) Dog clutch d) Centrifugal clutch

39. The following type of arrangement is used in synchromesh type gear box:
a) Single plate clutch b) Fluid clutch c) Dog clutch d) Semi-centrifugal clutch

40. The torque which a clutch can transmit, depends upon the:
a) coefficient of friction b) spring force c) contact surfaces d) all of the above

41. In Disc clutch, the clutch disc acts as a:

a) driving member b) driven member c) neutral member d) any of the above

42. In Disc clutch, engine flywheel acts as a:

a) driving plate b) driven plate c) pressure plate d) none of the above

43. The following type of spring(s) is (are) employed in the pressure plate:
a) Coil springs b) Diaphragm type conical spring c) both (a) and (b) d) none of the
above

44. The following is an automatic clutch which is controlled by engine speed:

a) Cone clutch b) Centrifugal clutch c) fluid clutch d) Disc clutch

45. A jaw clutch is essentially a:

a) positive action clutch b) cone clutch c) friction clutch d) disc clutch

46. Clutch and friction linings are ___ to the clutch plate:
a) Riveted b) welded c) bolted d) any of the above
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

47. The energy absorb by brake is always kinetic:

a) No, potential b) Kinetic or potential c) Potential d) Strain Energy

48. Pneumatic brakes are same as electrical brakes:

a) Yes both are concerned with electricity b) No, one deals with pressure and other with
electricity c) Yes both deals with pressure d) None of the listed

49. A brake commonly used in railway trains is:

(a) shoe brake (b) band brake (c) band and block brake (d) internal expanding brake

50. A brake commonly used in motor cars is:

(a) shoe brake (b) band brake (c) band and block brake (d) internal expanding brake.

51. The material used for brake lining should have ............. coefficient of friction:
(a) low (b) high c) may be low or high d) none of these

52. When the frictional force helps to apply the brake, then the brake is said to be:
(a) self-energizing brake (b) self-locking brake c)pivot brake d) none of these

53. For a band brake, the width of the band for a drum diameter greater than 1 m, should not
exceed:
(a) 150 (b) 200 mm (c) 250 mm (d) 300 mm

54. When brakes are applied on a moving vehicle; the kinetic energy is converted to:
a) Heat energy b) Electrical energy c) Potential energy d) Mechanical energy

55. The force required to stop a vehicle is dependent on:

a) The deceleration rate b) the weight of vehicle c) both (a) and (b) d) None of the
above
56. The following is not a drum brake:
a) Disc brake b) External contracting brake c) Internal expanding brake d) All of the
above
57. The common normal to the curves of the two teeth must not pass through the pitch point:
a) True b) It must pass c) It may or may not pass d) None of the listed

58. Which of the following can be used for power transmission in intersecting shafts:
a) Spur Gear b) Helical Gear c) Bevel Gear d) None of the listed

59. Which of the following is not true about gears?

a) Positive drive b) Constant velocity ratio c) Transmit large power d) Bulky
construction

60. Herringbone gear can be used in:

a) Intersecting shafts only b) Parallel shafts only c) Both intersection and parallel
shafts d) None of the mentioned

61. Bevel gears impose ____ loads on the shafts:

a) Radial and thrust b) Radial c) Thrust d) Neither radial nor thrust
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

62. Required velocity ratio is 60:1, which of the following are recommended?
a) Worm b) Spur c) Bevel d) None of the mentioned

63. For a constant velocity ratio, the common normal to the tooth profile at point of contact
must pass through a continuously variable point:
a) True b) It pass through a fixed point c) Constant velocity ratio isn’t
required, hence variable point is preferred d) None of the listed

64. Among spur gear and helical gear, which has smooth engagement and thus lesser noise?
a) Helical Gears b) Spur Gears c) Both have equal noises d) Can’t be
determined
65. Pressure angle is _____ in case of cycloidal teeth:
a) Constant b) Variable c) zero d) None of the listed

66. Product of diametric pitch and circular pitch is:

a) π b) 1/π c) None of the listed d) 2

67. Tangential stress in a cylinder is given by [symbols have their usual meanings]:
a) PD/2t b) 2PD/t c) PD/4t d) 4PD/t

68. Longitudinal stress in a cylinder is given by [symbols have their usual meanings]:
a) PD/2t b) 2PD/t c) PD/4t d) 4PD/t

69. Cylinder having inner diameter to wall thickness ratio less than 15 are:
a) Thin cylinders b) Thick Cylinders c) Moderate cylinders d) None of the listed

70. Autofrettage is a process of ___ stressing the cylinder:

a) Pre b) Post c) Over d) None of the listed

71. A compound cylinder consists of:

a) 2 cylinders b) Cylinder and a jacket c) 2 jackets d) At least two cylinders

72. A pressure vessel is said to be a thin cylindrical shell, if the ratio of the wall thickness of
the shell to its diameter is:
(a) equal to 1/10 (b) less than 1/10 c) more than 1/10 (d) none of these

73. In case of pressure vessels having open ends, the fluid pressure induces:
(a) longitudinal stress (b) circumferential stress (c) shear stress (d) none of these

74. The longitudinal stress is ...... of the circumferential stress:

(a) one-half (b) two-third (c) three-fourth d) none of these

75. The design of the pressure vessel is based on:

(a) longitudinal stress (b) hoop stress (c) longitudinal and hoop stress
(d) none of these

76. In case of thick cylinders, the tangential stress across the thickness of cylinder is:
(a) Maximum at the outer surface and minimum at the inner surface
(b) Maximum at the inner surface and minimum at the outer surface
(c) Maximum at the inner surface and zero at the outer surface
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(d) Maximum at the outer surface and zero at the inner surface

77. Ina full journal bearing, the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is:
a) 120° b) 180° c) 270° d) 360°

78. Sliding bearing which can support steady loads without any relative motion between the
journal and the bearing is called:
a) Zero film bearing b) boundary lubricated bearing c) hydrodynamic lubricated
bearing (d) hydrostatic lubricated bearing

79. In a boundary lubricated bearing, there is a ................ of lubricant between the journal
and the bearing:
a) Thick film b) thin film c) both of these d) none of these

80. When a shaft rotates in anticlockwise direction at slow speed in a bearing, then it will:
a) Have contact at the lowest point of bearing
b) Move towards right of the bearing making metal to metal contact
(c) Move towards left of the bearing making metal to metal contact
d) Move towards right of the bearing making no metal to metal contact

81. The property of a bearing material which has the ability to accommodate small particles
of dust, grit etc., without scoring the material of the journal, is called:
a) bondability b) embeddability c) conformability d) fatigue strength

82. Teflon is used for bearings because of:

a) Low coefficient of friction b) better heat dissipation c) smaller space
consideration (d) all of these

83. When the bearing is subjected to large fluctuations of load and heavy impacts, the bearing
characteristic number should be ............... the bearing modulus:
a) 5 times b) 10 times c) 15 times d) 20 times

84. When the length of the journal is equal to the diameter of the journal, then the bearing is
said to be a:
a) Short bearing b) long bearing c) medium bearing d) square bearing

85. If Z = Absolute viscosity of the lubricant in kg/m-s, N = Speed of the journal in r.p.m.,
and p = Bearing pressure in N/mm2, then the bearing characteristic number is:
a) Z N/ p (b) Z p/N c) Z/p N d) p N/Z

86. In thrust bearings, the load acts:

a) along the axis of rotation b) parallel to the axis of rotation c) perpendicular to the
axis of rotation d) in any direction

87. The rolling contact bearings are known as:

a) Thick lubricated bearings b) plastic bearings c) thin lubricated bearings d) antifriction
bearings

88. The bearings of medium series have capacity .......... over the light series:
(a) 10 to 20% b) 20 to 30% c) 30 to 40% d) 40 to 50%
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

89. The bearings of heavy series have capacity .......... over the medium series:
a) 10 to 20% b) 20 to 30% c) 30 to 40% d) 40 to 50%

90. The ball bearings are usually made from:

a) Low carbon steel b) medium carbon steel c) high speed steel d) chrome nickel
steel

91. The tapered roller bearings can take:

a) Radial load only b) axial load only c) both radial and axial loads (d) none
of the above

92. The piston pin bearings in heavy duty diesel engines are:
a) Needle roller bearings b) tapered roller bearings c) spherical roller bearings
(d) cylindrical roller bearings

93. Which of the following is antifriction bearing?

a) journal bearing b) pedestal bearing c) collar bearing d) needle bearing

94. Ball and roller bearings in comparison to sliding bearings have:

a) More accuracy in alignment b) small overall dimensions c) low starting and
running friction d) all of these

95. A bearing is designated by the number 405. It means that a bearing is of:
a) Light series with bore of 5 mm b) medium series with bore of 15 mm
c) heavy series with bore of 25 mm d) light series with width of 20 mm

96. The listed life of a rolling bearing, in a catalogue, is the:

a) Minimum expected life b) maximum expected life c) average life d) none
of these

MCQ Answer key

01: D, 02: B, 03: B, 04: B, 05: B, 06: B, 07: A, 08: A, 09: B, 10: B, 11: D, 12: C, 13: C, 14: A
15: C, 16: B, 17: D, 18: B, 19: A, 20: E, 21: C, 22: B, 23: B, 24: A, 25: E, 26: C, 27: D, 28: E
29: E, 30:A, 31:B, 32:D, 33:A, 34:B, 35:A, 36:E, 37. A, 38. C, 39.C, 40.D, 41.B, 42.A, 43. C
44.B, 45.A, 46.A, 47.b, 48.B, 49.A, 50.D, 51.B, 52.A, 53.D, 54.A, 55.C, 56.A, 57.B, 58.C,
59.D, 60.B, 61.A, 62.A, 63.B, 64.A, 65.B, 66.B, 67.A, 68.C, 69.B, 70.A, 71.B, 72.B, 73.B,
74.A, 75.B, 76.B, 77. D, 78.D, 79.B, 80.C, 81.B, 82.A, 83.C, 84.D, 85.A, 86.A, 87.D, 88.C,
89.B, 90.D, 91.C, 92.A, 93.D, 94.D, 95.C, 96.A
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 marks)

1. Explain briefly working principle of internal expanding brake shoe with neat sketch.

2. Explain the terms self-energizing and self-lock brake with explanations.

3. Explain working principle of multiple plate clutch with neat sketch.

4. Explain why thermal consideration are made in designing braking system.

5. A single cylinder double acting steam engine develops 150 kW at a mean speed of 80
r.p.m. The co-efficient of fluctuation of energy is 0.1 and the fluctuation of speed is  2% of
mean speed. If the mean diameter of the flywheel rim is 2 meters and the hub and spokes
provide 5 percent of the rotational inertia of the wheel, find the mass of the flywheel and
cross-sectional area of the rim. Assume the density of the flywheel material (which is cast
iron) as 7200 kg/m3.

6. Explain how turning moment diagram helps to make design of a fly wheel.

7. Explain the basic considerations are made in designing a friction clutch.

8. Differentiate between brake and clutch system.

9. List down the basic characteristics of material for brake lining.

10. A single plate clutch with both sides of the plate effective is required to transmit 25 kW at
1600 r.p.m. The outer diameter of the plate is limited to 300 mm and the intensity of pressure
between the plates not to exceed 0.07 MPa. Assume uniform wear and co-efficient of friction
as 0.3, find the inner diameter of the plates and the axial force necessary to engage the clutch.

11. A multiple disc clutch, steel on bronze, is to transmit 7.5 kW at 900 r.p.m. The inner
radius of the contact is 5 cm and the outer radius of the contact is 8 cm. The clutch operates
in oil with an expected co-efficient of friction 0.1. The average allowable pressure is 0.35
MPa. Find: (i) the total number of steel and bronze discs, (ii) the actual axial force required,
(iii) the actual average pressure and (iv) the actual maximum pressure.

12. A multiple disc clutch has radial width of friction material as 1/5th of the maximum
radius. The co-efficient of friction is 0.25. Find the total number of discs required to transmit
60 kW at 3000 r.p.m. The maximum diameter of the clutch is 250 mm and the axial force is
limited to 600 N. Also find the mean unit pressure on each contact surface.

13. A machine has to carry out punching operation at the rate of 10 holes/min. It does 600 N-
m of work per sq. cm of the sheared area in cutting 2.5 cm diameter holes in 2 cm thick
plates. A flywheel is fitted to the machine shaft which is driven by a constant torque. The
fluctuation of speed is between 180 and 200 r.p.m. Actual punching takes 1.5 seconds.
Frictional losses are equivalent to 1/6 of the work done during punching. Find: i) Power
required to drive the punching machine ii) Weight of the flywheel, if the radius of gyration of
the wheel is 45 cm.
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
14. Explain why hoop stress is based to design pressure vessel.

15. Explain why compound cylinder is designed if fluid inside the cylinder subjected to high
internal pressure.

16. Explain the importance of bearing characteristic number in the design of journal bearing.

17. A close ended cast iron cylinder of 200 mm inside diameter is to carry an internal
pressure of 10N/mm2 with a permissible stress of 18MPa. Determine the wall thickness by
lame’s equation and maximum shear stress equation. What result would you use? Give reason
for your conclusion.

18. A cast steel cylinder of 350 mm inside diameter is to contain liquid at a pressure of
13.5N/m2. It is closed at both ends by flat cover plates which are made of alloy steel and are
attached by bolts. Determine i) wall thickness of the cylinder if maximum hoop stress 55
MPa ii) minimum thickness necessary of the cover plate if the working stress is not to exceed
65MPas.

19. A ball bearing is subjected to a radial force of 2500 N and an axial force of 1000 N. The
dynamic load carrying capacity of the bearing is 7350 N. The values of X and Y factors are
0.56 and 1.6 respectively. The shaft is rotating at 720 r.p.m. Calculate the life of the bearing.

20. The radial load acting on a ball bearing is 2500 N for the first five revolutions and
reduces to 1500 N for the next ten revolutions. The load variation then repeats itself. The
expected life of the bearing is 20 million revolutions. Determine the dynamic load carrying
capacity of the bearing.

21. A ball bearing subjected to a radial load of 3000 N is expected to have a satisfactory life
of 10000 hr at 720 r.p.m. with a reliability of 95%. Calculate the dynamic load carrying
capacity of the bearing, so that it can be selected from a manufacturer’s catalogue based on
90% reliability. If there are four such bearings each with a reliability of 95% in a system,
what is the reliability of the complete system?

22. A system involves four identical ball bearings subjected to a radial load of 2500 N. The
reliability of the system, i.e. one out of four bearings failing during the life time of five
million revolutions, is 82%. Determine the dynamic load carrying capacity of the bearing, so
as to select it from the manufacturer’s catalogue based on 90% reliability.

23. The thrust of propeller shaft in a marine engine is taken up by a number of collars integral
with the shaft which is 30 cm in diameter. The thrust on the shaft is 0.2 MN and the speed is
75 r.p.m. Taking  constant and equal to 0.05 and assuming the bearing pressure as uniform
and equal to 0.3 MPa, find: (i) numbers of collar required, (ii) Power lost in friction, and (iii)
Heat generated at the bearing.

24. The following data is given for a hydrostatic thrust bearing: Shaft speed= 720 r.p.m, Shaft
diameter= 400 mm, Recess diameter =250mm, Film thickness=0.15mm, Viscosity of
lubricant= 30 cP, Specific gravity= 0.86, Specific heat= 1.75 kJ/kgC, Supply pressure=5
MPa. Calculate: i) load carrying capacity of the bearing ii) flow requirement iii) pumping
power loss iv) frictional power loss v) temperature rise.
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

25. In a heavy compressor full journal bearing of 50 mm diameter and 100 mm long has a
maximum bearing pressure of 1.4 N/mm2. The speed of journal is 900 r.p.m and the ratio of
journal diameter to the diametral clearance is 1000. The bearing is lubricated with oil whose
absolute viscosity at the operating temperature of 75oC may be taken as 0.011 kg/m-s. The
room temperature is 28oC. Calculate the amount of artificial cooling required if the increase
in temperature of oil limited to 10oC taking specific heat of the oil as 1850 J/kg/oC and heat
dissipation coefficient as 280 W/m2/oC.

26. The following data is given for a 360 hydrodynamic bearing: Bearing diameter= 50.02
mm, Journal diameter= 49.93 mm, Bearing length = 50 mm, Journal speed= 1440 r.p.m.,
Radial load= 8 kN, Viscosity of the lubricant= 12 cP, the bearing is machined on a lathe from
bronze casting, while journal is hardened and ground. The surface roughness (c.l.a.) values of
turning and grinding are 0.8 and 0.4 microns respectively. For thick film hydrodynamic
lubrication, the minimum film thickness should be five times the sum of surface roughness
values for the journal and the bearing. Calculate: i) the permissible minimum film thickness
ii) the actual film thickness under operating conditions iii) power lost in friction.

27. Derive the design equation for clutch based on uniform pressure theory.

28. A multi-disc clutch has three discs on the driving shaft and two on the driven shaft. The
inside diameter of the contact surface is 120 mm. The maximum pressure between the
surfaces is limited to 0.1 N/mm2. Design the clutch for transmitting 25 kW at 1575 r.p.m.
Assume uniform wear condition and coefficient of friction as 0.3.

29. Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of a single dry clutch plate.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (10 marks)

Design of Brakes & Clutches:

1. A rope drum of an elevator having 650 mm diameter is fitted with a brake drum of 1m
diameter. The brake drum is fitted with 4 cast iron shoes each subtending an angle 80o. The
mass of elevator when loaded is 2000 kg and moves with a speed of 2.5 m/s. The braking
capacity is to stop the elevator is within 2.75 m. Assuming co-efficient of friction is 0.2 then
find i) width of the shoe if bearing pressure not to exceed 0.3 N/mm2 ii) heat generated in
stopping the elevator.

2. A single dry plate clutch is to be designed to transmit 10 kW at 1000 r.p.m. Assume

intensity of pressure between the plates not to exceed 0.07 MPa and the co-efficient of
friction as 0.25. Find: i) Diameter of the shaft if the shear stress for the shaft material is 40
MPa. ii) Mean radius and face width of the friction lining assuming the ratio of the mean
radius to the face width as 6. iii) Outer and inner radii of the clutch plate iv) Dimensions of
the spring, assuming that the number of springs are 6 and spring index = 6. The allowable
shear stress for the spring material may be taken as 420 MPa modulus of rigidity as 84 GPa.

3. A single plate clutch assembly system is provided with 6 springs having spring index 6 and
allowable shear stress for spring material as 410 MPa for applying pressure on clutch plate to
transmit average power output 10 kW at 800 r.p.m to drive a shaft. Design i) driven shaft on
which clutch plate mounted ii) clutch plate details assuming mean radius 4 times the friction
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
face width iii) compression helical springs assuming no. of active turns 5.
Assume that shear stress for steel 40 MPa and modulus of rigidity for spring material 84
MPa.

4. A single plate clutch is to be designed for a vehicle whose engine is rated to give 100 kW
at 2400 r.p.m and max. torque 2400N-m. The outer radius of friction plate is 25% more than
inner radius. The intensity of pressure is not to exceed 0.07N/mm2. The co efficient of
friction is 0.3. The helical spring required for clutching is 8. If stiffness of each spring is
40N/mm then determine dimension of friction plate and initial compression in the spring.

5. A band brake acts on the ¾th of circumference of a drum of 450 mm diameter which is
keyed to the shaft. The band brake provides a braking torque of 225 N-m. One end of the
band is attached to a fulcrum pin of the lever and other end to a pin 100 mm from the
fulcrum. If the operating force applied at 500 mm from the fulcrum and co-efficient of
friction 0.25, find the applied force when the drum rotates at clockwise direction. If the lever
and pin made of mild steel having permissible stresses for tension and crushing as 70Mpa,
design the shaft, key, lever and pins. Assume bearing pressure may be 8 N/mm2 .

6. Design a centrifugal clutch for a flat belt drive from a D.C. motor. The clutch is to be
incorporated in the motor pulley, and full spring control is required. The following data are
specified: Power = 15 kW, Speed= 720 rev./min, Engagement to begin at 75% of the running
speed, No. of shoes= 4, Outside diameter of the = 35 cm., Inside diameter of the pulley rim =
32.5 cm., Width of the pulley = 25 cm., Initial clearance between friction surfaces, when
linings are new = 1.6 mm.

7. A differential band brake is operated by a lever of length of 500 mm. the drum has
diameter of 500 mm and max. torque on the drum is 1000 N-m. The band embraces 2/3rd of
drum circumference. One end of the band is attached to a pin of 100 mm distance from the
fulcrum and that portion of lever inclined at 60o with the horizontal and other end of the band
is attached 80 mm from the fulcrum. If the band is lined with asbestos fabric having co-
efficient of friction 0.3, find the operating force required. Design the steel band, lever and
fulcrum pin. Permissible stresses may be taken as 70 MPa, 50 MPa in shear and 20 MPa in
bearing. The normal pressure should not exceed 0.2 MPa.

8. A centrifugal friction clutch has a driving member consisting of a spider carrying four
shoes which are kept from contact with the clutch case by means of flat springs until increase
of centrifugal force overcomes the resistance of the springs and the power is transmitted by
the friction between the shoes and the case. Determine the necessary mass and size of each
shoe if 25 kW is to be transmitted at 900 r.p.m. with engagement beginning at 75% of the
running speed. The inside diameter of the drum is 300 mm and the radial distance of the
center of gravity of each shoe from the shaft axis is 125 mm. Assume  = 0.25.

9. A band and block brake, the band is lined with 14 blocks, each of which subtends an angle
of 20 at the drum center. One end of the band is attached to the fulcrum of the brake lever
and the other to a pin 150 mm from the fulcrum and that portion of the lever inclined to 60o
with the horizontal. Find the force required at the end of the lever 1 m long from the fulcrum
to absorb 225 kW at 240 r.p.m. The diameter of the brake drum is 1 m and the co-efficient of
friction between the blocks and the drum is 0.25.Also establish a relationship between the
belt tensions.
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
10. A differential band brake, as shown in Fig. below, has an angle of
contact of 225°. The band has a compressed woven lining and bears against a cast iron drum
of 350 mm diameter. The brake is to sustain a torque of 350 N-m and the coefficient of
friction between the band and the drum is 0.3. Find: i) necessary force P for the clockwise
and anticlockwise rotation of the drum; ii) the value of ‘OA’ for the brake to be self-locking,
when the drum rotates in the clockwise direction.

Design of Gears:
11. A pair of 20 full-depth involute tooth spur gears is to transmit 20 kW at a speed of 250
r.p.m. of the pinion. The velocity ratio is 4:1. The pinion is made of cast steel having an
allowable static stress, f0 = 100 MPa, while the gear is made of cast iron having allowable
static stress, f0 = 55 MPa. The pinion has 20 teeth and its face width is 12.5 times the module.
Determine the module, face width and pitch diameters of both the pinion and gear from the
stand point of strength only taking velocity factor into consideration. The tooth form factor is
given by the expression y = 0.154 – (0.912 / No. of teeth) and the velocity factor is given by
Cv = 3 / (3+v) where v is the peripheral speed of the gear in m/s.
12. Design a spur gear drive transmitting 30 kW at 400 r.p.m. to another shaft running
approximately at 100 r.p.m. The load is steady and continuous. The material for the pinion
and gear are cast steel and cast iron respectively. Take module as 10 mm. Also check the
design for dynamic load and wear assuming the allowable static stress for pinion and gear as
140 MPa and 56 MPa respectively, number of teeth of the pinion as 24. The tooth form factor
is given by the expression y = 0.154 – (0.912 / No. of teeth) and the velocity factor Cv = 3 /
(3+v), where v is the peripheral speed in m/s. The endurance limit for cast iron and cast steel
is given as 84 MPa and 252 MPa respectively. Surface endurance limit is given as 630 MPa.
Tooth error in action = 0.023 mm. The Young’s modulus for pinion and gear is 0.2106 MPa
and 0.1106 MPa respectively. Also assume the starting torque to be 25% higher than the
running torque.

13. A helical cast steel gear with 30 helix angle has to transmit 40 kW at 2000 r.p.m. If the
gear has 25 teeth, find the necessary module, pitch diameters and face width for 20 full-
depth involute teeth. The static stress for cast steel may be taken as 100 MPa. The face width
may be taken as 3 times the normal pitch. What would be the end thrust on the gear? The
tooth form factor for 20 full-depth involute gear may be taken as y = 0.154 – 0.912 / TE,
where TE represents the equivalent number of teeth. The velocity factor is given by Cv = 6 /
(6+v), where v is the peripheral speed of the gear in m/s.
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

14. A speed reducer helical gear system is used to transmit 25 kW power from a driver shaft
having 1800 r.p.m to the driven shaft 600 r.p.m. The reference data are given below: helix
angle 30o, driven gear having 24 teeth, both gears made of cast iron with safe static stress 50
MPa, tooth face width 4 times the circular pitch, overhang 85 mm, safe shear stress for shaft
material 50 MPa, tooth form factor as 0.154 – 0.912 / TE where TE represents the equivalent
number of teeth and velocity factor as 6 /(6+v) where v is the peripheral speed of the gear in
m/s. Design the gear system and shaft assuming 25% overload and check the design for
bending failure.

15. A 35 kW motor running at 1200 r.p.m. drives a compressor at 780 r.p.m. through a 90
bevel gearing arrangement. The pinion has 30 teeth. The pressure angle of teeth is 14 ½ .
The wheels are capable of withstanding a dynamic stress; Fw = 140 280 / (280+v) N/mm2,
where v is the pitch line speed in m/min. The form factor for teeth may be taken as 0.124 –
0.686 / TE, where TE is the number of teeth equivalent to a spur gear. The face width may be
taken as ¼ of the slant height of the pitch cone. Determine for the pinion, the module, face
width, addendum, dedendum, outside diameter and slant height.

16. A 90 bevel gearing arrangement is to be employed to transmit 4 kW at 600 r.p.m. from
the driving shaft to another shaft at 200 r.p.m. The pinion has 30 teeth. The pinion is made of
cast steel having a static stress of 80 N/mm2 and the gear is made of cast iron with a static
stress of 55 N/mm2. The tooth profiles of the gears are of 14 ½  composite form. The tooth
form factor may be taken as y = 0.124 – 0.684 / TE , where TE is the formative number of
teeth and velocity factor, Cv = 3 / (3+v) , where v is the pitch line speed in m/s. The face
width may be taken as 1/3 rd of the slant height of the pitch cone. Determine the module, face
width and pitch diameters for the pinion and gear, from the stand point of strength and check
the design from the stand point of wear. Take surface endurance limit as 630 MPa and
modulus of elasticity for the material of gears is EP = 200 KN/ mm2 and EG = 80 kN/mm2.

17. A pair of bevel gears is required to transmit 15 kW at 600 r.p.m. from the motor shaft to
another shaft, the speed reduction being 3:1. The shafts are inclined at 60. The pinion is to
have 24 teeth with a pressure angle of 20 and is to be made of cast steel having a static stress
of 80 MPa. The gear is to be made of cast iron with a static stress of 55 MPa. The tooth form
factor may be taken as y = 0.154 – 0.912 / TE, where TE is formative number of teeth. The
velocity factor may be taken as Cv = 3 / (3+v), where v is the pitch line velocity in m/s. The
face width may be taken as ¼ th of the slant height of the pitch cone. The mid-plane of the
gear is 10 cm from the left hand bearing and 12.5 cm from the right hand bearing. The gear
shaft is to be made of cold-rolled steel for which the allowable tensile stress may be taken as
80 MPa. Design the gears and the gear shaft.

18. Design a speed reducer unit of 20o full depth involute worm and worm wheel to transmit
power 10 kW with a transmission ratio of 12:1 at 1500 r.p.m. The worm having square and
quadruple thread is made of hardened steel and gear wheel of phosphor bronze. An efficiency
of at least 80% is desired for the unit to obtain desired level of performance. Assume that
center distance between the shaft kept as 224 mm, safe stress for phosphor bronze and steel
materials are 84 MPa and 105 MPa respectively, load stress factor is 0.55N/mm2, power
fluctuation limited to 25 % and tooth form factor as 0.154-0.912/T where T denotes no. of
teeth.
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

19. Design a speed reducer unit of worm and worm wheel for an input of 1 kW with a
transmission ratio of 25. The speed of the worm is 1600 r.p.m. The worm is made of
hardened steel and wheel of phosphor bronze for which the material combination factor is 0.7
MPa. The static stress for the wheel material is 56 MPa. The worm is made of double start
and the center distance between the axes of the worm and the wheel is 120 mm. The tooth
form is to be 14½  involute. Check the design for strength, wear and heat dissipation.

Design of Fly Wheel:

20. The areas of the turning moment diagram for one revolution of a multi-cylinder engine
with reference to the mean turning moment, below and above the line, are -0.32, +4.08, -
2.67, +3.33, -3.1, +2.26, -3.74, +2.6, and -2.44 sq. cm. The scale for abscissa and
ordinate are: 1 cm = 24 and 1 cm = 6.5 kN-m respectively. The mean speed is 300 r.p.m.
with a percentage speed fluctuation of  1.5%. If the hoop stress in the material of the rim is
not to exceed 5.6 MPa, determine the suitable diameter and cross-section for the flywheel,
assuming that the width is equal to 4 times the thickness. The density of the material may be
taken as 7200 kg/m2. Neglect the effect of the boss and arms.

21. A punching machine makes 25 working strokes per minute and is capable of punching 25
mm diameter holes in 18 mm thick steel plates having an ultimate shear strength of 300 MPa.
The punching operation takes place during 1/10th of a revolution of the crank shaft. Estimate
the power needed for the driving motor, assuming a mechanical efficiency of 95%.
Determine suitable dimensions for the rim cross-section of the flywheel, which is to revolve
at 9 times the speed of the crank shaft. The permissible co-efficient of fluctuation of speed is
0.1.

22. Design a cast iron flywheel used for a four stroke I.C engine developing 200 kW at 250
r.p.m. The hoop or centrifugal stress developed in the flywheel is 5.2 MPa, the total
fluctuation of speed is to be limited to 3% of the mean speed. The work done during the
power stroke is 1/3 more than the average work done during the whole cycle. The maximum
torque on the shaft is twice the mean torque. The density of cast iron is 7200 kg/m3.

23. A punching press pierces 35 holes per minute in a plate using 10 kN-m of energy per hole
during each revolution. Each piercing takes 40% of the time needed to make one revolution.
The punch receives power through a gear reduction unit which in turn is fed by a motor
driven belt pulley 800 mm diameter and turning at 210 r.p.m. Find the power of the electric
motor if overall efficiency of the transmission unit is 80%. Design a cast iron flywheel to be
used with the punching machine for a co-efficient of steadiness of 5, if the space
considerations limit the maximum diameter to 1.3 m. Take the allowable shear stress for the
shaft material as 50 MPa, allowable tensile stress for cast iron as 4 MPa and density of cast
iron as 7200 kg/m3.

24. An Otto cycle engine develops 55 kW at 150 rpm with 80 explosions per minute. The
change of speed from the commencement to the end of the power stroke must not exceed
1.2% of mean speed on either side. Find effective diameter and suitable cross-section of the
cast iron fly wheel so that hoop stress does not exceed 4 MPa. Assume that the flywheel
stores 16/15 times the energy stored by the rim and the work done during power stroke is
1.40 times the work done during the cycle.
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

25. A shaft fitted with a flywheel rotates at 250 r.p.m. and drives a machine. The torque of
machine varies in a cyclic manner over a period of 3 revolutions. The torque rises from 750
N-m to 3000 N-m uniformly during 1/2 revolution and remains constant for the following
revolution. It then falls uniformly to 750 N-m during the next 1/2 revolution and remains
constant for one revolution, the cycle being repeated thereafter. Determine the power required
to drive the machine. If the total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed 3% of the mean speed,
determine a suitable diameter and cross-section of the flywheel rim. The width of the rim is
to be 4 times the thickness and the safe centrifugal stress is 6 MPa. The material density may
be assumed as 7200 kg / m3.

Design of Pressure Vessels:

11. A heavy duty hydraulic cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure of 70N/mm2.The
normal internal and external diameters are 120 mm and 210 mm and diameter at junction 170
mm. After shrink fit the contact pressure developed at the junction is 9N/mm2. Determine
stress at inner, mating and outer surfaces of the assembly after the fluid has been admitted.

12. The hydraulic cylinder 400 mm bore operates at a maximum pressure of 5N/mm2. The
piston rod is connected to the load and cylinder to the frame through hinged joints. Design i)
Cylinder ii) Hinged pin iii) Piston rod iv) Flat end cover. The allowable tensile stress for cast
steel cylinder and end cover is 80MPa and for piston rod is 60 MPa.

13. In a hydraulic control system as shown in fig. below, an electric motor maintaining a
pressure of 3 N/mm2 is connected to a cylindrical receiver which is connected to a cylinder-
piston arrangement to raise load of 25kN. Given that inner diameter of cylindrical receiver
800 mm, allowable tensile stress 50MPa and safe stress for cast iron 30 MPa. Assuming 10%
of output force lost in overcoming friction, a pressure drop 0.2 N/mm2 between receiver and
cylinder. Design i) cast iron cylinder ii) cylindrical receiver for 100% efficiency of joint. Also
find i) power output of the cylinder if workings stroke of the cylinder is 450 mm and to
describe this stroke length time taken is 5s ii) motor capacity if efficiency for hydraulic
system and motor 80% and 60% respectively.

Design of Sliding contact and Rolling contact bearings:

14. Design a journal bearing for a centrifugal pump for the following data: Load on the
journal 20000 N, Speed of journal 900 r.pm, Type of oil SAE 10 for which absolute viscosity
at 55oC is 0.017 kg/m-s, Ambient temperature of oil 15oC, Maximum pressure for the pump
1.5 N/mm2. Calculate also mass of lubricating oil required for artificial cooling if rise of
temperature limited to 10oC and heat dissipation coefficient 1232 W/m2/oC.
 HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

15. A full journal bearing of 50 mm diameter and 100 mm long has a bearing pressure of 1.4
N/mm2. The speed of the journal is 900 r.p.m. and the ratio of journal diameter to the
diametral clearance is 1000. The bearing is lubricated with oil whose absolute viscosity at the
operating temperature of 75°C may be taken as 0.011 kg/m-s. The room temperature is 35°C.
Find: i) The amount of artificial cooling required, and ii) The mass of the lubricating oil
required, if the difference between the outlet and inlet temperature of the oil is 10°C. Take
specific heat of the oil as 1850 J / kg / °C. Take heat dissipation coefficient C=280 W/m2/°C.

16. A 80 mm long journal bearing supports a load of 2800 N on a 50 mm diameter shaft. The
bearing has a radial clearance of 0.05 mm and the viscosity of the oil is 0.021 kg / m-s at the
operating temperature. If the bearing is capable of dissipating 80 J/s, determine the maximum
safe speed.

17. A 150 mm diameter shaft supporting a load of 10 kN has a speed of 1500 r.p.m. The shaft
runs in a bearing whose length is 1.5 times the shaft diameter. If the diametral clearance of
the bearing is 0.15 mm and the absolute viscosity of the oil at the operating temperature is
0.011 kg/m-s, find the power wasted in friction.

18. A shaft rotating at constant speed is subjected to variable load. The bearings supporting
the shaft are subjected to stationary equivalent radial load of 3 kN for 10 per cent of time, 2
kN for 20 per cent of time, 1 kN for 30 per cent of time and no load for remaining time of
cycle. If the total life expected for the bearing is 20 × 106 revolutions at 95% reliability,
calculate dynamic load rating of the ball bearing. Take k=3.

19. The rolling contact ball bearing is to be selected to support the overhung countershaft.
The shaft speed is 720 r.p.m. The bearings are to have 99% reliability corresponding to a life
of 24 000 hours. The bearing is subjected to an equivalent radial load of 1 kN. Consider life
adjustment factors for operating condition and material as 0.9 and 0.85 respectively. Find the
basic dynamic load rating of the bearing from manufacturer's catalogue, specified at 90%
reliability. Take k=3.

20. A single row angular contact ball bearing number 310 is used for an axial flow
compressor. The bearing is to carry a radial load of 2500 N and an axial or thrust load of
1500 N. Assuming light shock load, determine the rating life of the bearing. Assume also for
single row angular contact ball bearing, the values of radial load factor=1 and thrust load
factor = 0, service factor= 1.5 and basic dynamic capacity= 53 kN. Take k=3.