HT FOUNDATION & OLYMPIAD EXPLORER CLASS - IXFOUNDATION & OLYMPIAD exPLORER CHEMISTRY CLASS - IXPreface Speed and accuracy play an important role in climbing the competitive ladder. Students have to integrate the habit of being able to calculate and function quickly as well as efficiently in order to excel in the learning culture. They need to think on their feet, understand basic requirements, identify appropriate information sources and use that to their best advantage. The preparation required for the tough competitive examinations is fundamentally different from that of qualifying ones like the board examinations. A student can emerge successful in a qualifying examination by merely scoring the minimum percentage of marks, whereas in a competitive examination, he has to score high and perform better than the others taking the examination. This book provides all types of questions that a student would be required to tackle at the foundation level. The questions in the exercises are sequenced as Basic Practice, Further Practice, Multiple Answer Questions, Paragraph Questions, Numerical Problems, Conceptual Questions ‘and Brain Nurtures. Simple questions involving a direct application of the concepts are given in Basic Practice. More challenging questions on direct application are given in Further Practice. ‘Questions involving higher order thinking or an open-ended approach to problems are given in Brain Nurtures. These questions encourage students to think analytically , to be creative and to come up with solutions of their own. Constant practice and familiarity with these questions will not only make him/her conceptually sound, but will aso give the student the confidence to face any entrance examination with ease. Valuable suggestions as well as criticism from the teacher and student community are most welcome and will be incorporated in the ens 1g edition. PublisherCONTENTS 1. Matter and its Classification 2. Language of Chemistry. 3. Atomic Structure .. 4. Classification of Elements 5, Chemical Bonding... 6. Study of Gas Laws... 7. Atoms, Molecules and lons ... 8. Solutions... 9. Nitrogen. 12. Phosphorus and its Compounds .. 13, Analytical Chemistry. Answers... Answers to Crossword Puzzles... 01 51 75 113 135 154 173 189 204 219 236 249 269~ Common Misconception Fact 1. Alloys cannot be separated into their 1, An alloy cannot be separated into their constituents by physical methods, constituents by physieal methods. But Hence they are considered as still itis considered as a mixture because ‘compounds. i) it shows the properties of its constituents §Dithasa variable composition, 2, Distillation is similar as fractional 2. Distillation is the boiling of liquid to form distillation. vapour and the cooling of the vapour to form liquid again, Fractional distillation involves the boiling of a misture of miscible liquids followed by the separation of each liquid at its respective boiling point. 3, Allhomogeneous substancesarepure. 3, No, Mistures are not pure but still some mixtures can be homogeneous in nature for example : Brine solution. Thus “All pure substances arehomogenous”. S| SYINOP StS pms OOK IL O18 I$ Tp pTmM@______ Chemistry deals with the study of matter The study of matter involves many aspects in ‘which the most important aspect is their classification based on chemieal composition into three main categories namely elements, compounds and mixtures. The further classification of metals, nonmetals and metalloids is based on their characteristic properties. This also includes the study based on the differentiation of compounds and mixtures along with their techniques of separation, [EB ciassiricaTion oF MATTER ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION |] Substances which are homogeneous in nature and contain particles (molecules) of only. fone kind are called pure substances. A pure substance is homogeneous in nature and has definite set of properties. The composition of pure substances cannot be changed by Physical methods, Pure substances can be further classified as elements and compounds. Elements Pure substances in which molecules are composed of only one kind of atoms are called elements. Example: silver, iron, oxygen, nitrogen ete., 1 Matter and its Cessation Som{Foundation & Obmpiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1x ‘Atomicity of an element ‘The number of atoms present in the molecule of an element is called its atomicity. Based on the atomicity, the elements are classified into 3 types : i) Monoatomic elements : The elements each of whose molecules contains only one atom, Example: Cu, Ag, and He. ii) Diatomic elements: The elements each of whose molecules contain two atoms, Example: H,, 0,,N,. iii) Polyatomic elements: The elements each of whose molecules contain more than two atoms. Example: 0,, EEGEEROEEREETT ‘Tt was found that there was a wide variation in the properties of elements. Hence these were further classified into three categories, i.e. metals, non —metals, metalloids based on the properties they exhibit. Elements: a) Metals b)Non Metals __) Metalloids non-metals are C, S, P, Ie and bromine is liquid non metal Very high melting points and | Low melting points and boiling boiling points. points. Exceptions: Na, K, Hg and Ga } Exceptions: C, Si, and B have have low melting points and | high melting points and boiling points Solid non metals are brittle, Exceptions: Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance. Non - sonorous Found in combined state. | Found in free state as well as Only noble metals are found | in the combined state. in free state Metalloids Elements which exhibit some properties of metals and some properties of non- metals are called metalloids. Examples : Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb) ‘Compounds Pure substances in which two or more elements combine chemically in a fixed proportion 1, Matter and its Classification BenT Foundatin & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty /Class-1X by weight are called compounds. For example, water (H,0) is considered as a pure substance even though it consists of two kinds of atoms, as it has a fixed number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms combined together chemically in a definite proportion by weight. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in a fixed ratio 1:8 by weight to form water. Properties 1. The nature of elements constituting a chemical compound remains same. 2. A pure chemical compound is homogencous in nature, 3. A chemical compound can be broken into two or more different elements. It can be synthesized from these elements by chemical means. 4. Achemical compound has a fixed composition, i., its constituent elements combine together in a fixed ratio by weight. 5. A chemical compound has distinct set of properties which do not resemble with the properties of its constituent elements, Mixtures Most ofthe substances available in nature are not pure substances and they are mixtures. “Mixtures are those substances which contain two or more kinds of molecules. For example, sugar solution contain molecules of sugar and molecules of water. The mixtures can have their constituents as either elements, an element and a compound or only compounds. Depending on the distribution of the different kinds of molecules within the mixture, they are classified into two types homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures have uniform distribution of the different types of molecules in the mixture. Solution of glucose is a homogeneous mixture and muddy water is a heterogeneous mixture. [EGSEPARATION OF MixTORES”” ‘The useful component present in the mixture can be obtained only by separating the individual components of the mixture by following suitable method. The method of separation employed depends upon the nature of components in the mixture. jon of solid - solid mixtures Solvent extraction In this method of separation, solubility of one component in a solvent is used. For example a mixture of sulphur and sand can be separated by this method. Here sulphur is soluble in carbon disulphide (CS, ) and sand is insoluble. Magnetic separation In this method of separation, magnetic property of one component is used. For example mixture of ironore and sand can be separated by this method. Here ironoreis attracted by magnet and sand is left behind, a senstin, fem al et 5 td on HomMT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-¢ Gravity method In this method of separation, difference in densities of component is used. For example mixture of sand and chalk powder can be separated by this method. Here sand being heavier than chalk powder sinks in water whereas chalk powder floats on water. imation In this method of separation, ability of one component to sublime is used. For example Mixture of iodine and sand ean be separated by this method. Here on heating iodine sublimes leaving behind sand. The vapours on cooling give solid iodine. sul Most solids melt or change into liquid when heated. [~~ lodig ae But there are some substances like camphor, od ammonium chloride and naphthalene that directly | chine change from solid to gas when heated. The process by cat pas which a solid directly changes into vapour when heated is called sublimation. The solid which sublimes will escape as a vapour while the other will be left behind. The vapour can be cooled to get the (Wire mesh solid back again. Bunser Tripod Nee oorrspepmaprreeencee, | ware ‘and ‘The substance left behind in sublimation is called sublime. ‘Sublimation Fractional crystallisation In this method of soparation, difforence in solubility of the components in the same solvent is used. For example mixture of potassium nitrate (KNO,) and sodium chloride (NaCl) can be separated by this method. Here potassium nitrate (KNO,) being more soluble than sodium chloride (NaCl), when the aqueous solution of this mixture is subjected to heating and subsequent cooling the more soluble potassium nitrate (KNO,) reamins in the solution less soluble sodium chloride (NaCl) sstallizes out first. ion of solid - liquid mixtures entation and decantation In this method of separation, high density of insoluble solid component is used. For example mixture of sand and water can be separated by this method. Here sand being heavier settles at the bottom and liquid is slowly transferred into another container (4) sedimentation 1. Matter ond its Cassftion RokChemistry /Class-IK tT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Filtration In this method of separation, different size of the particles of insoluble solid component is used. For example mixture of barium sulphate (BaSO, ) and water (H,0) can be separated by this method. Here on passing through filter paper, water passes through filter paper whereas barium sulphate (BaSO,) remains on the filter paper. Laboratory stand with ring Filtration through filter paper Evaporation In this method of separation, the ability of solid to remain undecomposed when solution is heated upto the boiling point of the liquid component is the principle used. For example mixture of sugar and water can be separated by this method. Here water evaporates on heating leaving behind crystals of sugar. ‘Separation by evaporation ist In this method of separation, heating the solution to the boiling point of liquid component followed by condensation of the vapours is used. For example mixture of sodium chloride (NaCl) and water can be separated by this method. Here water evaporates and condenses. back to water and sodium chloride (NaCl) is left behind in the distillation flask. 1 Matter and its ClassificationIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Closs-% Centrifugation In this method of separation, difference in size of liquid particles is used. For example milk contains solid fat particles in water and ean be separated by this method. Here size of solid particles is less and hence they pass through the filter paper. When this is subjected to centrifugation heavier fat particles settle down at the bottom leaving behind lighter water on the top. Separation of liquid - liquid mixtures Separating funnel In this method of separation, difference in densities of the two immiscible liquid components is used. For example kerosene oil and water are immiscible liquids can be separated by this method. Here when the mixtures are taken in the separating fannel, the lighter liquid (kerosene) forms top layer and the heavier liquid (water) settles down. 1. Matter and its Classification & MeTFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class- I Fractional distillation In this method of separation, difference in boiling points of the liquids is used. The distillation is carried out by including a fractionating column. For example : Ethyl aleohol + water can be separated by this method... Ethyl alcohol has a lower boiling point than water and hence vapourizes. On passing through fractionating column the ‘vapours condense to give alcohol in a receiver. Water is left behind in the distillation flask. Fraetionating ‘column _ Water out ractional distillation n of gas - gas mixtures In this method of separation, difference in densities of component gases is used. The gas with lower molecular weight diffuses faster than the gas with higher molecular weight, For example hydrogen (H,) and methane (CH, ),helium (He) and sulphur dioxide (SO, ). Dissolution in suitable solvents In this method of separation, difference in solubility of component gases in a given * solvent is used. For example a mixture of carbon dioxide (CO, is soluble in potassium hydroxide (KOH) leaving behind carbon monoxide (CO). Here in a mixture of ammonia (NH, ) and nitrogen (N,), ammonia (NH, ) is soluble in water and nitrogen (N, ) is insoluble. Preferential liquefaction In this method of separation, difference in liquefaction of component gases in a given solvent is used. For example a mixture of ammonia (NH, ) and hydrogen (H, )can be separated by this method. Here, ammonia gets liquefied under high pressure and hydrogen gas is left behind. 4. Matter and its Cosifcation co Mhif Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class Ik Fractional evaporation In this method of separation, difference in boiling points of the component gases is used, For example when air is liquefied, the major components of air, nitrogen (N,) and oxygen (O,) can be separated by subjecting the liquid to evaporation. Here, nitrogen (N, ) has a lower boiling point and hence boils off, oxygen (O, )has a higher boiling point and remains behind. Separation of liquid - gas mixtures Heating In this method of separation, decrease in solubility of a gas with ineroaso in temperature is used. For example when a solution containing a gas is subjected to slight heating below the boiling point of the liquid, the gas escapes out leaving behind the liquid component. For example : Separation of dissolved oxygen (O, ) in water by heating water. Lowering the pressure In this method of separation, difference in solubility of gas in the liquid at different pressures is used. For example : Soda water can be separated by this method. Here when soda water bottle is opened, the pressure inside the bottle decreases and carbondioxide (CO, ) gas fizzes out of the bottle. Paper chromatography ‘A special technique used for separation and identification of the constituents in the mixture. The priniciple involved is based on difference in adsorption of constituents by a surface of an appropriate adsorbent material or solid medium (stationary phase). The rate of adsorption of a particular constituent depends upon its solubility in the solvent (moving phase). For example : separation of coloured constituent in a mixture of ink by paper chromatography. Process: A filter paper is taken which generally absorbs water. It acts as stationary phase. The mixture containing different constituents is taken on the filter papor which is then dipped in another solvent called moving phase. If tho constituent has more affinity for the solvent acting as moving phase, it moves rapidly on the filter paper. Therefore, depending on the relative affinities of the various constituents with the stationary phase and moving phase, spots or lines appear on the filter paper at different position’. 11. Matter ond its ClassificationiT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class-IX | SOLVED EXAMPLES [pms OOO (EEE Example 1: Identifying components in a sample of black ink. Solution: a) Cuta long strip of filter paper of about 20 em in length. ») Use pencil to draw a line 2 em from one end of the paper. ©) Use a capillary tube to place a drop of black ink on the line and allow it to dry. @ Beside the spot of black ink, place a spot of red, blue, orange and green dye each and allow the spots to dry. ©) Lower the paper into a gas jar containing a solvent (di ink are just above the surface of the solvent. led water) until the spots of beaker —| X= sample of black ink chromatography R= red dye banal B= blue dye pencil line 0 =Orange dye ae G = Green dye 1D Leave it to develop. ) Remove the paper when the solvent has almost reached the top of the paper. h) Allow the paper to dry. i) The developed chromatogram is shown below. solvent front ' ' ' Q ' vo |x $4 $<» $4 $4 fo start tine lack red_blve orange Breen Conclusion : a) Black ink is not a pure substance. b) Black ink is a mixture of substances ~ a mixture of red, green und blue dyes. 1. otter and its Casifcction Se on HRWT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty /Class-0e IEEE Example 2: ‘Substance X has the following properties : i) Iemelts at 80°C ii) Itboils at 150°C i) It is insoluble in water. Which method of separation would you use to obtain pure X from a mixture of X and water? Solution: X is insoluble in water. Secondly at room temperature it exists as solid. So, it can be separated by method of filtration, EEE Example 3: ‘The boiling points of some gases found in air are given below. Boiling point (°C) If a liquid mixture of the above gases is fractionally distilled, in what order will these gases distil out ? Solution: ‘The gases will distil out in order of increasing boiling points. The gases with lowest boiling point first and that of highest boiling point last, ie. neon, nitrogen, oxygen and krypton. EEE Example a: How would you separate a mixture of copper (II) oxide and copper (II) sulphate ? Solution: Copper (II) oxide is insoluble in water but copper (II) sulphate is soluble in water. ‘Add distilled water to the mixture, Stir the mixture to dissolve the copper (II) sulphate. Filter the mixture to remove copper (II) oxide. Wash and dry with filter paper. Allow the filtrate to evaporate until the solution is saturated and allow the solution, formed. 6. Filter the crystals and dry them with filter paper. oe ep 1 Matter ond its Classification{NT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class-IK RE Examples: ‘The graph below shows the temperature changes as an organic solid X is heated. temperature (°C) temperature. time a) What is happening to the solid X at 81°C ? b) Is solid X a pure substance ? Explain your answer Solution: a) The melting point of solid X is 81 °C, ie. X is undergoing a change in state. X is melting to form a liquid. b) Solid X is a pure substance because it has a fixed mel [EET Examples: Which of the following is likely to be a pure substance ? A) A colourless liquid that boils over the range 70°C to 80°C. B) A green solid which starts to melt at 80°C and is completely melted at 90°C. C) A white solid which produces a chromatogram consisting of only one spot. D) A brown liquid that is completely miscible with water. Solution: In the given cases Case (A): The liquid does not have a fixed boiling point hence is not a pure substance. Case (B): ‘The solid starts to melt at 80°C but continues to melt by increase of temperature. Hence the given solid is not a pure substance. Case (C): The chromatogram of a white solid gives only one spot. This implies the solid contains only one substance i.e. it is a pure substance. Case (D): In this case, liquid is completely miscible with water forming a mixture. Hence not a pure substance, 1. Mater and ts Cessation BanenT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class- 1x REE Example 7: Solder is used for joining two metal surfaces together. Solder is a mixture of lead and tin, Can two metais be separated by distillation? Solution: ‘The constituent of solder i.e. lead and tin differ in their boiling points, hence can be separated by method of distillation, EEE Examples: Astudent set up the following apparatus to separate ethanol and water. What was wrong with his arrangement ? Since a mixture of two miscible liquids havé to be soparated. He need to azrange a fractionating column. This helps in distilling off a lower boiling point liquid first. 1. Mater and its Classification a Aeng mo aie ees 8 mW“ foe | CONCEPT MAP fF} ——$_$_ < 2000001 ue Gubatanoes J —+| Nemec] “L_muatare ements A pare Compounds Aare ‘Rn nai ve euimtance wticheanest be || Chain tran tom two rine ia vue bn elt ine ewe or eco eee oie thom eotork oe aad simpler suimtanes by any} | foram dette tage ty tn Dynes or emia! eans | | wet yeh T L_ayp [Ciassitication}+|->{ Nonmetalr ees | [Romano Heron | = G0n te] |) Bitaat eting ta tai pl, Lear Pett omens 500.85 || Seepnacat inn onentomie | ty wee Heke ‘Atomicity Noumea) IT cuts He Polatomie PLS, | CONCEPT MAP hf $a 20000 Haterogencons l2 Gravity separation Is Mognote separation Fr Heating be Lowerin 5 {hooper pressure | a Tague ay t GnaGee i ifaion Preforential| Tigusfacton Dissolution insuitabie shen Solita Sala gai 1. Sublimation [5 Frsctional Ceystallistion ls. Solvont extraction [Separation techniques | —+]1 Sedimentation and decantation 2. Centefugation 5. Patration 4: Evaporation 5. Distillation 5. Chrometagraphy [Separation techniques J-—+f1 Fractional distillation [ecuiatianah 2. Separating funnel IEE RoST REACT PPT TATNT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer CChemistyy/ Class 1X [El Summative xe¢eis©¢]$@$AARpPP_~TpT-_$£___ 2 BASIC PRACTICE —_—— OK SECTIONA rT 7 =BLANKS | 1 can be classified chemically into pure substances and mixtures. 2 Both elements and compounds are substances, 3. A special technique used for separation and identification of the constituents in the rainture is 4. A mixture of sulphur and charcoal can be separated by method. 5. Magnesium sulphate in water is a mixture, 6. A mixture of iodine and sand are separated by method of. 1 During separation of CO, and hydrogen gas by diffusion the gas that dllfases rapidly is 8. Daring the separation of CO, and O, by the process of preferential Kquefaction, the ‘component liqueties. 9. Armixture of oil and water can be separated by using 30. ‘The number of atoms present in the molecule of an element is called its 11. Compounds are formed by chemically combining elements in a__ proportion. by weight. 12 During diailationeftodina and moti slash the non volatile substance 13. A mixture of barium sulphate and H,O can be separated by the method of 14. The principle of difference in boiling points of liquid is used in the 15, Soda water can be separated by___ the pressure. HEB TRUEOR FALSE | 16. _ Distilled water cannot be separated into its constituents by physical methods. 17. Separation of CCl, from CS, can be carried out by separating funnel method. 18. Baking soda is a compound. 19. Sand and sawdust can be separated by gravity method, 20. A homogeneous mixture of two liquids can be separated using fractional distillation method. 21. A handful of soil is homogeneous mixture of solids. 22, A mixture of glucose water can be separated by the method of evaporation, 23, The properties of compounds are same from those of the elements of which they are made. ‘The melting and boiling points of a mixture is fixed depending on the proportions of its components it is made of. components of a mixture can never be separated by physi 1. Matter and its Classification a ‘al methods.nT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty /Class-1x [B marciTHeFotiowine | 26. Column -1 Column - 1 A. Sublimation p. Separation of sand and sawdust B. Magnetic separation 4. Separation of NaCl from KNO, C. Gravity method r Separation of sand and wax D. Solvent extraction s, Separation of iron and sand E. Fractional crystallisation t. Separation of fodine and sand © | FURTHER PRACTICE Reser 200K OK (BB wuinpie cicice Questions] 1. Which of the following mixtures will be the most difficult to separate? (A) Iron filings (powder) + sand (B) Sand + water (©) Sawdust + stones (D) Nitrogen + hydrogen 2 You can separate a mixture of sand, salt and water by: (A filtration and distillation (B) decantation and evaporation (©) filtration and decantation, (D) decantation and crystallization, 3. In an experiment oxygen was added to hydrogen and heated. On burning a substance containing both oxygen and hydrogen water was formed. What is this substance? (A) Element (B)Compound (©)Solution (D) Mixture 4. A saturated salt water solution was heated and allowed to cool without adding any more salt, What will happen? (A) Some salt appears to settle at the bottom. (B) Some more salt can be dissolved now, (C) No change takes place. (©) Both AorB 5. Which of the following statement is NOT truo? (A) A mixture of water and milk can be separated by filtration. (B) A mixture of powdered salt and sugar can be separated by fractional crystallisation. (©) Loading is a process which invelves alum. (D) Salt from sea water is obtained by evaporation. 6. Which of the following is an example of a solid-in-gas mixture? (A) soil (B) Smoke ()Moisture Dew 1, Meter and its Casification oo MRMT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty /Class-IX 7. Sugar syrup, usually used to cont sweets with sugar, becomes hard when cooled, From. this we can conclude that sugar syrup is: (A) a saturated solution (B) an unsaturated solution (©) not a solution z (D) none of these 8, Filtration as a method of separation can be used for mixtures that are (A) homogeneous and liquid-in-gas mixtures (B) hetorogencous and liquid-in-liquid mixtures (C) homogeneous and solid-in-liquid mixtures. (D) heterogeneous and solid-incliquid mixtures 9. Which changes ofstate occur during distillation? (A) Boiling followed by filtration (B) Boiling followed by condensation (©)Condensation followed by boiling __(D) Filtration followed by boiling 10. Two miscible liquids having different boiling points ean be separated by: (A)sublimation (B) evaporation (fractional distillation (D) loading 11, To separate the solids which are insoluble in liquids euch thot solid is heavier than iquid: (A) sedimentation and decantation (B) evaporation and condensation (O)filtration (D) condensation and crystallization 12. Which of the following pair of gases cannot be separated by diffusion method ? (@)SO,andH, — (B)CO,andN,O—-(C)NH,andN, —-(D) CO, and H, EST! ‘Napthalene and iron filings can be separated by the method of (A) solvent extraction (B) sublimation (C) magnetic separation (D) filtration (A) Oil is miscible in water. (B) Fractional distillation is a method used for separating homogeneous mixture of two liquids. (C) All pure substances are homogeneous in nature. (D) The constituent elements of a compound can be separated only by chemical reaetions. 3, Which of the following is not miscible in alcohol ? (a) Water (B) Petrol ©)Diesel (D) Kerosene 1. Matter and ts lsication RokUt Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1k 4. Choose the correct statement from the following. (A) Liquor ammonia and soda water are examples of liquid- gas type mixtures. (B) Mixture of coconut oil and water can be separated using separating funnel. (C) A mixture of iodine and sulphur can be separated using magnetic separation. (D) A mixture of sand and sawdust can be separated using solvent extraction. 5. Choose the correct statement from the following. (A) Constituents of ink can be separated by a technique known as chromatography. (B) By the method of diffusion a mixture helium and sulphur dioxide can be separated, (©) A mixture of barium sulphate and water ean be separated using filtration. (D)A mixture of sand and iron canbe separated by sublimation [il Assertion ano Reason TvPEQUEsTINs| ‘The questions given below consist of statements of an Assertion and a Reason, Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer. (A) Ifboth assertion and reason are CORRECT and reason is the CORRECT explana- tion of the assertion, (®) Ifboth assertion and reason are CORRECT, but reason is NOT THE CORRECT explanation of the assertion. (©) Ifassertion is CORRECT, but reason is INCORRECT. (D) Ifassertion is INCORRECT, but reason is CORRECT. (©) Ifboth assertion and reason are INCORRECT, 1. Assertion : A mixture ammonium chloride and sand can be separated using sublimation, Reason: Ammonium chloride on heating converts from solid to gas directly. 2 Assertion : The constituents of petroleum can be separated using fractional distillation. Reason: Fractional distillation is a method of separating heterogeneous liquid ~ liquid mixtures. 3. Assertion : All homogeneous substances are pure. Reason Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of solids. 4, Assertion: Amixture of hydrogen and sulphur dioxide gas can be separated using a method of diffusion, Reason: Diffusion is a method of separation by which two gases with greater Platinic or Platinum (IV) e+ Plumbie or Lead (IV) a+ Stannic or Tin (IV) °° Arsenic (V) b+ Antimonic or Antimony (V) a a a 4 4 4 pet 4 4 2 42 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 bb668 +8 8 3 3 4 “ 4 +6 +6 Chemistry/Class-1K 2. Language of ChemistryUT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemisty /Cass- Bicarbonate or Hydrogen carbonate 11CO; 1 Bisulphate SO; 1 jsulphite or Hydroge: Hydrogen Sulphide or Bisulphide Fluoride F =i Chloride cr ay Bromide Br = Tedide Tr Hypochlorite Clo” Toda 10; a ite, NO} a Nirate Gr 5 Dihydrogen phosphate HPO, a Tanite = : ‘Thiocyanate SCN~ Sulphocyanide a Permanganate NnOr = Hydride He [Baresi om Superoni 05 Hydrogen peroxide Bivalent Carbonate cor cee | 2 Thromave cr0! 2 Dichromate O10} “2 Manganate Sulphide Sulpl Sulphate Oxide Peroxide oF Zincate ZnO} 2. Language of Cenisty acour Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class-IK ‘Teivalent Aluminate Anwenate ‘0h = Borido 3 Borate 3 Nitride Phosphide y 3 Phosphito 3 Phosphate 3 Fervieynnide [Fe(CN),]” fonctt -3 Tetravalent [EB cHemicaLrormutae jj Amolecule of an element or a compound is represented by means of a chemical formula. ‘The chemical formula is represented in terms of symbols and subscript numbers. Example: H1,0,NH, nificance of a formula A chemical formula qualitatively represents, @ the name of the substance Gi) the names of various elements present in the substance. and quantitatively represents. @ one molecule of the substance, i) the actual number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of the substance. Example: N, - one molecule of chlorine contains two atoms ‘CaCO,— one atom of caleium ,one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms. inds of chemical formulae ‘The following are the different kinds of chemical formulae. {() Molecular formula ‘The molecular formula, represents the number of atoms of each element that are actually prosent in a‘molecule. Eg : The molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide is HO, Language of Chemistry a6 AGWT Foundation & Olymplad Explorer Chemistry / Class IK Significance ‘The molecular formula gives (i) the ratio of atoms of each element to atoms of every other element in a compound. (ii) The ratio of atoms of each element to molecule of the compound. For example, C,H, has a ratio of 2 carbon atoms to 2 hydrogen atoms, as well as a ratio of 2 carbon atoms to 1 molecule of C,H, Empirical formula ‘To understand empirical formula, consider the example of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is H,O,. The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in H,O, is 1: 1 and its empirical formula is HO. “Thus the formula which represents this simple ratio of the atoms is, called empirical formula. Thus, empirical formula is defined as the representation of the simple ratio of atoms present in a single molecule of a compound. Significance ‘The empirical formula is used to find the correct ratio of atoms of elements, to form a single molecule of a compound. For example, formation of single molecule of glucose (C,H,,0,) requires the combina- tion of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1: 2:1 ‘The molecular formula of acetylene is C,H,. However, its empirical formula comes ‘out to be the same as that of benzene viz. CH. Some more examples are shown below. Name of the Compound Empirical Formula Molecular formula Glucose CHO CHO, Dinitrogen tetroxide NO, N,0, Diborane BH, BH, Note: Inmany cases the least possible ratio of the valencies of the radicals is written. Writing the chemical formula One of the most important points to remember while writing the formula of a chemical compound is that it is always electrically neutral. In other words, the positive and negative valencies of the ions or radicals present in the chemical compound add up to zero. To write a formula follow the steps given below. ‘This method of writing formula is called criss-cross method. a) Write the symbol of the positive ion or the radical to the left and the negative ion or the radical to the right. b) Put the valency number of each of the radical or ion on its top right. Divide the valency number by the highest common factor, if any, to get simple ratio. Now ignore the (+) and (-) symbols. Interchange the valency numbers of the radicals. 2. Lanquoge of Chemisty Hoo MhnT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Cheanstry Clas 1K ©) Shift the valency number to the lower right of the ion or the radical. Ifrndical receives a number more than 1, enclose it within brackots. Do not enclose single atom within brackets. Examples ) Write the formula of aluminium sulphate i) symbols of the combining units side by side Cation on the L.H.S. and the anion on RH.S = Mg PO, it) Enclose the compound ion, If any, in a bracket, eg. Mg (PO,) iii) Write the numerical value of the charge on top Mg’* (P0,)” iv) Ifthe charges of the two ions are divisible by a common factor, then reduce the numerals, v) Finally criss-cross the numerical values of their charges to obtain the formula. Me“ <1P0,)"= mg(00,)" b) The formula is CaCl, Formula of Sodium Chloride : Step 1: oe or Step2: Na, “Ch ‘The formula of Sodium Chloride is NaCl ©) Formula of Sodium carbonate : Stepl: Nal CO} Step2: Na “(CO ‘The formula of Sodium carbonate is Na,CO, ann Usually the elements present in a compound are named in order of symbols appearing in the formula. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS |] 1g of binary compounds In general, binary compounds are of two types. i) Binary compounds containing a metal and a non-metal ii) Binary compounds containing two non-metals, 2. Language of Chemisty Row{tr Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-IK Naming of some binary compounds from a metal and non - metal ‘While naming the compounds the metal and non-metal, the metal is named first and the non-metallic part is given a suffix ide at the end. For example a compound formed from sodium and chlorine is named as sodium chloride. Similarly, a compound formed from magnesium and nitrogen is named as magnesium nitride. ‘Compound formed from ‘Metal Non - metal ‘Sodium ‘Sodium chloride ‘Magnesium Fluorine ‘Magnesium fluoride Calcium Chlorine Calcium chloride Barium Oxygen Barium oxide ‘Aluminium Nitrogen Aluminium nitride Lithium Lithium nitride Potassium Potassium bromide Naming of binary compounds formed from two non-metals ‘The naming of second type of binary compounds formed from two non-metals. ‘The first non-metal is named first and while naming the second non-metal, Greek prefixes like ‘mono, ‘di, ‘tr, ‘tetra’, ‘penta’ etc., are used before its - ide form. Pratata bee oes Normatal | Non-metal | baorets-ide Name Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus | Chlorine | penta Phosphorus pentachloride Sulphur | Fluorine | hexa Sulphur hexafluoride Iodine Fluorine | hepta Iodine hoptafluoride Naming of teritiary compounds ‘Tertiary compounds contain atoms of three different elements. Though there are different types of teritiary compounds, the naming of the teritiary compounds containing oxygen ‘as one of the elements change depending on the number of oxygen atoms they contain. Naming of compounds a) Only one compound : NaZnO, is Sodium zincate, b) Two compounds : CaSO, is Calcium sulphite, CaSO, is caleium sulphate. ©) More than two compounds : KCIO, is Potassium perchlorate, KCIO is potassium hypochlorite, KCIO, is potassium chlorite, Inorganic compounds are basically classified into three types ~ acids , bases and salts. 2. Language of Chemisty & iInTFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-K Naming of acids Acids are inorganic compounds that contain replaceable hydrogen ions (the positive radical). Therefore, the name of an acid mainly depends upon its constituent negative radical. Based on type of negative radical acids are of two types they are binary acids, oxy acids. Binary acids A binary acid is one which contains two elements one hydrogen whereas other is negative radical consists of a non metal. Example: HCI, HBr. To name a binary acid a suffix ‘ic’ is added to it with prefix as hydro. HCL Hydro chlorie acid. Oxy acid An oxy acid is one whose negative radical consists of a nonmetal and oxygen . The name of oxy acid depends on the percentage of the oxygen associated with a specific nonmetal. Acid with comparatively less percentage of oxygen like H,SO,, HNO, is named as by adding a suffix ‘ous’ i.e. H,SO, is named as sulphurous acid. Acid with comparatively more percentage of oxygen like H,SO,, HINO, is named as by adding a suffix ‘ic i. H,$0, is named as sulphuric acid. Example: Hypo chlorous acid CIO Chlorous acid HClO; (Chloric acid HCIOs Perchloric acid HCIO, Note: Ifthe acid contains lesser number of oxygen atoms than the corresponding ‘ous? acid, ‘hypo’ prefix is given to the negative radical whereas ‘per’ prefix is given to the negative radical when the avid contains greater number of oxygen atoms thanthecorresponding'ie’acid, 1g of bases Bases generally contain hydroxyl radical (OH-) as the negative radical and a metal ion as its positive radical. To write the name of the base, the name of the metal is written first followed by hydroxide. Example: Potassium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide Caleium hydroxide 2. longioge of then £onMr Foundetion & Obmpiod Explorer Chemisty / Class IK Naming of salts The positive radical present in the salt comes from the corresponding base and the negative radical comes from the corresponding acid. Name of the salts start with the name of the metal present as positive radical which is followed by the name of the negative radical. Name of the negative radical depends on the name of the acid from which the salt is produced Example: ( The salt produced from ‘ous’ acids is named by adding a suffix ‘ite. This implies that the name of salt contains name of metal followed by name of non metal with suffix ite’. For Example: Salt produced by reaction of calcium hydroxide with sulphurous acid is. ‘named as calcium sulphite. Similarly, the name of the salt produced by the reaction of 2ine with phosphorous acid is named as zine phosphite. (i) The salt produced from ‘ic’ acids is named by adding a suffix ‘ate’. This implies that the name of salt contains name of metal followed by name of non metal with suffix ate. For Example: Salt produced by reaction of aluminium hydroxide with sulphuric acid is named as aluminium sulphate. Similarly, the name of the salt produced by the reaction of sodium with phosphoric acid is named as zinc phosphate. [ii ctemicatequarion ‘The chemical equation is a statement that describes a chemical change in terms of symbols and formula, 1. (a) Reactants : The substance/substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants. The reactants are always written on the left hand side in a chemical equation. (b) Products : The substances formed as a result of chemical change during a chemical reaction are called products. The products are always written on the right hand side in a chemical equation. 2. A chemical equation consists of formulae of reactants connected by plus sign (+) and an arrow (>) followed by the formulae of products, connected by plus sign (4). 3. ‘The sign of an arrow (>) is read “to yield” or “to form”. It also shows the direction in which reaction is predominant. Pre-knowledge Before Writing a Balanced Chemical Equation Following knowledge is necessary before one starts writing a balanced chemical equation: a) Whether or not a chemical reaction takes place between two chemical substances. b) One must know all the reactants and the products formed during a chemical change. ©) One must know the correct symbols and formulae of all the reactants and products. A chemical equation in which number of atoms of each element is same on the side of reactants and products is called balanced equation, 2. language of Chemistry & aIT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistey/Class-0 Example: Potassium nitrate decomposes on heating to form potassium nitrite and oxygen. ‘Writing the symbols and formulae of the reactants and products, the chemical equation of the above reaction can be represented as under. KNO, > KNO, +0, ‘The above equation is wrong as atoms can neither be created nor can be destroyed by a chemical reaction, However, if we write the above equation as :2KNO, -> 2KNO, + O, then number of atoms of various elements on the side of reactants is equal to number of atoms of various elements towards the side of products. Such an equation is called fully balanced equation. Frequency of number of places at which an element occurs in a chemical equation. Ifan atom of an element is present at one place towards the reactants side it must be present at one place towards the products side. For example in the equation : KNO, + KNO, + 0, Potassium atom is present at one place towards the side of reactants and at one place towards the side of products. Thus, frequency of occurrence in the whole equation is 2. Similarly, nitrogen atom occurs at one place towards the side of reactants and at one place towards the side of products. Thus, frequency of occurrence of nitrogen in whole equation is 2. However, oxygen atom oceurs at one place in the reactants side and two places in the products side thus the frequency of occurrence of oxygen is 3. The frequency of occurrence of various elements in an equation, in short is called f— number. Thus, in ‘above equation number for potassium is 2, nitrogen is 2 and oxygen is 3, KE _ oe 7 While calculating fnumbers of various elements, just count the number of places where the given elements occurs, Do not count the actual number of _ atoms as they donot represent places. In the above equation f-number ofoxygen | 48, boeauseit iat thre places inthe equation. Donot say number ofoxygen is7 asithasTatomsin theequation. 1. Examples for finding f number Ge weed, + gay Ca C04+1,0 unbalanced tnumerercaea et ttt f T= 4 + te So mt oe eo fame [31-3 [3 2 topane of ony gam{ir Foundation & Olympiad Explocer Chemistry /Cass- IK 2 AL(COd + H:SQ, — ALGO + HaO+ Cop [Skelton equation] Alte? o:tss Site2 e:te2 Hite=2 ‘Element Ay] cyovTHuTs ‘fnumber 2 2 5 2 2 Rules for Balancing a Chemical Equation 1, Write the frequency numbers of all the elements in a given chemical equation. 2, Start balancing equation from that element which has least frequency number. 8, Other elements should be balanced in the order of increasing frequency numbers. 4, If two or more elements have same frequency number, then balance the metallic element first. 5. If there are two or more metallic elements with same frequency number, first balance the metal with highest atomic number. Then balance the next metallic elements with lower atomic number and so on. 6, If there are two or more non - metallic elements, with same frequency number, first balance the non - metallic element with highest atomic number. Other non - metallic element should be balanced in the decreasing order of atomic numbers Pitiicey totstencelaneyuaGoninitstrumber! However, if fnumbers are same, | then first metallic elements should be balanced in the order of decreasing | atomic number, followed by nom- r Reasons for choosing order of balancing of each element ‘Aluminium, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen have same frequency number. However, aluminium being a metal gets 1* place in balancing. Amongst the non-metals with frequency number 2, nitrogen has the highest atomic number followed by carbon and hydrogen. Thus, order of balancing nitrogen is 2*, carbon is 3” and hydrogen is 4*. The last element oxygen, which has frequency number 6 gets 5* place in the order of balancing. @ Balancing aluminium : The atoms of aluminium towards the reactants side are 2 in Al(CO,),, but in the products side it is one in AI(NO,),. Thus, in order to balance aluminium we multiply AI(NO,), by 2 as shown in the equation (a), Al(CO,),+HNO, ——> 2AI(NO,),+CO,+H,O ___(a) ) Balancing nitrogen : In equation (a) number of nitrogen atoms in HNO, towards the reactants side is 1. ‘The number of nitrogen atoms in 2A/(NO,), towards the products side are 6. Thus, in order to balance nitrogen we multiply HNO, by 6 as shown in equation (b) AL{CO,),+6HNO, ——> 2A1(NO,), + CO, +H,0 Oo) nguege of Chemis ls 2. Longuage of Chemistry & A{MT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class- iii) Balaneing carbon : In equation (b) number of carbon atoms in A/,(CO,), towards the reactants side are 3. The number of carbon atoms in CO, towards the products side are 1. Thus, in order to balance carbon we multiply CO, by 3 as shown in equation (c) Al(CO,), + 6HNO, ——> 2AK(NO,), +3C0,+H,0 __ © iv) Balancing hydrogen : In equation (¢) number of hydrogen atoms in GHNO, towards the reactants side are 6. The number of hydrogen atoms in H,O towards the products side are 2. Thus, in order to balance hydrogen, we multiply H,O by 3 as shown in equation (d). Al(CO,), + 6HNO, ——> 2Al(NO,), + 3CO, + 3H,0 @ ¥) Balancing oxygen : In equation (d) total number of oxygen atoms on the side of reactants are 27. Similarly, total number of atoms on the side of products are 27. Thus, equation is fully balanced. Rul Af there is a difference of one atom in reactants and products or the number of atoms in the reactants and the products are even and odd numbers, and that particular element. exists in pure elementary state in the equation, then without disturbing the atom in elementary form, multipiy the whole equation bs * (do not multiply element by 2). Information conveyed by balanced chemical equation Consider the balanced chemical equation given below : Cu0 + CO > Cu+ CO, 1a) Abalanced chemical equation tells us about the substances which react and the products formed by the chemical reaction. In the above equation copper oxide reacts with ‘carbon monoxide to form copper and carbon dioxide. ) A balanced chemical equation also tells us about the symbols and formulae of all ‘substances involved in a chemical reaction. ©) Abalanced chemical equation tells us about the number of atoms or molecules of all ‘substances involved in a chemical reaction. In th> above equation, 1 molecule of copper oxide reacts with one molecule of carbon monoxide to form one atom of copper and one molecule of carbon dioxide. @) A balanced chemical equation tells us about the mass of all substances involved in a chemical reaction. ‘The above equation tells that 80 g of copper oxide, react with 28 g of carbon monoxide to form 64 g of copper and 44 g of carbon dioxide. The masses ure calculated by adding atomic masses of the elements in a molecule. Limitations of a balanced chemical equation a) It does not give information about the physical state of reactants and products. For ‘example, the equation given below does not tell whether the substances involved in, chemical reaction are in solids, liquids or gaseous state 2 tf ity SomLT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-iX CaCO, +2HCl + CaCl, + H,0 + CO, ‘This difficulty is overcome by putting symbols like(s) for solids, (2) for liquids and (g) for gases. For chemicals, which react in solution form, a symbol (aq) is used. Following examples will illustrate the point i) CaCO,(s) + 2HCKaq) —> CaCl (aq) +H,0() +COJe) 4) AgNOaq) +NaCK'ag) —> AgClls) +NaNO,aq) iii) 2Pb(NO,)(s) —> 2PbO(s) + 4NO{@) +0,(@) b) A balanced chemical equation does not tell whether a chemical reaction will come to completion or not. ©) A balanced chemical equation does not tell anything about the speed of a chemical reaction. For example, the reaction between silver nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution completes in few seconds. However, decomposition of lead nitrate erystals takes place in few minutes ® Abalanced chemical equation does not tell about the physical conditions which bring about the chemical reaction, e., it does not tell whether heat energy, light energy, pressure, catalyst, etc., are required for a chemical reaction or not. (above limitation) ‘The problem is partly solved by writing the conditions of reaction on the arrow head as illustrated by a balanced equation. Ng (@) +34 (6) —gopaten 50° 25H (8) From the above equation we can say that 1 volume of nitrogen gas, reacts with 3 volumes of hydrogen gas, under a pressure of 900 atmospheres, at a temperature 450°C, in presence of catalyst iron containing molybdenum, when a reversible reaction takes place, with the formation of 2 volumes of ammonia gas. e) A balanced chemical equation does not tell about changes such as precipitation, change in colour, evolution of heat, light and sound energy during the chemical change. & | SOLED EXAMPLES rea 220 ‘(RRM Example 1: Iron (II) oxide is a chemical compound found in haematite, an iron ore. (A) Give the symbol of all the elements in iron (IID) oxide. (B) Give the formulae of all the irons in iron (IIT) oxide, (©) What is the formula of iron (II) oxide ? 2 oo ey BowuTFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-¢ Solution: (A) Fe,O (B) Fe*, 07, (C) Formulaofions: Fe" o Valency of ions: 3 2 Combiningions: toa Formula ofcompound : me EEE Example2: Phosphorus has valencies of 3 and 5. What is the formula of the two oxides of phosphorus ? Solution Oxide 1: Formula ofclements eee Valeney ofelements: Bees Simpleratioot a Combining atoms a Formula of compound P.O, Oxide 2: Formulaofelement es Valeneyofelement: BW 2 Simple ratioof ne Combining atoms PO, Formula ofcompound (EE Example3: ‘A compound of potassium is assigned the formula K,Cr,0, 'A) How many elements are there in this compound ? B) How many atoms are there in this compound ? © Give the formula of each of the ions in this compound, Solution: A) Three elements B) 2 potassium atoms, 2 chromium atoms, 7 oxygen atoms, Total : 11 atoms C) In a compound, potassium always exists as an ion Kr, ‘Two K* ions produce a total charge of +2. ‘The negative ion must carry a charge of -2, ic. Cr,0} dichromate (VI) ion, Cr,0%". { 2. Longuage of Chemistry ReaIE Foundation & Obmnphad txplorer Chemisty Class IX EET Examples: Bulaneo the following equation : Cu HNO, -» Cu(NO,), + NO+ 1,0 Solution: Step 1: Balance the numbe Write 8 in front of HINO, ; Hin front of CuNOL),: 2 in front of NO to balnnee the number of Natoma Cu + SIINO, -» BCUu(NO,), +2NO +10 Write 4 in front of 1,0 to balance the number of O and atoms Cu+ SHINO, ~) 3Cu(NO,), +2NO +41,0 0 3 in front of Cu to balaneo tho number of Cu ators 3Cu + BIINO, > ICu(NO,), + 2NO + AH,0 nont on both vides of the equation of-atomn of e wi Step Write state symbols 3Cu(s) + BEINO, (aq) ~> 3CuLNO,) ag) + 2NO (2) +410) EEE Example 5: xAl+y0, - 2A1,0, In the balanced equation above, determine the values of x y and x. Solution: Stop 1: Balance the number of atoms of each clement on both sides of the equation write 3 in front of O, + 2in front of Al,O, to balance the number of © ntoms xAL+30, > 2A1,0, write 4 in front of Al to balance the number of Al atoms 4AL+30, > 2A1,0, Step 2: xadjyedjze2 EEE Example 6: ‘What is the oxidation number of S in H,S0,? Solution: Let the oxidation number of S bo x. As H,S0, is neutral, its oxidation number is zero. @ Also, the oxidation number is the sum of all atoms in a molecule. @ Applying (1) and (2), 2 langage of hemsry ReoLurFoundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry / Cass The oxidation number of H,SO, = 0 = 2 [oxidation number of H+1,+ oxidation number of S(x)+(oxidation number of 0}4=0 2(+1)+x+4(-2)=0 2+x-8=0 x=46 IEEE Example7: What is the oxidation number of Cr in K,Cr,0, ? Solution: Let the oxidation number of Cr be x => Oxidation number of K = +1 => Oxidation number of 0 = -2 => 2(+1)+2x476-2)=0 x= 412 +6 Oxidation number of Cr = +6 EEE Examples: Copper reacts with hot and concentrated sulphuric acid to form copper sulphate, sulphur dioxide gas and water. Write f number and balancing order of each element ? Solution: Copper reacts with hot and concentrated sulphuric acid to form copper sulphate, sulphur dioxide gas and water. This reaction can be written in the form of chemical equation as under: Cu+H,S0, > CuSO, +80, +H,0 Writing f:number and balancing order of each element. f- number ‘Order of balancing each element ist_[ 3rd IE Example9: Lead nitrate erystals on strong heating decompose to form lead monoxide, nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas. Solution: I equation as under : 2 Langooge of Chemisty RO{tf Foundation & Obrmpiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1K Pb(NO, ), + PbO + NO, +0, Writing fnumbers and balancing order of each element. ‘Balancing order of each element i) Balancing lead : The number of atoms of lead are one on each side, i.e., reactants side and products side. Thus, it needs no balancing ii) Balancing of nitrogen : The reactants side has 2 nitrogen atoms and the products side ‘one nitrogen atom. Thus, NO, in the products side is multiplied by 2 so as to balance nitrogen as shown in equation (a) Pb(NO,), > PbO +2NO, +0, eee) iii) Balancing of oxygen : The number of oxygen atoms towards the reactants side are 6 (an even number). The number of oxygen atoms towards the side of products are 7 (an odd number). If there is a difference of one atom between reactants and products or number of atoms towards the reactants are even and towards the products odd or vice versa and the following condition is met, then apply the rule stated below : ‘Thus, multiplying equation (a) with 2, without, multiplying O, the equation is written as 2Pb(NO,), > 2PbO + 4NO, +0, ©) In the above equation (b), the number of oxygen atoms towards the reactants side are 12. Similarly, number of atoms towards the products side are 12. Thus , equation (b) is fully balanced equation. EEE Example 10: Potassium dichromate on heating with cone. Sulphuric acid forms, potassium sulphate, chromium sulphate, water and oxygen, The reaction can be written in the form of chemical equation as under : K,Cr,0, +H,SO, + K,SO, + Cr, (SO,), +H,0 +0, Writing fnumber and balancing order of each element. Pk To To Ta Ts] pe [ae 2s ‘Balancing order of each element. [2nd [ist [ 5th | ard | 4th | i) Balancing chromium : There are 2 chromium atoms towards the side of reactants and 2 chromium atoms towards the side of produets. Thus, it needs no balancing. K,Cr,0, +H,S0, > K,SO, + Cr, (SO,), +H,0+0, ii) Balancing potassium : There are 2 potassium atoms towards the side of reactants and 2 potassium atoms towards the side of products. Thus, it needs no balancing. 5 2 impape o arty &{Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1k K,Cr,0, +H,80, + K,S0, + Cr, (S0,), +H,0 +0, iii) Balancing hydrogen : There are 2 hydrogen atoms towards the side of reactants and 2 hydrogen atoms towards the side of products. Thus, it needs no balancing. K,Cr,0, +H,80, + KSO, +Cr,(S0,), + H,0 +0, iv) Balancing sulphur : There is one sulphur atom towards the side of reactants and 4 sulphur atoms towards the side of products. Thus, H,SO, is multiplied by 4, in order to balance sulphur atoms. K,Cr,0, + 44,80, + K,SO, + Cr,(SO,), + H,0 +0, However, on multiplying sulphuric acid (H,SO,) with 4, the number of hydrogen atoms inereases to 8. Thus, H,O towards products side is multiplied by 4, in order tore-balance hydrogen atoms K,Cr,0, + 41,80, > K,SO, + Cr, (S0,), + 4,0 +0, ¥) Balancing oxygen : The total number of oxygen atoms towards reactants side are (7 + 16) = 23. The total number of oxygen atoms towards the products side are (4+ 12 +4 + 2) = 22, Thus, the atoms on the reactants and products side are odd and even numbers respectively. Furthermore oxygen occurs in equation is in pure elementary form. Thus, we will multiply the whole equation by 2, except the element 02. K,Cr,0, +8H,SO, + 2K,SO, + 2Cr, (SO, ), + 8H,0 + 0, ‘Recounting oxygen towards reactants side, there are (14 + 82) = 46 atoms, The number of oxygen atoms in compounds towards products side (excluding O,) are (8 + 24 + 8) = 40. Thus, on products side there are six atoms of oxygen less than reactants. ‘They can be made up by multiplying O, with 3, 2K,,Cr,0, + 8H,S0, > 2K,SO, + 2Cr, (S0,), +8H,0 +30, ‘The above equation is ¢ fully balanced equation, 2. Language of Chemisty RamIt Foundation &olmpiad Explorer Cheristy/ hss ik | CONCEPT MAP semen x 00.0.4 Tanguage of Chemistry ‘A symbol is the short form that —» [Chemical Symbols }—>] stands for the atom of an element, Exg.: Oxygen - O, hydrogen ~ [The valency of an clement or of a (Avradical is an atom or a group] [Wateney}—>|;acical is the number ofhydrogen| E&8I81}—>) or atoms of same or different atoms that will combine with or |! elements that behaves in the displace one atom of that element ‘manner of positive or negative lor radical, ion. Valeney is the combining capacity| lof an atom or of a radical, { Oxidation number V ‘The oxidation number ofan element indicates the relative cloctro negativity ofthat element when it combines with another element, Chemival Formula} > [Chemical equation Y y "The representation of a molecule “A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction ofa substance (element or with the help of symbols and formulae. It tells us compound) interms of symbols what substances enter into a given reaction (reactants) and subscript numbers is known and that products are formed as a result of the reaction| as a formula, Reactants ~ Products Eg: NH, HSO, For example CuSO, + 2NaOH > CulOHD, + Na,SO, Le Reactants Products [Balanced equation ‘Skeleton equation Ttis the equation in which the total } Ttis an equation, which represents ‘number of atoms of each element in ‘a chemical change but is unbalanced. the reactants, on the left side of the In other words, the total number of equation isthe same as the ner atoms of each clement on the two ‘atoms in the produets formed, en sides is not equal. The following the right side ofthe equation. example will make the point clear CaCO, > CaO + CO, KNO, > KNO, + 0, 2 Language of Chemis (i, Language of Chemistry & i{Foundation & Oympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-ik HB summative Exercise $B | Basic PRACTICE a OOO 1. The compound IF, is named as 2. Stannous ion is represented as 3. ‘The symbol of tungsten is 4 . The valency of chlorine atom is taken as the __ ,and this value is taken as “the standard, 5. Magnesium bromide is a salt of 6. The valency of iron in FeCl, is 7. The oxidation number of manganese in KMnO, is 8. Zine phosphate is a salt of 8 Assalt ofbinary acid H.S is MS. The valeney of metal is 10. The symbol of Sb stands for 11. The oxidation state of nitrogen in ammonia molecule is 12. The valency of hydrogen phosphate radical is 13, Plumbous ion is represented as 14, 2K,Cr,0, + 8H,S0, —42KS0,+ +80, 15, Chemical formula of is CaN, Hl true onratse | 16. Halide radical is monovalent. 17. Formula of calcium bicarbonate is CaHCO,, 18. Hypo chlorate radical is represented as (HCIO,)', 19, 2Na represents 2 molecules of sodium. 20. Noble gas molecules are diatomic. 21, Allelements having valency 8 are triatomic, 22, ‘The valeney of Cu in cuprous chloride (Cu,Cl,) is 1. 23, ‘The valency of an element A is 4 and that of another element B is 2. The formula of the ‘compound formed from A and Bis A,B. 24, 2A1,0, ——, Al,0,+2H,0 is a balanced chemical equation. 25, The oxidation state of Mn in K,Mn0, is same as that in MnO, 2 Language of chemistry & &Ut Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class-0K [i marca THEFoLLowine | 2 Column =1 Column - i A. 3 Chromium atoms p. 2Co B. 6 Chloride ions 4. 6Cl, C. 2 Cobalt atoms x. 3Cr D. 2 Carbon monoxide molecules s. 6CI! E. 6 Chlorine molecules t. 2CO 27, Column -1 Column - It A. Manganous ion p. Mn B. Manganate ion q. Mn® ©. Permanganate ion ® MnO, D. Manganic ion s. MnO? & | FURTHER PRACTICE fom eenmnemnne ame OOK [El MoimPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS} 1, Name of the element Ni is (A) Nichrome (B) Neon (C) Nickel (D) Nitrogen 2, Which one of the following is not monovalent ? (A) Sodium (B)Aluminium —(©)Potassium —_(D) Caesium 3. ‘The ions Mg** and PO;* combine to form compounds : (A)MgiPO)), (B)Mg,(PO), —--(C) Mg(PO), (D)Mg,PO), 4. The name of the compound Na, ZnO, is (A) sodium zinc oxide (B) sodium zincite (C)sodium zincate (D) zincite 5. The valency of gold in AuCl is : @. (2 os M4 6. The symbol of Na represents the short hand notation of element (A) Nitrogen (B) Nickel (Sodium (D) Potasium 7. Valeney of magnesium and oxygen in MgO is : (Ayoneandone —(B)twoandtwo (Cone andtwo —_(D) two and one 8. The valency of nitrogen in nitrogen dioxide is @. (B)2 (os D4 9. Bicarbonate ion is (HCO. (B) HCO" (©) HCO; (D) HCO; 2 tenor of iy & §iT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemvistry/Class-1K 10. W 1. 13, 4, 15. ‘Super oxide ion is (A OF (B) Oo" (C) 0; ) 0, Phosphide and phosphate ions are : (A) PO} and P* — (B) P* and PO? (C) POY and P* (D) Pt and PO} ‘The bivalent ion / radical among the following is : (nitride (B) phosphide (antimony —_—(D) sulphate Correct formula of a trivalent metal nitride is (A) MN, (B) M,N, (©) MN (D) M,N, Valency of inert gases is (A Zero (B) One (©) Three (D) Two Which of the following is not the correct formula? WHS | @)NaHSo, (si, (D) Nasio, (Ei MuitiPLE Answer QUESTIONS | Identify the correct statement(s) from the following: (A) The shorthand representation of a molecule of a substance (element or compound) in terms of symbols and subscript numbers is known as the formula. (B) Atoms of different elements combine in a certain fixed ratio to form a compound. (©) All chemical compounds are represented by their respective formulae. (D) Symbols ofall elements are derived from their latin names. Quantitatively, formula represents : (A) one molecule of the substance. ) the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of the substance. (©) the number of parts by weight of the substance (molecular weight). (D) the number of parts by weight of each element. ‘The formula, CaCO, quantitatively signifies : (A) One molecule of calcium carbonate (B) One molecule of calcium carbonate is made up of one atom of calcium, one atom of carbon and three atoms of oxygen. (©) 100 parts by weight of calcium carbonate [At, wt. Ca = 40, C= 12,0 = 16). (D) 40 parts by weight of calcium, 12 parts by weight of carbon and 48 parts by weight of oxygen. Language of Chemistry Soo WRFoundation & Oympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-Ik 4, Identify the correct statement(s) from the following: (A) The ion having a positive charge on it is known as electro - positive ion. (B) The ion having a negative charge on it is known as electro - negative ion. (©) Simple ion is an ion which contains one or more atoms of the same element. (D) Compound ion is an ion which contains two or more atoms of different elements forming a single unit. 5, The monovalent ion / radical among the following is : (A)caleium B)nitrate (©)perchlorate _(D) bicarbonate ‘The questions given below consist of statements of an Assertion and a Reason. Use the following key to choose the appropriate answer. (A) Ifboth assertion and reason are CORRECT and reason is the CORRECT explana- tion of the assertion. (B) If both assertion and reason are CORRECT, but reason is NOT THE CORRECT explanation of the assertion, (© Ifassertion is CORRECT, but reason is INCORRECT. (D) Ifassertion is INCORRECT, but reason is CORRECT. ® Ifboth assertion and reason are INCORRECT. 1. Assertion : Ferrous ion is a divalent ion. Reason —_: _Iron atom looses two electrons to carry two positive charges. 2. Assertion : Balancing a chemical equation is important to study a chemical reaction. Reason: _ A balanced equation tells about energy changes that take place. 3. Assertion : As both calcium and sulphate carry two positive charges the formula of calcium sulphate is Ca, (SO, ), Reason: Calcium sulphate is a compound formed by combination of calcium and sulphate ions. 4, Assertion : A formula tolls about the source of the compound. Reason : Formula is the shorthand notation of representation of one molecule of a compound. 5, Assertion: Oxidation number of an element can be a whole number, zero or a fractional number. But valency can never be zero. Reason —:_Valeney of inert gases is zero. 2, Language of Chemisty ee co HhMT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer CChemistry/Class-1x [BB PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS | Passage ~I Element P,Q react to form a compound P,,.R and P react to form R,P,- 4) Identify the valency of P x By Or D)x+y ii) IfP,Q, is a binary acid with x = 2y then the acid is, (A) sulphuric acid (B) hydrochloric acid (©) chlorie acid (D) hydrogen sulphide iii) Ifx = 2y, 2 = 3y and P is hydrogen. Identify the pair of compounds. (A) H,S0,, H,PO, (B) HCL, HNO, (OHS, NH, (0) HF, NaN, = SECTION -B © [iiconceprvat questions] 1. Ametal ‘M’is divalent in its ‘ous’ state and trivalent in its ‘ic state. Write the formula of the following compounds. (A) Metal nitrate (B)Metal nitride (C) Metal phosphide 2. Qutermost shells of two elements X and Y have one and six electrons respectively. If they combine, what will be expected formula of the compound ? 3. One molecule of a binary acid contains two hydrogen atoms and a negative radical X. ‘What will be the formula of the salts when it reacts with bases like M(OH), M(OH), and ‘M(OH), ? Explain with reasons. 4, Onemolecule of any halide contains only one atom of the metal, but they contain different number of halogen atoms. Justify. 5, Anoxide of a non - metal X contains five oxygen atoms. What will be the formula of the ‘compound if it is made up of metal M (of valency 2) and the negative radical X ? Justify your answer. 6. What does the term “equation” of a chemical equation used for ? 2 ome gon\TFeundation & ympiod Explorer Cherise /Cas-16 SECTION-C [Bi Previous contest questions] Carbonate and bicarbonate ions are : (A) CO} andHCO; (B) HCO; andCO} (C) HC 2. The chemical formula of potassium superoxide is nd} (D) CO} and HCO; (Ko, @Ko (Ko MKo, 3. Anexample of Alum is (A) Al, (S0,), .Na,SO,.12H,0 (B) FeSO, (NH, ), $0,.6H,0 (© K,S0, Al, (SO, ),.24H,0 () Fe, (SO, ), Al, (SO, ), 24,0 4. Formula of chromic acid is H,CrO, . Formula of divalent metal chromate is (a) Mcr0, (B) M,CrO, (C) M, (CrO, ), (D) M,CrO, 5. Which of the following chemical reactions is balanced as woll as undergoes combustion? (A) 0,1, +50, +800, +4H,0 (B) 6CO, +12H,040,H,,0, +60, +6H,0 (©) OH, +40, + 300, + 3H,0 (D) 2A1+3H,SO, Al, (SO, ), +3H, BRAIN NURTURES] Chemical formula for caleium pyrophosphate is Ca,P,0,, What will be the formula for ferric pyrophosphate ? 2 Formula of phosphoric acid is H,PO, ? A metal M forms chloride of the formula MCl,. ‘What is the formula ofits phosphate? 3, Given below are three chemical equations. Study the equations and identify the valency of the elements in each of the following equations. What can you infer from the above. (Assume X and Y stand for different metals) i) XS+ZnSO,->XSO, +ZnS ii) 8XC1, + Y, (SO, ), +3XSO, +2YCl, iii) YS+H,$0, > YSO,+HS 4, The chemical X is a hydroxide of a divalent metal. On treating this hydroxide with CO,, amilky white precipitate of Y is formed. The precipitate turns to colourless solution by the excess passage of CO,. This colourless solution again gives milky white precipitate “Yon heating. Identify X and Y and also give necessary equations. 5, Anoxy salt M,(XO,), on heating gives CO,, The hydride of this thetal contains two hydrogen atoms. Find the values of x and y..Give reasons to support your answer. 6. The ratio of weight of oxygen that combines with a fixed weight of an element X to form ‘compounds A and Bis 1: 2. If the valeney of element X is 1 in both cases, what could be the formulae of compounds A and B ? 2 Language of Chemisty ae ahut Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry/Class-1K pi 1 Crossword Puzzle | E | ro I ACROSS Down 2 Combining capacity ofan element I. Oxidation numberis basedon 7. Name ofthe compound PCI, 2. Nameofan oxy acidH,50, 8. Ancbbrevation forthefallnameofanelement 4 Awaytorepresent that molecule using symbols fs PaSeeEARSERSRESenTEEEEE fortheatoms presentint 10 Namectthe bose CofOH), 5 Chemical formula of potassium cyanide 6 Oxidation numberof Mn in KMnO, 2. Langage of Chemisty aCommon Misconception 1. The proton number is the same as the number of protons and the number of ‘electrons for all types of atoms. The nucleon number is the same as the number of neutrons and the number protons 2.As we move away from the nucleus electrons occupy shells in increasing order up to a maximum energy of infinity. 8. Inthe presence of external electric field velocity and angle of deflection of anode raysdonot depend upon the charge and mass ofthe nucleus. @&| synopsis J-—— Inie Structure Fact» 1. The proton number is the same as the number of protons but it only the same as the number of electrons for a neutral atom The nucleon number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons is not necessarily the same as thenumber of neutrons for every atom. 2. When an electron moves away from the nucleus st an infinite distance the electron energy becomes zero. This implies electron is now free with reference to the given nucleus. Hence maximumenergy is zero, 8.No, velocity and angle of deflection of anode rays depend upon the charge and mass of the nucleus as mass of nucleus increases, velocity of anode rays decreases deflection increases. As charge increases, foree of attraction or repulsion increases, es KL i rropv cr: POM A Matter is anything which has mass and occupies space. The Indian and the Greek philosophers believed that matter was made up of very small indivisible particles. These particles were named as“atoms’ meaning indivisible) by Greek and paramanu by Indian philosophers, but improvement about the concept of atom was there till the beginning of the 19% century. Atoms of all the elements (except hydrogen) are made up of the three sub - atomic particles; electrons, protons and neutrons. The discovery and study of these fundamental particles led to the complete study of internal structure of atom, leading to study of various atomie models of atom. 3. Atomic Structure a{MT Foundation & Olympiad Explorer Chemistry /Class-1% The existence of electrons in an atom was shown by J.J. Thomson in 1897 by passing electricity at high voltage through a gas at very low pressure in a discharge tube. A common discharge tube is a long glass tube having two metal plates sealed at its two ends. These metal plates are known as electrodes. The electrode which is connected to the positive terminal of the battery is known as anode (positive electrode), and the electrode which is connected to the negative terminal of the battery is called cathode (negative electrode). Discharge tube has a side tube through which air (or other gases) can be pumped out by using a vacuum pump, so that experiments can be performed at low pressures. ‘Exhaust air pump oe Induction coil Note: ‘The purpose of applying high clectrical voltage is to supply electrical energy to break the atoms of the gas into smaller particles. Properties of Cathode rays ‘The important properties of cathode rays are given below: a) Cathode rays travel in straight lines. b) Cathode rays can produce mechanical effects. ©) Cathode rays are negatively charged. @ Cathode rays deflect towards positive plate of the electric field. e) Cathode rays deflect perpendicular to the magnetic field moving on an are of a circle. The nature of the eathode rays does not depend on the nature of gas taken in the discharge tube or material of the cathode. The mass of.a cathode ray particle is very small as compared to the mass of the atom from which it is formed. fan's oil drop experiments Some fine oil droplets were allowed to be sprayed into the chamber by an atomizer, The air in the chamber is subjected to ionization by X-rays. The electrons produced by the ionization of air attach themselves to the oil drops. The drop remains suspended in the air when sufficient amount of electric field is applied which can just balance the gravitational force acting on an oil drop. 3. Am Soot Sop