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I.2.

1   The  Earth  

Geoscience:  The  Earth  and  its  Resources  


Prof.  Dr.  G.  Berto,  
The  Earth  interior  

Xenolith   deepest  cave:  


1.5  km  

deepest  well:   30  km  


12.2  km  
Seismic  waves  
Crust  
Mantle  
seismic  waves  sampling  the  Earth  

P  wave  

S  wave  

Direc8on  of  wave  propaga8on  


Physical  proper6es  of  the  Earth’s  interior  

S  waves  
P  waves  
mantle  

core  
The  core   The  Earth  magne6c  field  
N Outer  core:  
85%   iron  
5%   nickel  
5%   sulfur  
5%   oxygen  

Inner  core:  
94%   iron  

S  
6%   nickel  
The  mantle  
Homogeneous  
composi6on  (periodite)  
  ρ   Vs   Tsolid   Tliquid   Vp  
Elements:  
• Silicium,  Si  
• Aluminium,  Al  

Minerals:  
• Olivine  
• Pyroxenes  
The  mantle  is  mostly  solid  

thermal   mel@ng  curve  of  


gradient      mantle  rocks  
Rocks  deform  slowly,  like  ice  
The  low  velocity  zone  

Low  velocity  zone  

S-­‐wave  
The  Low  Velocity  zone  

solidus  

geothermal  
gradient  
Low  velocity  zone:  the  substratum  of  the  
Lithosphere    

0-­‐40  km:        Crust  


40-­‐100  km:    Solid  mantle  
Lithosphere  
100-­‐350  km:  Transi8on  zone  

350-­‐700  km:    Upper  mantle  


Asthenosphere  

700-­‐2900  km:  Lower  mantle  

(not  to  scale)  


I.2.1   The  Earth  

Geoscience:  The  Earth  and  its  Resources  


Prof.  Dr.  G.  Berto,  

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