Soft

war eVeri
fi
cati
on,Vali
dati
on&Testing:Veri
ficationandValidati
on,Evol
uti
onary
Natur
eofVer i
fi
cati
onandVal i
dati
on,I
mpr act
icalit
yofTest ingall
DataandPat hs,Proof
ofCorrect
ness,Soft
war eTest
ing,
Funct
ional,Str
uct uralandError
-Ori
entedAnalysi
s&
Testi
ng,Stat
icandDy namicTesti
ngTools,Character i
sti
csofModer nTesti
ngTool s.

Sof
twar
eVer
if
icat
ionandVal
i
dat
ion:
Int
roduct
ion

 Softwareveri
ficati
onandv ali
dati
onaret hetwohandsar oundwhichasoftware
productisbuil
t.
 Softwareveri
ficati
onisapr ocesswhichensurest hatthepr
oducthasbeenbuil
t
accordingtother equir
ementanddesi gnspecifi
cati
ons.
 Itmeans, “
Arewebui l
dingtheSy stem/Productrightl
y?”
 Softwarevali
dationisapr ocesswhi chensuresthattheproductmeetstheuser’
s
requir
ementandf ulf
il
lstheneedofuser .
 Itmeans, “
Arewebui l
dingtheRi ghtSystem/Product?”

Ver
if
icat
iont
est
ing

 Verif
icati
ont est
ingi
ncludesdi fferentact
ivi
ti
essuchasbusi nessrequir
ement s,
system requirement
s,designr ev i
ew,andcodewal kt
hr oughwhi ledevel
opi nga
product.
 Iti
sal soknownasst at
ictesti
ng,wher ewear eensur
ingt hat"wearedev elopi
ng
ther i
ghtpr oductornot "
.Andi talsochecksthatt hedev elopedapplicati
on
ful
fi
lli
ngalltherequi
rement sgi
v enbyt hecl
ient
.
  Vali
dationtesting
 Vali
dationtestingi stest
ingwher et
esterper formedfuncti
onalandnon-funct
ional
testi
ng.Her efunct i
onaltest
ingincl
udesUni tTesti
ng(UT),I
ntegr
ationTesti
ng(IT)
andSy st em Testing( ST),andnon-functionaltesti
ngincl
udesUseraccept ance
testi
ng( UAT).
 Va l
i
dationt estingi salsoknownasdy nami ctesti
ng,wher ewear eensuri
ng
that"wehav edev elopedtheproductright."Andi tal
socheckst hatthesoft
war e
meet sthebusi nessneedsoft hecli
ent.

Sof
twar
eVer
if
icat
ionandVal
i
dat
ion:
TheCompar
ison
 Sof
twar
eVer
if
icat
ionandVal
i
dat
ion

Sof
twar
eVer
if
icat
ionandVal
i
dat
ion:
TheV-
Model

 TheV- Modelisasystematicappr oachwiththehelpofwhi chv er

if
icati
onand
vali
dati
onprocesscanbecar r
iedoutsimul t
aneously,wheretheleftarm oft
he
model descri
besthesoftwarev eri
fi
cati
onpr ocessandrightarm describest
he
softwareval
idati
onprocess.
 Since,wewantt ocarr
youtt hedev el
opment (soft
wareveri
ficati
on)and
testi
ng(sof
twarevali
dati
on)processi nparall
el,t
hismodel helpsust odothe
samei nordertosavetimeandr educethecost .
 TheV-
Model
:Sof
twar
eVal
i
dat
ionandVer
if
icat
ion

Ver
if
icat
ionMet
hods

1.Wal k-t
hrough: Wal k-t
hroughi sandi nformal wayofv eri
fi
cat i
onwhichi sini
ti
ated
bytheaut horofsof twarepr oducttot heircol l
eaguesinor dertolocatedefector
anysuggest i
onf orimpr ov ements.Wal k-throughisanunpl annedprocess.
2.Rev i
ew: Reviewsar emor eformalthanwal k-thr
oughbutl essf or
mal than
i
nspect ionpr ocess.Itisdonet ocheckt hechangei ndataandt odetermine
whet herthechangesar ecor r
ectornot .
3.Inspection:Inspect i
oni samostf ormal verifi
cati
onpr ocess.Itisdonei na
softwarepr oducti nwhi chev er
yindividual l
ineofcodei scheckedi nor dert
o:
o L ocatet hedef ectsinsof t
warepr ogr ams.
o Co nfi
r mationofst andardi
zation.
o Ch eckf orrelevantr equir
ement .

I
mpr
act
ical
i
tyofTest
ingAl
lDat
a

 Foralmostev eryprogram, i
tisi
mpossiblet
omakeanat tempttot
estthe
program withallset
sofi nputs.
 Th ecorr
ectnessoft heoutputforaparti
cul
artesti
nputi
sdeter
minedusinga
testi
ngoracle.
 At est
ingoracleisamechani sm thatcanbeusedfordet
ermini
ngwhetheratest
haspassorf ail
ed.

I
mpr
act
ical
i
tyofTest
ingAl
lPat
hs
  Foral
mosteverypr ogram,iti
simpossi
bletoat
tempttotestal
lexecut
abl
epat
hs
thr
oughtheproj
ectbecauseoft henumberofcombinati
oni.e.
combinati
onexplosion.
 Devel
opinganalgorithm f
orthi
spurposeisal
sonotpossibl
e.

Sof
twar
eQual
i
tyTest
ing:
Int
roduct
ion

 Testi
ngisapr ocesstodetectandremov eer
rorsfrom thesoftwar eproduct.
 Thepurposeoft esti
ngistoshowt hatt
heprogram performsi t
si nt
ernal
funct
ional
i
tiescorrectl
y.
 Iti
stheprocesst omeetspecifi
cati
onsofasof t
war einordertoimpr ovequali
ty
andreducer i
skinthesoftware.
 Iti
stheprocedureusedt oexecuteaprogram wit
hi nt
entoffindingerrors.

Sof
twar
eQual
i
tyVs.Sof
twar
eQual
i
tyTest
ing

 Sof t
warequal it
yist heabi l
it
yoft hesof twareproducttoperf
or m aspert he
requirementwi thhighestl evelofsatisfacti
ont otheuser
s.
 So ft
warequal it
yt esti
ngi stheprocessofev aluati
ngthesystem ori t
s
component sinor dertodr awoutdef ects.
 Qu ali
tyofasof twar eproductdi r
ect l
ydependsuponsof t
waret estingprocess.I
f
testi
ngpr ocessisabl et omi ni
mi zeasmanydef ect
saspossi bl
et hen,the
softwarepr oductobt ainedwi l
lbeofhi ghestquali
ty.
 Th etwomaj ortypesoft estingtypicall
yusedt oobt ai
nquali
tysoft wareare:
1.Funct i
onal-Testing.
2.St ructural
-Test i
ng.

Sof
twar
eQual
i
tyTest
ing:
Funct
ional
-Test
ing

 Iti
sat ypeoftesti
ngthatcanbeusedt oassessthefeat
uresandfunct
ional
it
yof
thesystem orsoftwareproduct.
 Functi
onal-Test
inghasaspeci alf
eatur
ewit
ht hehel
pofwhicheachandev er
y
funct
ionofasof twareproductsothati
tcanbev er
if
iedwit
hrequi
rement
speci
ficat
ions.

Sof
twar
eQual
i
tyTest
ing:
Funct
ional
-Test
ingNeed

 Checkingasof twareproductf
oritsfuncti
onal
it
iesist hepr i
meobj ecti
veof
funct
ional-
testi
ng.Itmainl
yfocuseson:
1.Basi cUsabili
ty:
Itdeal
swi t
hbasicusabil
itytestingofsoftwarepr oduct
whichinvolvesbasi
cfuncti
onali
tiesofuserinterfaceandnav igat
ion
thr
oughpages.
2.Mai nli
neFunct i
ons:Mainfuncti
onsandf eaturesar etest
edoft he
soft
war eproduct.
3.Accessi bil
i
ty:Tocheck,howmucht hesoftwarepr oductisaccessiblet
o
users.
 4.Er
rorCondi
ti
ons:Err
orcondi
ti
onsei
thergener
atewar
ningsordi
spl
ays
er
rormessages,
ifany.

Sof
twar
eQual
i
tyTest
ing:
Str
uct
ural
-Test
ing

 Thestructureofasof twar epr oducti sr esponsiblefordesigningt estcasesi n

ordertotestasof twar epr oduct .
 Since,t
hewhol est ruct urei sknown, iti
sal soknownaswhi teboxt esting.
 ​
Struct
ural-
Testingismor et echni cal thanfunctional-t
estingasi tatt
empt sto
designtestcasesf rom t hesour cecodeandnotf rom thespeci fi
cations
 Th emajorstructural testingappr oachesar e:
1.St atementCov erage: Int his,theai mistoachi eve100%st atement
coveragei.e.eachandev er ystatementofpr ogram isexecut ed.
2.Br anchCov er age: I
nt his,theai mist oachieve100%br anchcov eragei.
e.
everybranchei thercont aining“ tr
ue”or“ fal
se”condi t
ionsneedst obe
executed.
3.Pat hCov erage: Thist echni quecor r
espondst otestallpossiblepat hsi
.e.i
t
i
sacombi nat ionofbr anchandst atementcov er
aget echniques.

Sof
twar
eQual
i
tyTest
ing:
Str
uct
ural
Test
ingTy
pes

 St
ruct
ural
-Test
ingcanbr
oadl
ybecl
assi
fi
edi
ntof
ourt
ypes.Thesear
e:

Ty
pes
ofSt
ruct
ural
Test
ing

1.Cont
rol
Flow
 I
onthi s,variouspat hsofpr ogr amsand v ar
ioustestcasesar edesi gnedt o
execut ethosepat hswhi chul ti
mat elyresultsinfi
ndingoutthecy cl omatic
compl exityoft heprogr ams.
2.DataFl
ow
o Itisat echni queusedf ordet ermi ningi mpr operuseofdat ainsidea
sof twar epr ogr ams.
o Incor rectvar iabledecl arat
ion, Mul tipleti
mesdecl arati
onandassi gning
valuest ov ariablescanbesomeoft heexampl es.
3.Sl
iceBased
o Sli
ci ngasof twar eprogram andt est ingthosesl i
cesindivi
duallyfordef ects
ander rors.
4.Mutati
on-Test ing
o Wh ensmal l changesar emadei nsomecer t
ainst
atement sofsour cecode
tocheckwhet herthet estcasesar eabl etof i
ndtheerrorsornot .
o Th esechangesar eknownasmut ant s.
o Th echangesar everysmal lsucht hatt heydoesnotaf fecttheov er al
l
object iveoft hepr ogram.
o Th egoal ofmut ati
ont esti
ngi st oassesst hequal i
tyoftestcaseswhi ch
shoul dbepower f
ulenought of ailthemut antsinthecode.

Sof
twar
eQual
i
tyTest
ing:
Test
ingTool
s

 Testingtool
sar ethesof twar et oolswhi chcanbeusedi nsoftwaref orerror
detecti
onandcor recti
ons.St ati
cTest ingtoolsandDy namictest
ingt oolsar e
thei
rt y
pes.
1.St ati
c-Test
ingTool s
 Th esetoolsdoesnoti nvolvesinactuali
nputandout puti.e.theydo
nottesttheact ual executionofthesoftware.Theset oolsare:
 F l
owAnal y
zer s.
 Co ver ageAnal yzer.
 Inter f
aceAnal yzer.
2.Dy nami c-
Testi
ngTool s
 Th esetoolsar eusedt ot estt
hesoftwaresystem withlivedat a.
Dynamict estt oolsi ncludesthefoll
owing:
 Te stDr i
vers.
 Te stBeds.
 E mul ator s.
 Mu tationAnal yzers.
charact
eri
sti
csofmoderntest
ingt
ool
s
Foll
owingarechar
act
eri
sti
csofmodernt
est
ingt
ool
s

1. I tshoulduseoneormor etesti
ngst r
ategyforperf
ormingt est
ingonhost
aswellasont argetplatf
orm.
2. I tshouldsuppor tGUIbasedtestpreparat
ion.
3. I tshouldpr ovi
decompl et
ecodecov er
ageandcr eatetestdocumentati
on
i
nv ar
iousformat s(HTML/ DOC/RTF..
.)
.
4. Theset oolsshouldabletoadopttheunder l
yi
nghardwar e.
5. I tshouldbeeasyt ouse.
6. Fi nall
yitshouldpr ovi
deaclearreportontestcase,st
eps,testcasestat
us
(PASS/FAIL)
.

ErrorOr i
ent edt esting: Testingist hei nferri
ngt hecor r
ect nessofapr ogram basedon
informat i
oncol lecteddur ingpr ogr am execut ion.Thispr ocessi scal l
eder r
orbased
wheni nf ormat ioncol lectedi susedt oinfert hatcer tai
ner r
orsarenoti napr ogr am.
Errorhandl ingt estingi sat ypeofsof t
war etestingt hati sperformedt ocheckwhet her
thesy st em i scapabl eoforabl et ohandl etheer r
or sthatmayhappeni nfut ure.This
typeoft est i
ngi sbasi callyper formedwi t
ht hehel pofbot hdev elopersandt het est
ers.
Errorhandl ingt estingnotonl yf ocusesont hedet ermi nationofer rorbutal sof ocuses
ont heexcept ionhandl i
ng.
Obj ecti
v eofEr rorHandl i
ngTest ing:Theobj ectiveofer r
orhandl ingt esti
ngi s:
 Toc heckt hesy stem abi lit
yt ohandl eer rors.
 Toc heckt hesy stem hi ghestsoakpoi nt.
 Toma kesur eer rorscanbehandl espr operlybyt hesy stem inthef uture.
 Toma kesy stem capabl eofexcept ionhandl ingal so.
St epsi nv olvedi ntheEr rorHandl ingt esti
ng:Fol lowingar ethest epsinvol vedi nt
he
er
r orhandlingt esting:
1.TestEnv ir
onmentSetUp:Testenv ironmenti ssetaccor di ngt ot hesof twar et esti
ng
techni quesot hatt het est ingpr ocesscanr unsmoot hly.Thi sst epincludespl anni ng
fort het esting.Sy stem whi chi sgoi ngt obet est edi smadesur ehav eless
signif i
cantdat aast heremi ghtbecr ashpr obl em i nt hesy stem dur ingt esting.
2.TestCaseGener ation:I nt hi ssof twar et est i
ngt estcasegener ati
oni snot hingbut
maki ngdi ff
er entt estcaseswhi chmaycauseer ror .Supposeasof t
war eoper ateson
fractionst henset ti
ngt hedenomi nat oroft hef ract ionsaszer o.Testcase
gener ati
oni sassoci atedwi t
ht hedev elopi ngt eam aswi thoutknowi ngt hei nternal
code, testcasescan’ tbedesi gned.
3.TestCaseExecut i
on:Af tert het estcasegener at i
on, real testingpr ocessbegi ns.
Thisi st hemostpr omi nentpar toft het est ingpr ocess.I tincludest herunni ngt he
progr am ov ert het estcasegener ated.
4.Resul tandAnal ysis:Af tert heexecut ionoft het estcase, itsresul tisanal yzed.I t
i
ncl udest hechecki ngoft hei nconsi stencyi nt heexpect edout putf orthegener ated
testcase.Ther emi ghtbeachanceoft hepr ogr am goi ngi ntoani nfini
tel oopwhi ch
mayl eadupt osof twar ef ailure.
5.Re- test :Ifthet estingi sf ailedt henaf tert heanal y sisoncemor eal ltheabov est eps
areper formedt otestt hesy stem.I tal soi ncl udest het est i
ngoft hesy st em under
newt estcasesgener at edr ecent ly.
Adv ant agesofEr rorhandl ingt esting:
 I thel psi nconst ruct i
onofaner rorhandl ingpower edsof twar e.
 I tmakest hesof twar er eadyf oral lci rcumst ances.
 I tdev elopst heexcept ionhandl ingt echni quei nt hesof twar e.
 I thel psi smai ntenanceoft hesof twar e.
Disadv ant agesoft heEr rorhandl ingt est ing
 I tiscost l
yasbot ht hedev elopingandt est ingt eam i sinv olved.
 I ttakesl otoft imet oper for mt het est ingoper at ions.