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I.1.

1   Introduc)on  and  magma)c  rocks  

Geoscience:  the  Earth  and  its  resources  


Prof.  Dr.  G.  Berto,  
Welcome!  
Road  map  

Oil   Water  
The  rock  cycle   Erosion  &  
transport  
Weathering  of  
Rocks  at  surface   Deposi4on  of  
Sediment  
Sedimentary  
rock  
Burial  &  
Magma)c   compac4on  
rock  

Crystallisa4on  
of  Magma   Metamorphic  
rock  
Mel4ng  
Intrusive  and  Extrusive  rock  
Extrusive:  
quick  cooling,   Lava  and  ashes  
5mm   small  crystals  or  glassy  

Igneous  
intrusion  

Intrusive:  
5mm   slow  cooling,  
Magma  
large  crystals  
chamber  
How  is  magma  
generated?  
Geothermal  gradient  and  mel)ng  curve  

1.  Crea>ng  a  thermal  anomaly  

2.  Mel>ng  by  decompression  


mel4ng  curve  
Wet  Perido>te  

3.  Mel>ng  by  addi>on  of  fluids  


Geothermal   mel4ng  curve  
gradient   Dry  Perido>te  
Quartz  (low  Tm)  
Frac)ona)on  
Feldspar  (intermediate  Tm)  

Pyroxene  (high  Tm)  


compositon,    %  SiO2

All  rock  is  molten

0 %  Mel>ng 100
Temperature
The  upward  movement  of  magma  
How  fast  will  it  move  up?  
How  far  will  it  go?  
σ p −σ f 2 2
vs = gR
µ 9

Vs  =  velocity  [m/s]  
σp,  σf  =  density  of  magma  and  surrounding  fluid  [kg/m3]  
R=  diameter  of  the  magma  bubble  [m]  
μ=  fluid  viscosity  [Pa·∙s]  
Intrusive  rocks  

Characteris>cs:  
§ Coarse  grained  rock  
§ Fully  developed  crystals  

5mm  
intrusive  rocks  are  important  for  society  

Geothermal  fields   Ore  deposits  

Vent  
Well  

Magma>c  intruision  
Extrusive  rocks  
Volcano  characteris)cs:  shield  &  strato-­‐
volcanoes  
Shield   Strato  

High  temperature  magma:   Low  temperature  magma:  


flat  volcano   steep  volcano  
Classifying  magma)c  rocks  
Volcanic:   Rhyolite  
   Dacite    Andesite  Basalt  KomaXite  
Plutonic:   Granite  
   Granodiorite  Diorite  Gabbro  PeridoXte   Rhyolite  
Fine  grained,  
Extrusive  

Granite  
Coarse  grained,  
Intrusive  
I.1.1   Introduc)on  and  magma)c  rocks  

Geoscience:  the  Earth  and  its  resources  


Prof.  Dr.  G.  Berto,  

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