Knowing yourself

is the beginning
of all wisdom

LOGIC
▪ What is Logic?!
▪ λόγος!
▪ Aristotle
Logic is the anatomy of Logic is the moral of
thought reasoning

John Locke Jan Lukasiewicz

▪ What is correct reasoning?!
▪ How can we reason correctly?!
▪ Is there receipt for correct reasoning?
▪ Concept is the main element of cognition and
reasoning.!
!
▪ Concept is born in perception by means of attention.
Let us test perception and attention!
!
!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Ahg6qcgoay4&feature=youtu.be!
▪ Can we understand concepts by
observation? !
ONE OR MANY?
!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=tGJYSIBETho&feature=youtu.be!
REASONING
▪ concepts may be related!
▪
REASONING
▪ concepts may be related!
▪ Example:!
!

Horse! ! ! ! Animal!
!

What is the relation between the two?

REASONING
▪ concepts may be related!
▪ Example:!
!

Horse! is ! Animal (we skip articles)!

!

This is already an opinion/proposition.

REASONING
▪ concepts may be related!
▪ Example:!
!
Horse! is ! Animal (we skip articles)!
!
opinion which may get true or false values!
is a proposition
What is TRUE and what is FALSE
Are the two lines parallel?
Are the two line segments equal?
YES / NO?
Are A and B of the same color?

HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=CL2WPX0TXTM
Appalling Lecturer
If you tell me truth (verity) you won’t fail

If you won’t manage to tell me truth you

fail
If you tell me truth (verity) you won’t fail

If you won’t manage to tell me truth you

fail
What is truth?
 Independent of time
!
Independent of space/location
!
Independent of individual
!
What is truth? …
 Non formalist approach - Induction

Sun will rise

 Non formalist approach - Induction

Inductive truth is based on

Sun will rise
observation/experience.
 Non formalist approach - Induction

Inductive truth is based on

Sun will rise
observation/experience.

counterargument

Depends on a time and location

 Formalist approach - deduction

deductive truth is based on

2+2=4 derivation.
 Formalist approach - deduction

deductive truth is based on

2+2=4 derivation.

counterargument

Imagine a world of 4 numbers:

!
{0, 1, 2, 3}
where a+b=r where r is a reminder
of a+b devided by 3 i.e. a+b=3k+r
and 0≤r<3
 Excluded Middle

2+2=4 or 2+2≠4
 Excluded Middle

Truth table for or

2+2=4 or 2+2≠4 X Y X or Y
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 Excluded Middle

Truth table for or

2+2=4 or 2+2≠4 X Y X or Y
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

X not X X or not X
T F T
T F T
F T T
F T T
 Self reference - Paradoxes

X or not X

2+2=4 or 2+2≠4

counterargument

This sentence is false

If sun will rise then sun
will rise
If sun will rise then sun
X Y if X then Y
will rise
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

X X if X then X
T T T
T T T
F F T
F F T
I will fail
 So X=“I will fail”

I will fail
 So X=“I will fale”

I will fail If X is false then the student

should fail but then X becomes
true.

!
!
!
!
!
So X is true. If X is true then the
student should not fail but then X
becomes false.
TRUTH EXISTS
HOMEWORK
▪Read the email!