LOGIC !

LECTURE N4
 Two Types of Diagrams

!
!
!
Venn Diagrams!
!
!
! A
B A, B
! A B A B
!
!
Distinct Intersecting Subset Equal
Two Types of Diagrams

“Yellow Diagrams”!
!
On yellow diagrams yellow colour !
denotes the empty part while the letter x!
denotes that at least one element is in the !
area where x is written.
Two Types of Diagrams

“Yellow Diagrams”!
!
On yellow diagrams yellow colour !
denotes the empty part while the letter x!
denotes that at least one element is in the !
area where x is written. Sometimes x is not !
written but we should deduce that x should !
be written from the fact that concept are rep-!
resented by non empty sets.
 Two Types of Diagrams

“Yellow Diagrams”!
!
On yellow diagrams yellow colour !
denotes the empty part while the letter x!
denotes that at least one element is in the !
area where x is written. Sometimes x is not !
written but we should deduce that x should !
be written from the fact that concept are rep!
resented by non empty sets.
 A
A B A, B
B A B

Distinct Intersecting Subset Equal

 Categorical Sentences via yellow diagrams

SeP
S P

No S is P = Intersection of S and P is empty (Yellow)

 Categorical Sentences via yellow diagrams

SeP
S P

No S is P = Intersection of S and P is empty (Yellow)

SaP
S P
All S are P = there is no S outside P = Part of S which is not P is empty
 Categorical Sentences via yellow diagrams

SiP SoP SiP = The intersection of S and P is non empty!

S P S P
!
!
SoP = There is at least one element of !
X X S outside P
Categorical Syllogisms

Standard Form, Mood and Figure

Standard Form

A Categorical Syllogism is a deductive argument (what makes it

deductive?) that contains:
!
▪ Three simple categorical sentences
▪ Three different terms
!
PaM
MaS
SaP
!
In all categorical syllogisms, the term shared between the premises
is called the middle term. The predicate of the conclusion is
called the major term, and the subject of the conclusion is called
the minor term.
Standard Form

All P are M
All M are S
All S are P
!
The major premise is the premise containing the major term.
The minor premise contains the minor term.
!
So, we can now define ‘Standard Form’:
1) All three statements are simple categorical sentences
2) The major premise is listed first, the minor the second and
conclusion the last.
How about:
!
Some A are B
No B are non-C
Some A are not non-C
!
Is this a categorical syllogism? (Yes, but it is not in a
standard form)
No B are non-C = All B are C
!
Some A are not non-C = Some A are C
!
!
!
Some A are B
All B are C
Some A are C
No B are non-C = All B are C
!
Some A are not non-C = Some A are C
!
!
!
All B are C BaC
Some A are B AiB
Some A are C AiC
■ The logical Form is the structure of the
categorical syllogism as indicated by its
“figure” and “mood.”
!
■ “Figure” is the arrangement of the terms
(major, minor, and middle) of the argument.
!
■ “Mood” is the arrangement of the
propositions by quantity and quality.
 ■ FIGURES:

M is P P is M M is P P is M
S is M S is M M is S M is S
S is P S is P S is P S is P
! ! ! !
(Figure 1) (Figure 2) (Figure 3) (Figure 4)
 ■ FIGURES:

M is P
S is M
S is P
!
(Figure 1)
 ■ FIGURES:

M is P
Figure I
S is M
S is P
!
(Figure 1)
■ FIGURES:

P is M
Figure II
S is M
S is P
!
(Figure 2)
 ■ FIGURES:

Figure I Figure II Figure III Figure IV

M is P P is M M is P P is M
S is M S is M M is S M is S
S is P S is P S is P S is P
! ! ! !
■ MOODS:
!
4 types of categorical propositions (a, e, i, o)
Each type can be used thrice in an argument.
■ Example:
!
BaC
AiB Figure I
AiC Mood - aii
■ MOODS:
!
4 types of categorical propositions (a, e, i, o)
Each type can be used thrice in an argument.
!
There are possible four figures.
!
Calculation: There can be 256 possible forms of a categorical
syllogism.
■ But only few forms are valid.
■ Check by “Yellow” diagrams
!
S P

PaM
MaS
SiP

M
■ Check by “Yellow” diagrams
!
MaS

S P

PaM
MaS
SiP

M
■ Check by “Yellow” diagrams
!
MaS

S P

PaM
MaS x
SiP

M
Calculation: There can be 256 possible forms of a
categorical syllogism.
■ But only some are valid.
Calculation: There can be 256 possible forms of a
categorical syllogism.
■ But only few forms are valid.

Figure I Figure II Figure III Figure IV

Barbara Cesare Datisi Calemes

Celarent Camestres Disamis Dimatis

Darii Festino Ferison Fresison

Ferio Baroco Bocardo Calemos

Barbari Cesaro Felapton Fesapo

Celaront Camestros Darapti Bamalip

 ■ Barbara
!
Figure I
Mood (aaa)
!
 ■ Barbara
!
M is P
Figure I
S is M
Mood (aaa)
S is P
!
!
(Figure 1)
 ■ Barbara
!
M is P
Figure I
S is M
Mood (aaa)
S is P
!
!
MaP (Figure 1)
SaM
———
SaP
 ■ Barbara
!
Figure I
Mood (aaa) MaP
! S P

MaP
SaM
———
SaP
M