Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Statics

Twelfth Edition

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 Topic 4 – Part 1

Distributed Forces:
Centroids and
Centers of Gravity
Beer Chapter 5

©Renato Bordoni/Alamy
 Course Learning Outcome

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:-

a. Apply the principle of mechanics to the solution of engineering problems. (CO1)

a. Evaluate engineering problems using basic principles of statics in a systematic and logical
manner. (CO2)

Programme Learning Outcome

PO1 - Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and an

engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems

PO2 - Identify, formulate, research literature and analyze complex civil engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering
sciences.

At the end of this chapter students should be able to

LO1: To understand the concept of section properties for statics condition and its application.
LO2: To apply the concept of centers of gravity and centroid for statics condition
LO3: To apply the concept of centroids by integration’s method for statics condition
LO4: To apply the concept of moments of inertia of areas for statics condition

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 Contents
Introduction Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus

Center of Gravity of a 2D Body Sample Problem 5.7

Centroids and First Moments of Areas Distributed Loads on Beams

and Lines Sample Problem 5.9
Sample Problem 5.4 Three-Dimensional Centers of
Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas Gravity and Centroids

Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines Centroids of Common 3D Shapes

Composite Plates and Areas Composite Bodies

Sample Problem 5.1 Sample Problem 5.12

Determination of Centroids by
Integration

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 Application

There are many examples in engineering analysis of distributed loads. It is

convenient in some cases to represent such loads as a concentrated force
located at the centroid of the distributed load.

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 Introduction
• The earth exerts a gravitational force on each of the particles forming a
body – consider how your weight is distributed throughout your body.
These forces can be replaced by a single equivalent force equal to the
weight of the body and applied at the center of gravity for the body.
• The centroid of an area is analogous to the center of gravity of a body; it is
the “center of area.” The concept of the first moment of an area is used to
locate the centroid.
• By knowing the centroid of a line or area, the determination of the area of a
surface of revolution and the volume of a body of revolution can be
accomplished through the Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus.

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 Center of Gravity of a 2D Body
• Center of gravity of a plate • Center of gravity of a wire

M y xW =  xW
=  x dW

M y yW =  yW
=  y dW

Access the text alternative for these images.

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 Centroids and First Moments of Areas
and Lines
• Centroid of an area • Centroid of a line

xW =  x dW
xW =  x dW
x (  At ) =  x (  t ) dA
x (  La ) =  x (  a ) dL
xA =  x dA = Qy
xL =  x dL
= first moment with respect to y
yA =  y dA = Qx yL =  y dL

= first moment with respect to x

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 Determination of Centroids by
Integration 1

xA =  xdA =  x dxdy =  xel dA • Double integration to find the first moment

may be avoided by defining dA as a thin
yA =  ydA =  y dxdy =  yel dA rectangle or strip.

xA =  xel dA xA =  xel dA xA =  xel dA

1 
=  x ( ydx ) a+x 2r
= cos  r 2 d 
=  ( a − x)dy
2  2 
3
yA =  yel dA yA =  yel dA
yA =  yel dA
2r 1 
y =  y ( a − x)dy = sin  r 2 d 
=  ( ydx ) 3 2 
2
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 Sample Problem 5.4 1

Strategy:
• Determine the constant k.
• Evaluate the total area.
• Using either vertical or horizontal
strips, perform a single integration
to find the first moments.
• Evaluate the centroid coordinates.
Determine by direct integration the
location of the centroid of a parabolic
spandrel.
First, estimate the location of the centroid
by inspection. Discuss with a neighbor
where it is located, roughly, and justify
your answer.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 5.4 2

Modeling:
• Determine the constant k.
y = k x2
b
b = k a2  k =
a2
b 2 a 12
y= x or x = y
a 2 b1 2

Analysis: Evaluate the total area.

A =  dA
a
a b 2  b x3 
=  ydx =  x dx = 
0 a2  a 2 3  0
ab
=
3

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 5.4 3

• Using vertical strips, perform a single

integration to find the first moments.

 b 2
a
Qy =  xel dA =  xydx =  x x dx
0
 a2 
a
 b x4  a 2b
=  =
 a 4 0
2 4
2
y a 1 b 
Qx =  yel dA =  ydx =   x 2  dx
2 
0 2 a2

a
b x 
2 5 ab 2
=  =
 2a 5  0 10
4

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 5.4 4

• Or, using horizontal strips, perform a

single integration to find the first moments.
Try calculating Qy or Qx by this method,
and confirm that you get the same value as
before.

a+x b a2 − x2
Qy =  xel dA =  (a − x)dy = 0 dy
2 2
1 b 2 a 2  a 2b
=   a − y  dy =
2 0 b  4
 a 12
Qx =  yel dA =  y (a − x )dy =  y  a − y dy
 b12

b a 32 ab 2
=   ay − y  dy =
0
 b1 2  10

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 5.4 5

• Evaluate the centroid coordinates.

xA = Qy
3
ab a 2b x= a
x = 4
3 4

yA = Qx
3
ab ab 2 y= b
y = 10
3 10
Is this “center of area” close to
where you estimated it would be?

Reflect and Think:

You obtain the same results whether you choose a vertical or a horizontal
element of area, as you should. In general, both methods can be used as a
check against making a mistake in your calculations.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Determination of Centroids by
Integration 2

Often, the choice between using a vertical or horizontal strip is equally good,
but in some cases, one choice is much better than the other. For example, for
the area shown below, is a vertical or horizontal strip a better choice, and why?
Think about this and discuss your choice with a neighbor.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 First Moments of Areas and Lines
• An area is symmetric with respect to an axis
BB if for every point P there exists a point
P such that PP is perpendicular to BB
and is divided into two equal parts by BB.
• The first moment of an area with respect
to a line of symmetry is zero.
• If an area possesses a line of symmetry,
its centroid lies on that axis.
• If an area possesses two lines of symmetry,
its centroid lies at their intersection.
• An area is symmetric with respect to a
center O if for every element dA at (x, y)
there exists an area dA of equal area at
(−x,−y). The centroid of such an area
coincides with the center of symmetry O.
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 Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas

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 Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines

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 Composite Plates and Areas
• Composite plates

X W =  xW
Y W =  yW

• Composite area

X  A = x A
Y A = y A

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 5.1
For the plane area shown,
determine the first moments with
respect to the x and y axes and the
location of the centroid.
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1
Strategy:
• Divide the area into a triangle,
rectangle, and semicircle with a
circular cutout.
• Determine the centroid of each
smaller area with respect to the axes.
• Find the total area and first moments
of the triangle, rectangle, and
semicircle. Subtract the area and first
moment of the circular cutout.
• Compute the coordinates of the area
centroid by dividing the first
moments by the total area.
 Sample Problem 5.1 2

Modeling:

• Find the total area and first moments of the Qx = +506.2 103 mm3
triangle, rectangle, and semicircle. Subtract the
area and first moment of the circular cutout. Qy = +757.7 103 mm3

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 Sample Problem 5.1 3

Analysis:
Compute the coordinates of the X=
 x A = +757.7 10 mm 3 3

area’s centroid by dividing the first  A 13.828 10 mm 3 2

moments by the total area.

X = 54.8 mm

Y =
 y A +506.2 10 mm
=
3 3

 13.828 10 mm
A 3 2

Y = 36.6 mm

Reflect and Think: Given that the

lower portion of the shape has more area
to the left and that the upper portion has
a hole, the location of the centroid seems
reasonable upon visual inspection.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus 1

• Surface of revolution is generated by

rotating a plane curve about a fixed axis.

• Area of a surface of revolution is

equal to the length of the generating
curve times the distance traveled by
the centroid through the rotation.
A = 2 yL

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus 2

• Body of revolution is generated by

rotating a plane area about a fixed axis.

• Volume of a body of revolution is

equal to the generating area times
the distance traveled by the centroid
through the rotation.
V = 2 y A

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 5.7 1

Strategy:
• Apply the theorem of Pappus-
Guldinus to evaluate the volume of
revolution of the pulley, which we
will form as a large rectangle with
an inner rectangular cutout.
• Multiply the volume by density and
acceleration due to gravity to
The outside diameter of a pulley is obtain the mass and weight.
0.8 m, and the cross section of its
rim is as shown. Knowing that the
pulley is made of steel and that the
density of steel is  = 7.85 103 kg/m3 ,
determine the mass and weight of
the rim.
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 Sample Problem 5.7 2

Modeling:
• Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to evaluate the volumes of revolution
for the larger rectangular section and
the inner cutout section.
• Multiply by density and acceleration due
to gravity to get the mass and weight.

Analysis:
m = V = ( 7.85  103 kg m3 )( 7.65  106 mm 3 )(10−9 m3 / mm 3 ) m = 60.0 kg
W = mg = ( 60.0 kg ) ( 9.81 m s 2 ) W = 589 N
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Distributed Loads on Beams

• A distributed load is represented by plotting

L
the load per unit length, w (N/m). The total
W =  w dx =  dA = A load is equal to the area under the load
0
curve.
• A distributed load can be replaced with a
concentrated load of magnitude equal to the
(OP)W =  x dW
area under the load curve and a line of
(OP) A = 0 x dA = xA
L
action passing through the centroid of the
load area.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 5.9
A beam supports a distributed load
as shown. Determine the
equivalent concentrated load and
the reactions at the supports.
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1
Strategy:
• The magnitude of the concentrated
load is equal to the total load or the
area under the load curve.
• The line of action of the
concentrated load passes through the
centroid of the area under the load
curve.
• Determine the support reactions by
(a) drawing the free body diagram
for the beam and (b) applying the
conditions of equilibrium.
 Sample Problem 5.9 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• The magnitude of the concentrated load is
equal to the total load or the area under the
load curve.
F = 18.0 kN
• The line of action of the concentrated load
passes through the centroid of the area
under the curve.
63 kN  m
X= X = 3.5 m
18 kN

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 Sample Problem 5.9 3

• Determine the support reactions by

applying the equilibrium conditions. For
example, successively sum the moments
about the two supports:

M A = 0 : By (6 m) − (18 kN )(3.5 m) = 0

By = 10.5 kN

M B = 0 : − Ay (6 m) + (18 kN )(6 m − 3.5 m) = 0

Ay = 7.5 kN

• And by summing forces in the x direction:

F x = 0 : Bx = 0

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 Three-Dimensional Centers of Gravity
and Centroids

• Center of gravity G • Results are independent of body orientation,

− W j = ( −W j ) xW =  xdW yW =  ydW zW =  zdW

rG  ( −W j ) =  r  (−W j ) • For homogeneous bodies,

rGW  ( − j ) = ( r W )  (− j ) W =  V and dW =  dV
W =  W rGW =  r W xV =  xdV yV =  ydV zV =  zdV
W =  dW rGW =  rdW

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 Centroids and Volumes of Common 3D
Shapes

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 Composite Bodies
• Moment of the total weight concentrated
at the center of gravity G is equal to the
sum of the moments of the weights of the
component parts.

X W =  xW
Y W =  yW
Z W =  zW

• For homogeneous bodies,

X V =  xV
Y V =  yV
Z V =  zV

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 Sample Problem 5.12 1

Strategy:
• Form the machine element from a
rectangular parallelepiped and a
quarter cylinder and then
subtracting two 1-in. diameter
cylinders.

Locate the center of gravity of

the steel machine element. The
diameter of each hole is 1 in.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 5.12 2

Modeling:

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 Sample Problem 5.12 3

Analysis:
X =  xV V = (3.048 in ) (5.286 in )
4 3

X = 0.577 in.

Y =  yV V = (−5.047 in ) (5.286 in )
4 3

Y = −0.955 in.

Z =  zV V = (8.555 in ) (5.286 in )
4 3

Z = 1.618 in.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 5.12 4

Reflect and Think:

By inspection, you should expect X and Z to be considerably
less than (1/2)(2.5 in.) and (1/2)(4.5 in.), respectively, and Y
to be slightly less in magnitude than (1/2)(2 in.). Thus, as a rough
visual check, the results obtained are as expected.

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 End of Chapter 5

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