1 Mathematics I Unit IV

Applied Mathematics-I
Unit-4
Integral Calculus
Department of Applied Mathematics

Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg (C.G.)
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4
1
SYLLABUS
UNIT – IV: Integral Calculus CO4
Reduction formulae; Application of integrals to Rectification, Quadrature, Volume of
revolution; Differentiation under integral sign. [10 Hrs.]
Course Outcome:
CO4: Apply integration for Rectification, Quadrature and Volume of revolution and apply
Differentiation under the integral sign to definite integrals.

2
π/4
=  tan n-2 x(sec2 x-1)dx
0

3
4
5
6
Now consider a || strips y axis in this region limit for x varies from x = 0 to x = a

7
8
9
r 2 =a 2cos2θ.

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1x 2 1
Q.23. Evaluate 0 log x dx,   0.
1 x2  1
Ans. Let F ( )   dx …(i)
0 log x
1   x2  1 
Then F ( )     dx
0   log x 
 
1 x 2 log x
 dx
0 log x
d x
 a  a x log e a
dx
1
1  x 1  1
  x dx  

 
0
   1 0   1
Now integrating both sides w.r.t. 
1
 F ( ) d   (  1) d
F ( )  log(1   )  C …(ii)
From (i) when   0, F ( )  0
 From (ii)
F (0)  log 1  C i.e., C 0
Hence (ii) gives F ( )  log(1   ).
 tan 1  x 
Q.24. Prove that  0 x(1  x )
2
dx  log(1   ) when   0.
2
 tan 1 2 x
Ans. Let F ( )   dx …(i)
0 x(1  x 2 )

26
 1 1. x
F ( )   dx
0 x(1  x ) (1   2 x 2 )
2
 1
 dx
0 (1  x )(1   2 x 2 )
2
1  A(1   2t )  B(1  t )
1
t  1 t
2
1  A(1   2 )
1  1 
A , 1  B 1  2 
(1   )
2
  
  2 1 
 B 
 22 
2 2

  1 (1   )
2
 1 2 
    dx
 (1   )(1  x ) (1   )(1   x ) 
0 2 2 2 2 2
1  1 2 
(1   2 ) 0 1  x 2 1   2 x 2 
    dx

1  1 2 
  tan x  tan 1  x 
1 2   0
1   
  .
(1   )  2 2 
2 
1  (1   ) 
 
(1   )(1   ) 2 2(1   )
On it integrating w.r.t.  we get

F ( )  log(1   )  C …(2)
2
Now when   0, F ( )  0
From (ii) C  0

27

F ( )  log(1   )
2

Q.25. Evaluate 0
log(1   cos x) dx using the method of difference under the sign of
integration.

Ans. Let F ( )   log(1   cos x) dx
0
Difference w.r.t. 
1

 ( dx  1) cos x
1
 cos x 

1


 1
F ( )   . cos x dx
0 1   cos x
 1 
 1  
    dx
0
  1   cos 2 x 
 

x 1 1
  
 2 0  1   2
 
 
  1 2
Integrating w.r.t. 
 
F ( )   d    C where   cost
2  1 2
 sin t
  log     dt  C
cos t 1  cos2 t
  log     sect dt  C
  log    log(sect  tan t )  C

28
 1 1  cos2 t 
  log    log   C
 cos t cos t 
 
1 1 2 
  log    log  C
  
 
  log    [log(1  1   2 )  log  ]  C
  log(1  1   2 )  C …(ii)
When   0, F ( )  0
0   log 2  C
a C   log 2
 F ( )   log(1  1   2 )   log 2
1 1 
  log   1 2 
 2 2 
 (1  sin  cos x)
Q.26. Prove that 
0
log
cos x
dx    .
 log(1  sin  cos x)

Ans. F ( )   dx
0 cos x
 1 cos  cos x
F ( x)   dx
0 cos x(1  sin  cos x)
 cos
 dx
0 1  sin  cos x
 1
 cos  dx
0 1  sin  cos x

 cos 
1  sin 2 
F ( )  
F ( )    C …(ii)
When   0, F ( )  0
0C

29
F ( )   
 1
Q.27. I   dx
0 1   cos x
 1
Ans. I  dx
0  2 x
1  tan 
1  
2
x
1  tan 2
2
x

sec2
 2 dx
0 x x
1  tan     tan 2
2
2 2
x x
Let tan  f , sec2  2df
2 2
When x  0, t  0
  ,t  
 2dt

0 (1   )  (1   ) f 2
 2df

0  1  
(1   )t 2  
 1 

2 1    1 1 
  tan  t  

(1   ) 1     1   0
2
 (tan1   tan 1 0)
(1   ) 2
2f  
 . 
1 2 2 1 2
 /2 (1  y sin 2 x)
Q.28. Prove that 0
log
sin 2 x
dx   ( 1  y  1).
 /2 log(1  y sin 2 x)
Ans. F ( y)   dx
0 sin 2 x
 /2 1. sin 2 x dx
F ( y)   . 2
0 1  y sin x sin x
2

30
 /2 1
 dx
0 1  y sin 2 x
sec1
(1  y sin 2 x)
cos2 x
cos2 x
 /2 sec2 x
 dx
0 sec2 x  y tan 2 x
Let tan x  t
sec2 x dx  dt
When x  0, t  0

x ,t 
2
 /2 sec2 x dx

0 1  tan 2 x  y tan 2 x
 df

0 1  t  yt 22
 dt

0 (1  y )t 2  1
1  df
(1  y ) 0
 2
 1 
t  
2


 1  y 

1
(1  y )

1  y tan 1 t. 1  y 

0
1
 [tan 1   tan 1 0]
1 y


2 1 y

F ( y  integrating
2 1 y

2
1 / 2
F ( y)  (1  y ) dy

31
 (1  y )1 / 2
 . C
2 1/ 2
  1 y  C
Where y  0, C  0
0  C
C  
F ( y)   [ 1  y  1]
 e x sin  x
Q.29. 
0 x
dx  tan 1 
 e  x sin  x
Ans. F ( )   dx
0 x
 e  x cos  x. x
F ( )   dx
0 x

  e  x cos  x dx
0
ea x
  e cosh x dx  [a cos bx  b sin bx]
ax
a 2  b2

 e x 
F ( )  
1
{ cos  x   sin  x}
1  
2
0
0  (1)

1  2
1

1  2
F ( )  tan 1   C
Use   0, F ( )  0
0C
F ( )  tan 1 

32
 log(1   x) 1 log(1  x) 
Q.30. Evaluate 
0 1  x2
dx and hence show that 
0 1  x2
dx  log e  .
8
 log(1   x)
Ans. Let F ( )   dx …(i)
0 1  x2
   log(1   x)  d ( ) log(1   2 )
F ( )    dx  . 0
0    1  x2  d 1  2
 1 dx log(1   2 )
 .x 
0 1   x 1  x2 1  2
 x log(1   2 )
 dx  …(ii)
0 (1   x)(1  x 2 ) 1  2
Breaking the integral into partial factor
 x dx   dx 1  2x   dx
0 (1   x)(1  x )
2

1  2 
0
 2 0
1   x 2(1   ) 1  x 2
dx 
1  2 0 1  x2

1
log(1   x)0  1 2 log(1  x 2 ) 0   2 tan 1 x 0
   
1 2
2(1  2 ) 1 
1
x  A(1  x 2 )  B(1   x) use x  

1  1  2
  A1  2 , 2
     1
log(1   2 ) log(1   2 )  tan1 

  
1  2 2(1   2 ) 1  2
Subtracting in eqn. (2)
log(1   2 ) tan 1 
F ( )   
2(1   2 ) 1  2
Now integrating both sides w.r.t. 
1 1  tan 1 
2  1   2 d
F ( )  log(1   2
). .d 
1  2
Integrating by parts
1 2   tan 
1
   1  2    1   2
1 1
 log(1  2
). tan  tan d
2  

33
1
 log(1   2 ) tan 1   C …(iii)
2
Put from (i) When   0, F ( )  0
 From (iii)
0  0  C i.e., C  0
Hence
1
F ( )  log(1   2 ) tan 1 
2
Put   1
1 log(1  x) 1 
0 1 x 2
dx  log 2. tan 1 .1  log 2
2 
 e x sin x 1  sin x 

Q.31. 
0 x
dx  tan 1 . Hence show that
 0 x
dx  .
2
 e  x sin x
Ans. F ( )   dx
0 x
 e x sin x
F ( )    . x dx
0 x

   e  x sin x dx
0
ea x
  e sin bx dx  [a sin bx  b cos bx]
ax
0 a 2  b2

 e  x 
   2 2   sin x  cos x
  1 0
 1 
  ( 1) 
1   
2
1 1
 (1)  
1  2
1  2
1
F ( )  cot1   C  tan 1 C

  , F ( )  F ()  0
0 1  C  C 0
34
  
 e  x cos  x dx 
2 2
/4
Q.32. e .
0 2

F ( )   e  x cos  x dx
2
Ans.
0

F ( )    x e  x sin  x dx
2
sin  x x e  x
2

  . dx
0 I II
 x2  t
2 x dx  dt
1
x dx  dt
2
1 1 2
e   et dt   e x
x2
 . x dx 
2 2
 sin  x(e x 2 )   e x
2

     cos x dx
  0 2 
 0 
 
2
 e x cos x dx
2

F ( )   F ( )
2
F ( ) 
Or   integral
F ( ) 2
F ( ) 1 2
 F ( ) d   . C
2 2
2
logF ( )   C
4
2
 C
F ( )  e 4
2

e 4
.C …(i)
When C  eC

35

  0, F ( )   e x dx
2


2

C from (ii)
2

F ( )  .e
2
/4
Text Book:
1. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers

2. H. K. Dass, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, S. Chand Publication
♦♦♦

36
DISCLAIMER
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does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute
for prescribed textbooks. We would like to acknowledge various
sources like freely available materials from internet particularly
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Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial
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faculty members make no representations or warranties with
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1 Mathematics I Unit IV

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Applied Mathematics-I

Department of Applied Mathematics

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

Now integrating both sides w.r.t. 

From (i) when   0, F ( )  0

F (0)  log 1  C i.e., C 0

Hence (ii) gives F ( )  log(1   ).

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

On it integrating w.r.t.  we get

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

  log    log(sect  tan t )  C

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

  log    [log(1  1   2 )  log  ]  C

 log(1  sin  cos x)

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

Breaking the integral into partial factor

log(1   2 ) log(1   2 )  tan1 

Subtracting in eqn. (2)

Now integrating both sides w.r.t. 

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

Put from (i) When   0, F ( )  0

 e x sin x 1  sin x 

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

1. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-4

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