Professional Certification Program

E-BUS SYSTEM PLANNING AND

OPTIMISATION

Session 6: e-Bus Fleet performance

Scenarios and Optimization

Organiser

Enabling Smart & Clean Tech Markets

Research Consulting Program Data

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Session 06
Advantages and Challenges of Mixed
Fleet Operations

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 2

Mixed Fleet Operations

Operations E-Bus ICE-Bus

• 1 to 8 hrs depending on the charging strategy
Fuelling • Need to plan for charging aligned to the schedule and
battery capacity
• Each route schedule to account for charging
• 5 to 10 min. of refuelling, but fuelling station is shared and
might result in queues
• Comparatively longer range and availability of refuelling
opportunity en-route
• Flexibility in running on any route

• Top-up engine-oil, gearbox-oil, coolant

• Battery and charging system checks
• Top-up coolant re-fill (if required)
Maintenance
• Physical underbody checks for bus body and battery
damage etc.
• Lubrication checks
• Fuel line (CNG/Diesel) checks for leakage and damage
• Exhaust line checks for cleaning and damage
• Urea tank top-up every 2-3 days for diesel buses
• Engine warm-up before pull-out for 15 minutes
• Periodic regeneration of Diesel Particulate Filter

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 3

Mixed Fleet Operations

Operations E-Bus ICE-Bus

• Battery temperature in usage and charging – usually

automatic in BMS
Monitoring • Time logs after pull-out and before pull–in
• Live charge monitoring to avoid Deep-discharge or
breakdowns

Skilled in
• Swapping buses for charging • Skilled in ICE maintenance (as per items in maintenance
Manpower
• Accommodating charging in operating schedule section – ICE Bus)
• Monitoring the charging process

Space • EVSE + Charging slots • Fuelling station (optional-can be done off-site)

requirement • Covered parking for charging • Parking (need not be covered)

Dead-Milage • On-site fuelling cuts down dead milage • Off-site fuelling increases dead milage

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 4

Disruptions and Deviations in e-Bus
nominal schedule

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 5

Disruptions in e-Bus Operations

✓ Seasonal variation
✓ Battery aging
✓ Schedules with varying frequencies
✓ Power outage
✓ Bus breakdown
✓ Charger breakdown
✓ Route blockages
✓ Abnormally high passenger demands
✓ Abnormally high energy routes
✓ New technology / regulation deployment
✓ Drastic upgradation of entire fleet
✓ Depot operation staff strikes

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 6

Seasonal Variation
Ambient Temperature: Safe Temperature Ranges
Cell
• Usually, higher the temperature, higher is the energy states of the reactants. Chemistry
Charge Discharge
• This results in higher rates of reaction and lower internal resistance of the cells. Lead acid –20°C to 50°C –20°C to 50°C
• Batteries are less efficient in cold climate as their cell potentials are low. NiCd, NiMH 0°C to 45°C –20°C to 65°C
• Extremely cold temperatures can cause freezing of electrolyte and cracking of Li-ion 0°C to 45°C –20°C to 60°C
some solids.
• There is also an upper limit of temperature above which, the chemicals inside the
cell can change their phase and cause increased internal pressure. Apart from that,
rapidly changing
temperatures can
induce thermal
stresses into the
battery leading to
accelerated
degradation and
shorter life.

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 7

Battery Aging: Full Equivalent Cycles

1 0.5 0.67
FEC FEC FEC

66%
50%
33%

0% << At SoC < 20%, bus performance is severely constrained

• Throughout the vehicle operation, the battery is subjected to charge – discharge cycles accompanied by high – low
temperature cycles
• Each cycle leaves a tiny but permanent change in the battery internals, which culminates into battery ageing
• The number of cycles accumulated has a direct relation to State of Health (SoH) of battery
• Over time, this leads to either or both of the following,
o Reduction in battery peak power capacity, limiting the vehicle performance
o Reduction in battery energy capacity, limiting the vehicle range per charge

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 8

Battery Ageing & Cycle Life to Year Life

2391

Parameter Estimated Life of Samsung SDI 94 @ 40 °C

Battery life estimate @ 40 °C & 80% residual capacity [FEC] 2391
Battery life in years = life in cycles  (number of operational days in one year x number of FEC accumulated / day)
Battery life expected 2391 / (330 x 1.4) = 5.17 years

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 9

Schedules with Varying Frequencies
Base Case: Airport Route 1

Considerations Unit Base case Scenario 1

Fleet # 10 10
Trips / bus # 4 2–3
Round Trip [km] 80
Travel Time [hh:mm] 2:53
Terrain (Gradient) - Flat
Headway [hh:mm]
Peak 00:30 00:30
Off-peak
00:30 01:00

✓ Demand may not be constant through-

out the day
✓ Operating variable frequency might be a
smart choice

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 10

Power Outage
What if Sudden power outage ?

Grid Transformer - Voltage Charging station

Step-down

Back up ? • Generator, what capacity? Availability?

• Extra batteries?
What options? • What other alternative?

✓ Can disrupt charging schedules affecting operations next day.

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 11

Breakdowns – Bus

Regular days If Bus breakdown

1x 1.2x,1.3x … ?
Breakdown of one bus can cause:
• Passenger stranded
• Overloading of next bus on the route
• Loss of revenue

May need
✓ Spare bus
✓ Reallocation from another route

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 12

Breakdowns – Charger
What if charger stopped working ?

Grid Transformer - Voltage Charging station

Step-down

Breakdown of one charger can cause;

• One or more buses stranded without charge
• Loss of trips

May need
✓ Extra Charger
✓ Spare time on another charger to be reallocated

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 13

Route Blockages
What if a major city route is blocked?

Regular days VIP movements

Construction
Repairs
Traffic Jams
Accident

AA BB

R1 R2 , R3, R4 ??

Route blockages can cause;

• Delays in the buses plying on the route
• Affect headways and potential loss of trips

May need
✓ Re-routing of existing buses on the route, retaining as may passenger stops as possible
✓ Combining with schedule of other neighboring routes

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV 14

Session 06
Academy
Abnormally High Passenger Demands
What if high passenger demand?

Regular days If Festivals

Special occasions
VIP movements

1x 1.2x,1.3x … ?
High passenger demand can cause;
• Overloading on a few particular routes
• Delays in the buses plying on a few particular routes
• Affect headways and potential loss of revenue opportunities
May need
✓ Extra buses
✓ Reallocation from another route

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 15

Abnormally High Energy Routes
Airport Route 1 – Highest energy consumption and travel distance than other three routes

Route name Round trip Route energy Travel time

length [km] [kWh] [hh.:mm]
Route energy [kWh]

Airport EIAS-7A 80 122.1 02:52

Airport EIAS-12 62 106.1 02:47

City V-335E 50 115.9 03:08

City V-356 56 116.1 03:04

Distance [km] • Overdesign in battery capacity for rest of the routes

Need to consider the outlier route separate from rest of the routes for,
✓ Energy requirement
✓ Charging schedules
✓ No. of buses
e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV 16
Session 06
Academy
New Technology / Regulation Deployment
Illustration: 1. What if fast recharge batteries become available
in market ? • The decision will depend on several
factors such as
Flow batteries – Refilling of electrolytes o Market availability,
o Cost
o Infrastructure capacity to
accommodate new technology
(Grid + PT)
o Flexibility to accommodate new
technology
o Skill levels
• It will affect current deployment of fleet,
• Increase complexities and
• May induce new process of service
planning

✓ Need to incorporate future regulations into the pre-studies

✓ Need to plan for obsolesce of batteries and charging infrastructure

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 17

New Technology / Regulation Deployment
Illustration 2: What if regulations set to deploy only e-Bus
technology and battery capacities to maintain uniformity? • The decision will depend on several
factors such as
Example : Shenzhen, China
o Market availability,
o Cost
• claims to have the largest electric bus fleet, with 16,359 buses in operation
o Infrastructure capacity to
• 501 bus charging stations, 8000 charging poles around the city
accommodate new technology
• 250 kWh minimum battery capacity (Grid + PT)
o Flexibility to accommodate new
technology
o Skill levels
• It will affect current deployment of fleet,
• Increase complexities and
• May induce new process of service
planning

✓ Need to account for regional deployment roadmaps and climate change pressures

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 18

Depot Operation Staff Strikes
Plug-in e-Bus charging – dependency on operating crew – What if Strike?

Charging How ?

Plug-in Charging Swap

What if strike ?
Staff strikes can cause;
• On route emergencies un-solved
• Delays in the buses and or total shut down of services

✓ Can consider automatic charging/swapping

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 19

Group Project

Group
Sr. no Name
no.
1 Moshiuzzaman Mahmud
Group 1
2 Fahrudin Kulic For any city of ______ (given country) and one intracity route for
public transport, execute the following steps for a 9m A/C eBus
3 Chandreyee Mitra planning.
Group 2
4 Abhisek Karki 1. Data collection & energy modeling,
2. Charging schedule & fleet plan and
5 Samuel Mwangi 3. TCO with appropriate regional assumptions
Group 3
4. One disruption identified and provided with mitigation plan
6 Dapo Adesina
7 Sachi Dongarwar
Group 4
8 Lakshman Kumar

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 20

Group Project

Model one disruption over the base case and provide mitigation plan (using EVFleetPlanner© tool)

Given: Base case

To Do:

1. Identify the effects of one of the listed disruptions/deviations on the base case operating
plan and provide mitigation plan or recommendations.
2. Using the Excel tool provided and modifying it as required for either manual scheduling
or semi-automated, please quantify the effects of disruption
3. Using the same modified excel tool from #2, also establish the effectiveness of
proposed risk mitigation plan
4. Prepare a short presentation for project reviews with evaluation panel
5. After the project evaluation, submit this presentation as a pdf report in LMS

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 21

Instructions for Using Fleet Planner

✓ The EVFleetPlanner tool (password protected) will be shared with participants

✓ As per chosen base case / disruptions, if the tool requires customisation, participants
can ‘Copy’ the sheets along with formulae and paste in another excel for further use.

✓ If you select all and copy + paste into another new sheet, it will not be locked, and
formulae get copied

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | ©pManifold EV Academy Session 06 22

Charging Your EV Journeys
http://www.pManifoldEVAcademy.com

Rahul Bagdia Vikrant Vaidya Saudamini Telang

Co-Founder and Director Lead – EV Systems Engineering Sr. Consultant - eMobility
+91 95610 94490 +91 99002 43650
rahul.bagdia@pManifold.com vikrant.vaidya@pManifold.com

Barsha Paul Swapnil Jiwtode Dipankar Das

Sr. Analyst – eMobility Operations Manager, Lead, Strategy & Growth
pManifold EV Academy +91 95777 75393
+91 72496 85682 engage@pManifold.com
evacademy@pManifold.com
Raipur
Nagpur (HQ) Shree Shakti Shara
Plot-20, Purohit Layout Samta Colony
2nd Floor, North Ambazari Road Raipur-492001
Nagpur - 440033
Maharashtra, INDIA

e-Bus System Planning and Optimisation | © pManifold EVacad Session 06 23