Deflection:

Double Integration
Method
JOHN REY M. PACTURANAN
Faculty Member, College of Engineering
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
johnreypacturanan@cspc.com.ph

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Topic Outline

01 Qualitative Elastic
Curve
04 Double Integration
Method (Examples)

02 Review of Integration 05 Non-prismatic

Beams

03 Elastic Beam Theory 06 Beams with

Internal Pins

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Reference:
Kassimali, Aslam (2011).
Structural Analysis, SI Edition
(4th Ed.). Stamford, CT., USA.
Cengage Learning.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Other References:
Leet, K.M., et al (2011). Fundamentals of Hibbeler, R.C. (2015). Structural Analysis
Structural Analysis (5th Ed.). New York, NY., (9th Ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ., Pearson
USA. McGraw Hill Education. Prentice Hall.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Let’s Start!!!

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

 QUALITATIVE
STRUCTURAL ELASTIC
SYSTEM FOR
CURVE
TRANSMITTING LOADS

Source: https://hipwallpaper.com/construction-hd-wallpapers/

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Qualitative Elastic Curve

A Qualitative Elastic Curve is an exaggerated

approximate deformed shape of the beam subject to
lateral load. This diagram helps the designer to make an
easier and more accurate analysis of the structures.
However, there are some rules to be considered when
sketching the qualitative elastic curves:

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Qualitative Elastic Curve

1. When the bending moment is positive, the curve

must be concave upward (Happy Face)
2. When the bending moment is negative, the curve
must be concave downward (Sad Face).
3. When the bending moment at a point zero, it is the
point of inflection/contraflexure of the elastic
curve (the point where the beam changes its
concavity).
Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
Qualitative Influence Lines
4. If the bending moment at the segment of the beam
is zero, then it will reflect in the elastic curve as a
straight line.
5.No deflection must be drawn in rigid supports.
6. The slope of the elastic curve at fixed support must
be zero.
7. A sudden change in the behavior of the curve must
happen at the location of internal pin.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example

Sketch the qualitative elastic curve of the beam shown

below.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example

Sketch the qualitative elastic curve of the beam shown

below

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example

Sketch the qualitative elastic curve of the beam shown

below.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example

Sketch the qualitative elastic curve of the beam shown

below.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR
REVIEW OF INTEGRATION
TRANSMITTING LOADS

Source: https://hipwallpaper.com/calculus-wallpapers/

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

General Power Rule
In the double integration method for determination of
slope and deflection of beam, the integration rule that is
commonly used is the general power rule. This rule is
expressed mathematically as:

𝟏𝟏
� 𝐱𝐱 𝐧𝐧 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 = 𝐱𝐱 𝐧𝐧+𝟏𝟏 + 𝐂𝐂
𝐧𝐧 + 𝟏𝟏
This rule is applicable for all values of n except n = -1.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Examples
Evaluate the following:
1. y = ∫ 5𝑥𝑥 3 − 4 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2. y = ∫ 6𝑥𝑥 4 + 3(𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 −7 𝑥𝑥 + 5 − 8𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3. Evaluate y = ∫ 9𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 when x = 5, y = 0

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR
ELASTIC BEAM THEORY
TRANSMITTING LOADS

Source: https://mqm.ca/services/bridge-structures-fabrication-and-erection/

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Elastic Beam Theory
When the beam is subjected to lateral loading,
and assume that the beam behaves elastically (it
means that the beam will go back to its undeformed
shape after the load is removed), then the equation
for elastic beam theory is:

𝟏𝟏 𝐌𝐌
=
𝛒𝛒 𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Elastic Beam Theory

Where:
𝝆𝝆 = radius of curvature at any point of the elastic
curve
M = internal moment at any point of the beam
E = modulus of elasticity of the beam
I = moment of inertia of the cross section
EI = flexural rigidity

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Derivation of Elastic Beam Theory

Consider the beam loaded as shown below:

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Derivation of Elastic Beam Theory
Now, consider the
undeformed and deformed
shape of segment with
thickness dx. Consider the
strip located at “c” above the
neutral axis (NA). Its
undeformed length is dx
while its deformed length is
ds.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Derivation of Elastic Beam Theory
∆𝑙𝑙
From the concept of strain, 𝜀𝜀 = 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜
; thus, the strain of the strip
“c” distance from the NA is:
𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 −𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝
𝛆𝛆 = 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝
=1- 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝
(eq. 1)

Consider the triangle ABC and ADE ang using ratio and
proportion:
𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 𝛒𝛒−𝐜𝐜
𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝
= 𝛒𝛒
(eq. 2)

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Derivation of Elastic Beam Theory
Substituting eq. 2 to eq. 1:
ρ−c ρ −(ρ−c)
ε=1- ρ
= ρ
𝐜𝐜
𝛆𝛆 = 𝛒𝛒
(eq. 3)

σ σ
From Hooke’s Law, 𝐸𝐸 = ε
or ε = E
. Substituting this to eq. 3:
𝝈𝝈 𝐜𝐜
𝑬𝑬
= 𝛒𝛒
(eq. 4)

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Derivation of Elastic Beam Theory
Mc
The formula for bending stress of the beam, σ = I
. Substituting the
said equation in eq. 4
𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝐜𝐜
𝑰𝑰
=
𝑬𝑬 𝛒𝛒

𝟏𝟏 𝐌𝐌
= Q.E.D.
𝛒𝛒 𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR
DOUBLE INTEGRATION
METHOD (EXAMPLES)
TRANSMITTING LOADS

Source: https://hipwallpaper.com/construction-hd-wallpapers/

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Differential Equation for Elastic Curve
From the previous section, the elastic beam theory is defined as:
1 M
ρ
= EI
From differential calculus, the formula for the curvature of the curve is:
1 y′′
k= = ρ [1+(y′ )2 ]3/2
Combining the two equations:
𝐲𝐲 ′′ 𝐌𝐌
= (eq. 1)
[𝟏𝟏+(𝐲𝐲 ′ )𝟐𝟐 ]𝟑𝟑/𝟐𝟐 𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Differential Equation for Elastic Curve
Usually, the slope of the elastic curve (y’) is very small, thus, we
assume that (y’)2 ≈ 0. Substituting this to eq. 1:
𝐲𝐲 ′′ 𝐌𝐌
=
[𝟏𝟏+(𝟎𝟎)]𝟑𝟑/𝟐𝟐 𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄
EI(y’’) = M

It means that the moment function is equal to the second

derivative of the equation of elastic curve multiplied by flexural rigidity,
EI.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Differential Equation for Elastic Curve
Take the integral of the moment function in order to obtain the
slope function (y’ or θ)
EI(y’) or EIθ = ∫ 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴

Take the integral of the slope function in order to obtain the

function of elastic curve(y or δ)
EIy or EIδ = ∫(∫ 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

This method is called “Double Integration Method” simply

because the process is just integrating the moment function twice.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Sign Convention

The slope (y’ or θ) of the elastic curve is positive if the elastic

curve rotates counter-clockwise from the undeformed shape of the
beam; likewise, it is negative if the elastic curve rotates clockwise from
the undeformed shape of the beam.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Sign Convention
The deflection (y or δ) is positive if the elastic curve moves
upward from the undeformed shape of the beam; likewise, it is
negative if the elastic curve moves downward from the elastic curve.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Boundary Conditions
In differential equations, boundary conditions are set of
points that used to determine the values of arbitrary
constants “Cn” that appeared in the process of integration. In
the double integration method, two arbitrary constants will
appear in the process, C1 in the first integration, and C2 in the
second integration. In order to get their values, establish the
boundary conditions of the beam in their supports

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Boundary Conditions
The slope and deflection of the beam at the location of
the fixed support are equal to zero
y’ = θ = 0
y=δ=0

The deflection of the beam at the location of simple

support (hinge and roller) is zero.
y=δ=0

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Procedure for Analysis
1. Establish the moment function of the last segment of the beam.
2. Integrate for the first time in order to get the slope function. Do
not forget to place the arbitrary constant C1.
3. Integrate for the second time in order to get the equation of
elastic curve. Do not forget to place the arbitrary constant C2.
4. Determine the boundary conditions of the beam (usually, it is in
the support). The beam must have two pairs of boundary
conditions because there are two arbitrary constants to be solved.
5. Solve for the values of arbitrary constants. Then substitute them
in the slope and elastic curve equation.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Procedure for Analysis
6. To obtain the value of slope and deflection at any point of the beam,
just substitute the corresponding value of “x” of the point (its distance
from the left end of the beam) to the slope and elastic curve functions.
7. For simply-supported beams, the maximum deflection is located at the
point where the slope is zero. For cantilever beams, if the applied loads
are downward, then the maximum deflection happens at the free end
of the beam. For simple beam with overhang, determine the maximum
deflection between the supports by equating the slope function equal
to zero. Determine the deflection at each end of the overhang.
Compare the results then the deflection with higher absolute value is
the maximum deflection of the beam.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 1
The steel beam is loaded as shown below. The cross
section of the beam is 200 mm x 300 mm. Take note that the
modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200 GPa.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 1

a. What is the slope at B?

b. What is the deflection at B?
c. What is the slope at the left support?
d. What is the slope at right support?
e. What is the maximum deflection of the beam?
f. Determine the location of the maximum deflection
from the left support.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 2
Using the double integration method, prove that the maximum
deflection of a simply-supported beam, with span L, subjected to
uniformly distributed load throughout the span, w, is located at the
midspan and its numerical value is:

𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝐋𝐋𝟒𝟒
𝛅𝛅𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 =−
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

Where EI is the flexural rigidity of the beam.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 3
The beam is loaded as shown below. Assume that the beam is both
prismatic and homogenous.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 3

a. What is the slope at C?

b. What is the deflection at C?
c. What is the slope at D?
d. What is the deflection at D?
e. What is the maximum deflection of the beam?
f. Determine the location of the maximum deflection
of the beam from the left support.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 4

Considering the beam loaded as shown below. Assume

EI = 50 000 kN m2

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 4
a. What is the slope and deflection at A?
b. What is the slope and deflection at B?
c. What is the slope and deflection at C?
d. What is the maximum deflection?
e. Determine the location of the maximum deflection from
the right support.

*express the slopes in degrees

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 5

The cantilever beam is loaded as shown below:

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 5

a. What is the slope and deflection at B?

b. What is the slope and deflection at C?
c. What is the maximum deflection?
d. What is the slope at the location of maximum
deflection?

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 6
Determine the location and value of maximum deflection of the beam
loaded as shown below.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR
NON-PRISMATIC BEAMS
TRANSMITTING LOADS

Source: https://www.structuremag.org/?p=9906

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Non-prismatic Beams
Since the elastic beam theory is derived with an
assumption that the beam is homogenous and prismatic
(constant EI), the beam with non-prismatic sections must
be cut in the point where the flexural rigidity (EI) changes.
However, the elastic curve is still considered to be
continues, thus, the slope and deflection at the point where
EI changes must be the same at any side of the cut. The
next examples will help us understand this concept.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 7
Consider the non-prismatic beam loaded as shown below. The
flexural rigidity of the beam from A to C is 2EI while that of
beam from C to E is EI.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 7

a. What is the slope and deflection at B?

b. What is the slope and deflection at C?
c. What is the slope and deflection at D?
d. What is the maximum deflection of the beam?
e. Determine the location of the maximum deflection
of the beam from the right support.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 8
The cantilever beam with non-prismatic, non-homogenous
properties is loaded as shown below.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 8

a. What is the slope and deflection at B?

b. What is the maximum deflection of the beam?
c. What is the slope at the location of maximum
deflection of the beam?

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Personal Suggestion

The author suggests to use other methods of

deflection (geometry and energy methods) instead of
double integration method in performing an analysis
for non-prismatic beams.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR
BEAMS WITH INTERNAL PINS
TRANSMITTING LOADS

Source: https://wall.alphacoders.com/big.php?i=365617

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Beams with Internal Pins

For statically determinate compound beams, the

analysis is the same with the analysis of non-prismatic
beams. However, the boundary condition is only the
deflection of the internal pin is the same at both sides
of the cut, but the values of slopes at left and right side
of internal pin are not equal. The next examples will
help us understand this topic.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 9

Consider a prismatic compound beam as shown below:

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 9

a. Determine the deflection at internal pin B.

b. Determine the slopes at internal point B.
c. Determine the slope and deflection under the 25-kN
concentrated load.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 10

The non-prismatic compound beam is loaded as shown

below. Span ABC has a flexural rigidity equal to EI while
span CD has a flexural rigidity equal to 1.50EI

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 10

a. Compute the deflection at C.

b. Compute the slopes at C.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Personal Suggestion

The author suggests to use other methods of

deflection (geometry and energy methods) instead of
double integration method in performing an analysis
for compound beams with internal pins.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Any Questions?

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Thank You !

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan