_-. Chapter-2 Control and Coordination Level-I (For CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads)a Control and Coordination All living organisms show different kinds of movements, These may be growth movements like seed germination and the seedling coming out of the soil in plants, while certain others lke a cat running which are not related to growth, All movements in living organisms occur in response to changes in the environment or as an attempt to use changes to their advantage. ‘The concerned body parts should work in a systematic manner to produce a response. This involves : Control: The power of restrain and regulation by which something ® can be started, slowed down or stopped. Coordination : The working together of various organs (parts) of the body of an organism in a proper manner to produce appropriate reaction to a stimulus is called coordination. CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN ANIMALS Every animal must somehow become aware of what is {going on around it and accordingly performs action for its survival. Apart from actions which provide adjustments to the external environment, there are many activities going ‘on inside the body of organisms. All these activities are properly controlled and coordinated. Different organisms have different mechanism for coordinating their activities. ‘Such coordination occurs mainly by two systems - the * nervous system and the endocrine system. . orate Office : Aakash Tower, 6 CHAPTER INCLUDES Control and Coordination in Animals Nervous System > Neuron » Conduction of Nerve Impulse > Receptors Reflex Actions 7 > Necessity of Reflex Actions > Mechanism of Reflex Actions > Why Reflex Arcs Have Evolved in Animals? > Human Nervous System > Protection of Central Nervous System Coordination in Plants > Nastic Movements > Tropic Movements Plant Hormones (Phytohormones) Endocrine System Hormones in Animals Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands Thymus Gland Adrenal Glands Pancreas Gonads (Male and Female) Pineal Gland Feedback System Quick Recap Assignment vvvyvyvey vvywards or away from the Source oy ermed as taxis while some lowe, inate their activities. Uniceltutar organisms respond to onvironmental stimull by either moving to the stimulus. Such responses of unicellular organisms (o.g. Amooba) are t Multicellular organisms like Hydra possess simple norvous system to coordi However, in higher animals, control and coordination occurs through two systems : 4. Nervous system 2. Endocrine system [NERVous system ‘The nervous system is an organ system which consists of highly specialized cells called neurons. These Reurons form @ network throughout the body and conduct information via electrical impulses so as to 5 of different parts of the body. Need of nervous system : The need of nervous system in our body is for the following major functions : running, holding @ book ete. coordinate and control activi It controls and harmonises all voluntary muscular activities e. + Itregulates involuntary activities such as breathing, beating of heart etc., without our thinking about them, ‘Some basic terms ‘Stimulus is an agent, factor, chemical or change in external or internal environment which brings about @ reaction in the organism. Response is the reaction of the organism to a particular stimulus. Receptor can be a cell, tissue or an organ which is capable of receiving particular stimulus and can initiate impulses to be picked up by sensory nerves. Impulse is self propagated electrical-current-that runs along the surface of the nerve fibre for passage of information. Effector can be a muscle, gland, tissue or cell which act in response to a stimulus received from the nervous system. Neuron Anneuron or nerve cell is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It is formed from neuroblast. It is the longest celll found in the body. A neuron has three components : BY Cell bodyiCyton/soma Sy Dendrites Se ‘Axon () Cell body/Cyton : It is also called soma. It is of yariable shape. Its granular cytoplasm is called neuroplasm which consists of following structures : (a) A large, spherical, centrally placed nucleus with a single nucleolus. (©) Large number of mitochondria to provide a large amount of energy for impulse conduction. (©) Small granular bodies known as Niss!'s granules which synthesize proteins such as. Deurotransmitter— 8; Psa Rad, New Dali-i16008, PROi#-A7eas468° 7 iSERENA cmarresanmnlfe Z— renonires NEUROPLASM, evton nists GRANULE nucteus. vow Schwann CELL {yeu sneari NODE OF RANVIER SYNAPTIC KNOB (NERVE ENDIG) DENDRITES Fig. 1/4 Neurons r Dendrites : ‘These ate-one or more, short and branched nerve processes which arise from “cyton. They also contain Niss's granules. These conduct nerve impulses towards the cell ody (cyton). (iii) Axon : It is a single, long cylindrical process which arises from cyton and its primary_function is to conduct the nerve impulse away from the cyton, to another neuron or other cells such as muscle cells, glands, etc. There are two types of axons, namely myelinated and non-myelinated. The myelinated nerve fibres are enveloped with Schwann cells, which forma myelin sheath around the axon. The gaps formed between myelin sheaths are called nodes: . Non-myelinated nerve fibres are also enclosed by Schwann cells that do not form a miyélin Sheath around the axons. Both axon and dendrites arise from the cell body. FILE , ‘A mature neuron is not capable of division. Hence if there is an injury to brain leading to damage neurons, it takes a very long time to heal or sometimes, these do not heal at all. ey ~ lesrparate Office : Aakash Tower 6) Pusa Read] New Dalhi10005) PROT[Eentror ‘and Coordination CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads (Lovarp Types of Neurons Depending upon the direction of trans ()) Sensory neurons : The sensory neurons transmit imf nervous system (brain and spinal cord) snsmit impulses from the central nervous system towards the effectors jg, Ission of norve impulse, neurons are of three types : pulsos from the sense organs towards the cent, (ii) Motor neurons : They trar muscles or glands. (ii) Connector neurons, Relay neurons or Interneurons ; They occur in the central nervous system ang serve as links between sensory and motor neurons. Geitbory & , Thy sat a 5 Fig. 2 : Thee types of neurons depending upon direction of transmission A. Sensory neurons, B. Interneurons, C. Motor neurons The information passing through neurons is in the form of electrical signals called nerve impulse. The transmission of nerve impulse occurs in one direction only. ~ Conduction of Nerve Impulse The information is acquired at the dendritic end of neuron. This information sets off’ chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse which travels from dendrite to the cell body and then along the axon to its end The electrical impulse is generated and conducted due to the action of different types of ion channels present on the plasma membrane of neurons. Any two neurons in the nervous system do not join to one another and there is always a very small gap between two neurons. The junction between the axon endings of one neuron and dendrites of the other is called synapse. - So, when the electrical impulse reaches the axon endings, it sets off the release of Some chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are present in synaptic vesicles located in the synaptic knobs. These chemicals cross the gap known as synaptic cleft and start a similar electrical impulse in the dendrite of next neuron. One such synapse finally allows delivery of impulses from neurons to other cells such as muscle cells or gland. A specialized form of synapse found between motor neuron and muscle fibres is called neuromusculat_ Junction. When neurotransmitters reach the muscle fibre, an action potential passes along the call membrane of the muscle fibre and down into the fibre, causing its movement. [Ee erperateoMce :Aakesh Tower 8, Pusa Road) New DalMitochondrion ‘ Fig. 3: Neuromuscular junction Receptors All information from our environment is detected by specialised cells known as receptors. These are usually located in our sense organs such as q (| Gustatory receptors ; Present in ton detect taste: (ii) Olfactory receptors : Present in nose to detect smell. (ii) Auditory receptors : Present in inner ear to detect sound. (v) Thermoreceptors : Present in skin to detect temperature. (¥) Photoreceptors : Present in eye to detect ight Both nose and tongue detect dissolved chemicals. The chemical senses of gustation (taste)-and olfaction ‘are functionally similar and interrelated. So, is there a difference in how sugar and food tastes if your nose-is blocked? The answer is, yes. The flavour of various foods are in large combination of taste and smell. Consequently, the food may taste differentif one has a cold that depresses the sense of ‘smell, due to inflammation of olfactory membrane. | If we block our nose by pressing it between the thumb and index finger, the taste of food will be different. This is because smell and taste are physiologically related with each other. Example 1 ‘Name three components of a neuron. Solution : “ (Cell body/cyton (i) Dendrites (i) Axon. co eee : aT Which of the following Is not a component of a neuron? (1) Cyton (2)-Synapso 8) Dendrites (4) Axon 4. Neurotransmitters are present in AY’ Dendrites (2) Nodes of Ranvier @) Schwann cals, (4) Synaptic vesiclos 5. Relay neurons are found in which part of the‘nervous system? (47 Central nervous system (2) Peripheral nervous system ~___@) Autonomous nervous system (4) Cranial nerves (5 Wy. (ele “(v2 (2b “suv Reflex Actions The_simplest form of response in the nervous system is reflex action. This is a rapid automatic response to a stimulus which is not under the voluntary control of the brain, it is described as an involuntary action, Path followed by an impulse in a reflex action is called reflex arc. Examples : (@) Withdrawal of hand when touched a flame or hot object. (©) Closing of eyes when flashed with strong light. () Dilation of the eye pupil to look in dark and vice-versa (muscular movement). (@) Visceral functions like peristalsis, secretion from the glands, etc. (©) Coughing, sneezing, yawning, blinking of eyes, etc. (Some particles fall into your eyes and there is immediate flushing of tears to wash out the particles (glandular secretion). Necessity of Reflex Actions ‘Let us consider one example, touching a hot object is an urgent and dangerous situation for us, or in fact, for any animal. One seemingly simple way is to think consciously about the pain and the possibility of getting burnt and therefore move our hand. But the activity of thinking involves a complicated interaction of many nerve impulses from many neurons. * Thinking tissue in, our body consists of dense networks of intricately arranged neurons. It is present in the forward end of the skull, and receives signals from all over the body which it thinks about before responding to them, In order to receive these signals, the thinking part of the brain must be connected to nerves ‘coming from various parts of the body. If this part of the brain is to instruct muscles to contract then nerves must carry this signal to muscles of the body. If all of this is to be done, then when we touch a hot object, it would take enough time and as a result we would get burnt. ‘Rather than having to think about the sensation of heat, the nerves that detect heat are connected to the nerves that move muscles in a simpler way, the process of detecting the signal or the input and responding to it by an output action would be completed quickly. Such a path followed by an impulse is commonly called a reflex arc. 4 Reflex arc (connections between the input nerve and the output nerve) are made at the point where they first meet each other /.¢., in the spinal cord. Here, nerves from all over the body meet in a bundle on their way to brain. Therefore reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord, although the information input also goes on to reach the brain.[ERE RISER Oivmpiaas (very Reflex actions generally involve spinal cord. Hence, majority of the reflexes are spinal reflexes. However, there ‘are some reflexes which involve brain, Such reflexes are termed cerebral reflexes. For example, when bright light is focussed in our eyes, the receptors relay impulses via sensory nerves to the CNS and the latter transmits message (in the form of impulses) to the effectors (muscles in the eye). These muscles reduce the size of the pupil. Thus, contraction of pupil of human eye in the prosence of bright light is an example 2 of cerebral reflex. Other examples of cerebral reflexes are salivation at sight or smell of food and peristalsis. Mechanism of Reflex Action A reflex arc consists of following parts : (a) Receptor organ (e.g. skin) : It receives the stimulus and initiates a sensory nerve impulse. (©) Sensory or Afferent nerve fibre : It conducts sensory impulse from the receptor organ to the spinal cord. (©) A portion of central nervous system : It is the spinal cord or brain. Its neurons analyse and interpret the sensory impulse and setup an appropriate motor impulse. Accordingly, reflexes are termed spinal reflexes or cerebral reflexes. (@) Motor or Efferent nerve fibre : It conducts motor nerve impulse-from spinal cord to the effectors (eg,, leg muscles). (@) Effector organ : It produces secretion from a gland. woluntary response. This is either the movement of some muscles or eceptors Sensory neurons (ike skiny Reflex are [Spinal cord] Effectors *~Votor neurons : (ike muscle) Swany Sensory neuron Receptors (Heat or pain receptors in skin) Relay feuron Effector (Muscio in arm) Fig. 4 : Reflex arc Why Reflex Arcs Have Evolved in Animals? Reflex arcs have evolved in animals because the thinking process of the brain is not fast enough. In fact many animals have very little or no complex neuron network needed for thinking. So it is quite likely that reflex arcs have evolved as efficient ways of functioning in the absence of true thought processes. However, even after complex neuron networks have come into existence, reflex arcs continue to be more efficient for quick responses.~ A aE] NTSE & OWymade Lavery) Control and Coordination CORO __ Reflex actions are of two types ()__ Unconditioned reflexes : These are inborn rofloxes of eyes, « (Conditioned reflexes : The reflexes are acquirad during lifetime of an in writing, __& Allrefiexes are involuntary but all involuntary actions are not reflexes. and aro transmitted through heredity; 6.g., blinking idual; 0.9., reading ang _| Example 2 Closing of eyes when flashed with a strong light is an example of which action? Solution : Reflex action, Example 3: * ‘Mention the function of an effector organ in a reflex arc. Solution : An effector organ is a organ which produces involuntary response either by the movement of some of its muscles or secretion from the gland. Human Nervous System "The nervous system in human beings consists of Central and Pi Components of Nervous System Nervous system Peripheral Nervous Central Nervous _ System (CNS) ‘System (PNS) eral nervous system. Somatic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System ‘System (ANS) Brain Spinal cord _ Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain 4. Central Nervous System Central nervous system in human beings is highly developed and consists of (A) Brain and (B) Spinal cord (A) Brain : Brain is the coordinating.centre of the body. It is a soft, whitish, large sized organ which is protected by the cranium (a bony box) in the skull,Fore-teain Mowe Fig. 5 : Human brain The brain is broadly divided into following three parts : (a) Forebrain : The fore-brain is the main thinking part of the brain. Separate areas of the fore-brain (lobes) are specialised for hearing, smell, sight and so on. There are separate areas of association where the sensory information is interpreted by putting it together with information from other receptors as well as with information that is already stored in the brain. Based on all this, a detision is made about how to respond and the information is passed on to the motor areas which control the movement of voluntary muscles, such as leg muscles. Forebrain consists of following three parts : _7@ Olfactory lobes : These are a pair of small sized, club shaped, solid structures. Their main function is to control the sense of smell : (ii) Cerebrum : Itis the Jargest part of the brain.-It consists of left and right hemispheres known as cerebral hemispheres. The left half of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice-versa. ‘The highly developed cerebrum enables us to think, reason out, invent, plan and memorise. Overall, itis the site of intelligence, consciousness and will power. It controls all voluntary Jacki Ail) Diencephaton : It consists of the following two parts : Thalamus : It is a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. Hypothalamus : It controls the involuntary functions like hunger, thirst, sexual desire and body temperature. It maintains the body temperature at 37°C. bymeans of a complex thermostat mechanism. Due to which it is called the thermoregulatory centre of the body. It also secretes neurohormones called releasing and inhibiting hormones which control the secretion of hormones from: pituitary gland. So, the hypothalamus is an important link between nervous and endocrine system. (b) Midbrain : It is also covered by cerebral hemispheres. It controls the sight and hearing reflexes. (©) Hindbrain : It comprises of the following three parts : (i) Cerebellum : It is the second largest part of the brain, also called little brain. It is present below the cerebrum, above the medulla oblongata and behind pons. It is responsible fo/precision of the voluntary actions (movements) and maintenance of the equilibrium and posture of the body; like walking in a straight line, riding a bicycle and even picking up a pencil.|All these activities are possible due to the cerebellum. Cerebellum modulates or modifies the voluntary movements initiated by cerebral hemispheres.Lilpeeenseevsn ee (ll) Pons : It is situated in front of the cerebellum, below the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata, It takes part in regulation of respiration alongwith medulla. (Ill) Medulla oblongata : It Is tho posterior most part of the brain and is located beneath the cerebellum. It controls involuntary functions of the body through a number of centres like Cardiac Centre (Heart beat); Respiratory Centro (Rate of respiration); Vasomotor Centre (Contraction of blood vessels); Salivary Centre (Secretion of saliva) etc. It also controls coughing, sneezing, vomiting, urination, blood pressure, gut peristalsis, swallowing of food, etc, POCO ‘An alcoholic person when drunk generally walks clumsily. The corebellum, due to the effect of alcohos, is unable to co-ordinate muscular movements properly. ‘> Hanging by a rope causes injury to the medulla, As a result, the involuntary actions such as breathing and heartbeat are stopped. (&) Spinal Cord : Itis a long, soft, whitish, cylindrical rod present in the neural canal of vertebral column. it extends from medulla oblongata down wards into neural canal of vertebral column. It conducts sensory and motor impulses to and fro from the brain. It also controls the reflex actions of the body. 2. Peripheral Nervous System “The PNS comprises of all the nerves of the body associated with the CNS (brain and spinal cord). consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves (arise from brain) and 31 pairs of spinal nerves (arise from spinal cord). To The PNS is divided into two divisions called somatic neural system and autonomic neural system. The somatic neural system relays impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles while the autonomic neural system transmits impulses from the CNS to the involuntary organ and smooth muscles of the body. Protection of Central Nervous System “Brain lies inside a bony box, called cranium while the spinal cord lies within the vertebral column or backbone, such bony structures protect them from mechanical injury and shock, ‘Besides them, the additional protective coverings called meninges are also present. “Cerebrospinal fluid present in the brain and spinal cord’serves as a pad to cushion the central nervous —~systém from shocks. It also provides a medium for exchange of food materials, wastes, respiratory gases and other materials. How does the nervous tissue cause action? The nervous tissue collects information, sends it around the body, processes information, makes decisions based on information and conveys decisions to muscles for action. In other words, when the movement is to be performed, the final job would be done by the muscular tissue. But how do animal muscles move? When a nervous electrical impulse reaches the muscle, the special proteins present inthe muscle cells (i.e. Actin and Myosin) change both their shape and arrangement. These new arrangements of proteins give the muscle cells a shorter form and enables them to move. Example Mention the three different parts of hindbrain. Solution : () Pons. (i), Medulla (ii) Cerebellum (ue arperate oma) ih Tower 8, Pisa) Road) New Dali 710005) Phieae Peripheral nervous system is composed of which nervos? Solution : Cranial nerves and spinal nerves. om e main thinking part of brain is (1) Midbrain _- (2) Fore-brain @) Hindbrain (4) Medulla 7. Area of the brain specialised for hearing, smell and sight is MY Forebrain (2) Midbrain (8) Hindbrain : (4) Spinal cord 8. Which of the following is not an involuntary action? (1) Change in the size of the pupil and heart beat 2) Blood circulation Eating (4) Digestion and breathing e 9. The partof the brain which secretes neurohormone,is known as iypothalamus gol) Cerebellum (8) Pons ~" (4) Medultla 10. In humans spinal cord is protected by oe (1) Skull (2 Vertebral column (@) Pericardium (4) Cranium 11. Total number of spinal nerves in human beings is, AS ye @ 10 (4) 12 12. PNS comprises of (1) Cranial nerves @ Spinal nerves (3) ANS, __-(4)“All of these 13. Wherre touch a hot object, we remove Gir hand immediately. Its due to the () Reflex action @) Voluntary action @) Vasomotor centre (4) Bott? (2) & (3) are correct 14. Which of the following is not controlled by forebrain? (1) Hearing 2) Smetiing (8) Thinking Ay Salvation 15. Walking‘In a straight line, riding a bicycle, picking up a pencil are possible due to —(1Y Cerebellum (2) Cranium (8) Cerebrum (4) Midbrain 4 16. Reflex arc between input and output nerves are formed in _ (1) Forebrain ty Spinal cord 3) Hindbrain (4) Midbrain 17. Involuntary actions including blood pressure, salivation and vomiting are controlled by a (1) Medulla of midbrain —(2)-Medilla of hindbrain (@) Midbrain and hindbrain (4) Forebrain and hindbrain (Lb “WoL (HSH WW)rt “Web let (e)bL (Z)or “(V6 “ee (uz “29 ‘suyl_| Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8) Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008, PROt1-47625468COORDINATION IN PLANTS Activity- Fiants havo noithor a norvaus systom nor musclos yat thay raspond to various stimuli by showing. movements, for oxample, whon wo (ouch the fonven of chuutmul (the ‘sensitive’ or ‘touch-me-not’ plant of the Mimosa family). thoy bogin to fald up and droop. During soed germination, the root goes down, the stem comes up into the air In Mémaga pudica no growth is involved in the movement of leavos whereas the directional movement ‘of a soodiling is causod by growth. Thus, movement in plants can occur dua to growth or can be independent ‘of growth. Furthor, they ean also bo classified on the basis of diroction of response to a stimulus. Such movomonts can bo nastic of tropic movements, 1 Nastic Movements These aro_non-directional movements of variations/curvature caused by turgor changes /.8., swelling or shrinkage ‘BIS colts, dua Wo-osmalic potential changes. Decrease in turgor pressure causes shrinkar while increase in turgor pressure brings about swelling. Leaves of plant Mimosa pudica.or ‘touch me not’ shows nyctinasty (sleep movernents) and seismonasty (shock movement):“On touching leaves there is immediate folding and drooping of leaves. iis apparen. that point of movement is different from point of touch. Plants use an electrical-chemical means to convey the information from cell to cell but they do not have specialised tissue for conduction of information. Once the information reaches the point of movement, plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them. Thus, the leaves fold and droop. Fig. 6 : Seismonastic movement in sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) A. Normal leaves, B. Drooping leaves Il, Tropic Movements (Tropism after the Greek word trope meaning turning) These are directional movements brought about by more growth on one side and less growth on the ‘opposite side of the plant organ and are induced by some extemal stimuli. Tropic responses are directionally related to the stimulus. The responge may be in the same direction, the opposite direction or at some specific angle of the stimulus to it. These movements are due to the action of plant hormones. Depending upon the nature of stimulus these movements are of following types : (a) Phototropism : This response is determined by the direction of light. ‘Sunflower is positively phototropic i.e., it moves from east to-west along with sunlight. Main stem is positively phototropic, while main root is negatively phototropic /.e., moves away from sunlight. 1 Response of plant parts to the direction of light. Procedure : (i) Fill a conical flask with water and cover the neck of the flask with a wire mesh. (li) Keep two or three freshly germinated bean seeds on the wire mesh. (iii) Take a cardboard box which is open from one side and keep the flask in the box in such a manner that the open side of box faces light coming from a window. (wv) Observe the changes after a few days. (¥) Now turn the flask so that the shoots are away from light and roots towards light. (v) Leave it undisturbed for a few days and then observe again.aT all Observation : The shoots of freshly germinated seeds have shown growth by bending towards light and roots have shown growth by bending away from light. When the flask was tumed shoots have again shown growth by bonding towards light and roots by bending away from light, In response to light, shoot bends towards stimuli (positive phototropism) and root bends away from stimuli (negative phototropism). a Conclusion : Light ‘Window Fig. 7 : Response of the plant to the direction of light (©) Geotropism : It is caused by unilateral exposure to the force of gravity. Main root of plant is positively geotropic and main stem is negatively geotropic. Negatively ‘geotropic Positively geotropic Fig. 8 : Plant showing geotropism (6) Hydrotrépism : Itis induced by unilateral stimulus of water. Roots are positively hydrotropi grow towards appropriate water conditions. (@) Thigmotropism : These movements occur in response to stimulus of contact e.g., some plants like the pea plant climb up other plants or fences by means of tendrils which are sensitive to touch. When the tendrils come in contact with any support, the part of the tendril in contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as the part of the tendril away from the object due to the diffusion of more auxin from its site of synthesis towards the side of tendril away from the support. This causes the tendril to circle around the object and thus cling to it, as they~ eee (e) Chomotropism : Those aro inducod by unidirectional stimulus of chemicals @.9.,. growth of pollen tube towards ovulo, Malo qamotos moving down in the growing pollen tube Inovuto Female nuctot Carpet (female reproductive organ) Fig, 10 : The response of a ‘pollen’ to chemicals secreted by stigma (Chemotropism) Difference between tropic movements and nastic movements NESEY lucie Usa aul ne) ‘These are directional movements or orientations | 1. These are not directional movements, i.e., these of the part oF the plant in response to a specific] | movements are neither towards the stimulus nor| stimulus. The movement can be towards the| away fromthe stimulus. ‘stimulus or away from the stimulus. 2. These are plant movements of curvature caused by unilateral growth, .e., one side of-an-organ “grows faster than the other, causing curvature. 2. These movements are caused due to variations in| ‘environmental conditions, i.e., they are variation movements. These are also movements of curvature but these occur due to turgor changes. 3. Folding and drooping of leaves.of. Mimosa plant ne-not:plant) in response to. touch is the Bending of stem towards light (phototropism), and: "downward growth of roots in response to gravity Example 6 : ‘Name the tropic movement caused by light. Solutio Phototropism. Example 7 : ‘Name any one plant where seismonasty occurs. Solution : ‘Mimosa pudica. PLANT HORMONES (PHYTOHORMONES) (A) Auxin Function : 1. It promotes cell growth. 2. It induces bending movement in plants. When growing plants detect light, auxin is synthesised at the shoot tip that helps the cells to grow longer. When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the. shoot. This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend towards light. 3. It induces parthenocarpy in many plants. Formation of seedless fruits without ferti known as parthenocarpy. ~ "Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8 Pusa Road, New Deiht-110005, oti-a7e2sis6[[eBSE.NTSE & Olympiads (Levert) i Control and exam (©) Gibberellin 1 \Uinduces internodal elongation oven in gonotically dwarf plants and causes elongation of stems in rosette plants, 2. Wcauses growth of aerial parts. 3. It induces parthenocarpy. 4, IWean delay ageing, (C) Cytokinin 1. It promotes cell division and hence naturally present in greater concentration in the areas of rapic ion 2. Wtdelays s 3.. It promotes growth of lateral buds and check apical dominance (©) Abscisic Acid (ABA) 7 1. Minhibits growth, 2. Itinduces stomatal.closure under water stress conditions. So it is called stress hormon aves. 3. Itcauses w causes wi © Ethylene 1. _It promotes fruit ripening. 2. Itis responsible for falling of leaves and fruits. 3. Itinduces more growth on upper surface of leaves or petals. _| Example 8 ‘Name one growth inhibiting hormone. Solution : Abscisic-acid (ABA). _|Exampie 9 ‘Name one hormone which can delay ageing. Solution : _Srtokinin, / Grover eli 18. Growth off pollen tube towards an ovule is an example of shemotropism 2) Geotropism 8) Hydrotropism (4) Phototropism 19. Different plant hormones (W-ip to coordinate growth and development (2) Help in photosynthesis (8). Help in conduction of water (4) Help to derive energy from food SeeBi [Controt and Coordination CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads (Level) | 20. Which ono js not a plant growth promotor? (1) Auxin (2) Glbborettin @) Cytokinin (4) ABA 24, Tho plant hormono which promotes fruit ripening Is (1) Abscisic acid (2) Auxier @) Gibberelin (4) Ethylene 22. Phototropic movement of a shoot Is duo t6 (1) Gravity Light @) Touch (4) Chemicals 23. The tropic movement responsible for coiling of tendrils is, (1) Phototropism (2) Geotropism (8) Hydrotropism ay Trigmceisn 24, Bending of plant stems towards light is due to unequal distribution of Wink Q) Ethylene (8) Cytokinin (4) Gibberellic acid 25. The leaves of Mimosa pudica droop down when touched due to (1) Phototropism wo monasty (@) Hydrotropism (4) Chemotropism [@)sz (ve (vez (eee (o) Lz “(oz “(Ler “(L)8t “suv . ENDOCRINE SYSTEM + In multicellular organisms if fast responses to stimuli are to be made, then the transmission of information must happen very quickly. Electrical impulses are an excellent means for this. But there are certain limitations/drawbacks associated with the use of electrical impulses. Some of the limitations are () Firstly, in the animal body, these (electrical impulses) will not reach each and every cell rather these will reach only those cells that are connected by nervous tissue. (i) Secondly, after the generation and transmission of an electrical impulse the cell takes some time to reset its mechanisms for the generation and transmission of a new impulse. (i.e., Cells cannot continually create and transmit electrical impulses) + Thus, no wonder, that most multicellular organisms use another means.of communication between cells known as ‘chemical communication’. ‘In this kind of communication, stimulated cells release a chemical compound, which diffuses all around the original cell. a ‘WiGorporate Office # Aakash Tower, 6) Pusa Road) New Delhi11000: STSVGTEBIST h.011-47623456[[EBSE) NTSE & Olympiads (Lever) Control and Coordination] ‘79 | * Mother cells have special molecules on their surfaces to dotect this compound, then they would be able to recognise information and even transmit it. This will be slower but can reach all calls of the body, regardless of nervous connections and it can be done steadily and persistently. % These chemical compounds are known as hormones and are synthesised at places away from where they act and simply diffuso to the area of action. These hormones are secreted by various endocrine glands which constitute the endocrine system. ‘The word hormone (Chemical messenger) is derived from the Graek word horman, meaning “to set in motion or to excite”. ‘Thomas Addison is known as ‘Father of Endocrinology’. HORMONES IN ANIMALS Hormones are non-nutrient chemical substances secreted by specialised glands called endocrine glands. Hormones co-ordinate the activities of organisms by acting as chemical messengers. The nervous system and the endocrine system jointly coordinate and regulate the various metabolic functions in the body. These glands are ductless and release their secretions (i.0., hormones) directly into the blood stream. Difference between Neural contro! and Hormonal control Rese Pecan) Regulated by secretory cells or ore epithelial cells (endocrine glands). General Properties of Hormones + They are secreted by the endocrine glands and released directly into the blood. ° They act on target organs or cells usually away from their source. + Hormones produced in one species usually show similar effect in other species. * They are produced in very small quantities and are biologically very active. ° ‘Chemically, some hormones are peptides (such as insulin), some are amines, derived from amino acids {such as adrenaline), which are water soluble and some are steroids (such as progesterone) which are lipid soluble. 4 Their excess (hypersecretion) or deficiency (hyposecretion), both lead to serious consequences. + Hormones are not stored in the body and are excreted from the system, Now let us briefly examine the major endocrine glands of the human body and some of their functional interrelationships. The figure given below shows the anatomical location of the major endocrine glands important in the regulation of metabolism in humans. 110005) Ph.o1i7e23456sameness? atasnToNe Control and Coordination CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads (Level-t) Hypothalamus. Pituitary \—Thymus | Pancreas }—Adrenal 5 Ovatle®: Testes (in female) (in male) Fig. 11 : Location of endocrine glands in human beings Hypothalamus It is a specialized portion of the brain which lies at the floor of the diencephalon and is the coordinating centre of the endocrine system. The hormones produced by the hypothalamus are of two types, the releasing hormone which stimulates the pituitary gland; e.g., Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) which ‘stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone and inhibiting hormone which inhibits the secretions of pituitary gland; e.g., Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) (i.¢., Somatostatin) which inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from pituitary gland. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) It is a small pea shaped gland which is located just below the hypothalamus and is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk. It is called the master endocrine gland because many of its hormones control the functioning of other endocrine glands like thyroid, adrenal glands, gonads. ‘* Growth hormone or somatotropin : It regulates the growth and development of the body. “Disorders : * Dwarfism : It is caused by the deficiency of growth hormone (GH) from childhood. It is characterised by small but well proportioned body and sexual immaturity. © Gigantism : It is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone from-early age. It leads to abnormal growth of the body (the long bones lengthen beyond normal limit). + Acromegaly : It is caused by over-secretion of growth hormone after adult size is reached. It is characterised by disproportionate increase in size of bones of face, hands and feet. Fig. 12 : These two fully grown men are victims of malfunctioning of pituitary gland. The giant is 2.7 metres tall (oversecretion of GH) and dwar—_— — | 2. Thyroid Gland ‘The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland 7 ‘Hormone : The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine hormone. ‘* Thyrotropin produced by anterior lobe of pituitary gland stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine. ‘+ Thyroxine is synthesised by attaching iodine to tyrosine (amino acid). This is the reason that the People are advised to use iodised salts. ‘+ Thyroid gland also secretes a hormone called thyrocalcitonin which decreases the blood calcium level. ‘Functions of thyroxine : — a. ‘+ It controls the basal metabolic rate or BMR. + Iregulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for growth. + It maintains the body temperature. ‘+ Icontrots muscular and nervous activity. + It controls mental and sexual development. + Disorders : * Simple goitre : Lack of iodine in our diet results in simple goitre and one of the symptoms of this disease is a swollen neck (enlarged thyroid gland). It is quite common in people of northem hilly areas. Bs) Fig. 13 : Goitre Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid glands are four small sized glands situated on the, posterior. surface.of.thyroid.gland. They secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH). Function : PTH from parathyroid glands increases the blood calcium level ie., it has an action opposite (antagor to that of the calcitonin secreted from the thyroid gland. Thymus Gland It is located in the upper anterior part of chest directly behind sternum and between lungs. It produces thymosins hormones that stimulate the development of antibodies. It also produces T-lymphocytes which are the types of white blood cells that fight infections and destroy abnormal cells. 5, Adrenal Glands These are paired structures located on the top of kidneys (i.., one at the anterior part of each kidney). + Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla : It releases two hormones called epinephrine and norepinephrine. The epinephrine is also called adrenaline and norepinephrine is also called noradrenaline. These two hormones are released during stress of any kind or emergency situations and are called as emergency hormones. These hormones also prepare the body during the flight, fright and fight. _ermeraeomep za er 6/PIS Ren Ne DS eoDe PLOT 762385 NNT Cah eeBex ‘and Coordination a CBSE NTSE A Olympiads (Lavel] Table : Effects of Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and oxygen to te pi ee evs Ps ee | Increased oxygenation ¢ blood; rapldromovaot carbon dioxide 4 mediate action avail + Noradrenaline stimulates reactions similar to those produced by adrenaline. Pancreas + The pancreas lies inferior to the stomach in a bend of the duodenum. It is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland. Its exocrine secretion (pancreatic juice) is poured into the duodenum for digestion. Its ‘endocrine part secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Function = @ Insulin : Insulin acts in two principal ways : (@) It promotes glucose utilisation by the body cells and lowers the blood glucose level. (©) It stimulates deposition of extra glucose of the blood as glycogen in liver and muscles. Hyposecretion of insulin results in excess glucose in blood. This condition is called hyperglycemia. Hypersecretion of insulin decreases glucose content of the blood. This condition is called hypoglycemia. Both the conditions are harmful to body. + (i) Glucagon : It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver, thereby raising sugar level in the blood. Thus, insulin has an action opposite (antagonistic) to that of glucagon. Disorder * Diabetes mellitus is caused due to the deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin. In diabetes mellitus, blood glucose level rises above the normal level (hyperglycemia). Treatment : Insulin injection is used for the treatment of severe diabetes and has become one of the ‘most important therapeutic agent. Diabetes can be controlled by controlling diet, reducing the excess weight, doing regular physical exercise and taking medicines. * Gonads (Male and Female) Gonads are of two types : Ovaries and testes. () Testes : Testes in males secrete male sex hormone testosterone which regulates spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characters at puberty. (i) Ovaries : Ovaries in female secrete female sex hormones estrogen, which stimulates formation of ova and development of secondary sexual characters at puberty. Pineal Gland It is a small sized gland attached to the dorsal side of the brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin, which controls the biological clock i.e., the timing mechanism by which an organism controls regular activities such as sleeping and waking. It is the smallest endocrine gland of the human body.(CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads (Lever) 5 — i ‘Conirar and Coordination] Feedback System Feedback system is a regulatory mechanism in which presence of certain level of a substance promotes o1 inhibits its further formation. Some hormones regulate their own socrotion through this mechanism. For example, if the sugar level in the blood rises, it is detected by the cells of the pancreas which respon¢ by producing more insulin. As the blood sugar level falls, insulin socrotion is reduced. Thus, the blood-sugat level is maintained in a healthy person. Example 10 : Which gland secretes insulin hormone? Solution : Pancreas. Example 11: ‘Name one hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Solution : Thyroxine. 28. Chemical communication between cells in a multiceliular organism, (1) Is very fast : __2)-Gen' potentially reach all cells of the body regardless of nervous connections (8) Does not occur (4) Occurs only in those cells which are supplied by nerves 27. Growth hormone regulates (1) Heartbeat A Bevelopment ofthe body _ @) Body temperature (4) Blood glucose level 28. Thyroxine regulates (1) Carbohydrate, protein and vitamin metabolism in the body <_2) Garbohyarate, protein and fat metabolism in the body (3) Only protein and fat metabolism in the body (4) Only carbohydrate metabolism in the body 29, Insulin which is produced by the pancreas helps i (1) Converting glycogen into glucose” teins blood sugar levels (3) Regulating urea in blood (4) Regulating protein levels in urine As blood sugar level falls, glucagon secretion (1) Decreases _@-Inéreases (3) Remain same __ @) First increases then decreases I ceiporate once: (Pisa! Road, New Dathi-11 0006) PRO11:47623456 1!) Ni"Polsserscan aie Pe 7 ‘CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads (Cover) Bi Whe Bupar evel in biood tis08, it Is dotoctod by (2) Colls of pineal gland (4) Colls of testas At) Cots of pancreas ) Colts of thyroid 82, The hormono which is roloased in our body to deal with the emergency situation Is (1) Insulin 42) “Adronatino Q) Growth hormone (4) Thyroxino : associated with puberty in males and fomales are dua to the secration of Testosterone and oestrogen, respectively (2) Progesterone and androgen, respectively ~~ @) Oestrogen and testosterone, respectively (4) Thyroxin and grovth hormone, respectively ‘ [vee (zze (te (aoe ‘(z)ez (2)ez (2).z (2)oz “suy) QUICK RECAP Neuron is the functional unit of nervous system. Human nervous system is divided into (i) central nervous system, (ii) peripheral nervous system. The brain in human beings is the main coordinating centre of the body. It is situated in the brain box protects the brain from mechanical injury. It is also surrounded by three membranes 1. called cranium, wt called meninges. 3. Brain consists of three major parts : (@) Forebrain () Midbrain (©) Hindbrain Reflex action is a spontaneous, automatic and mechanical response to a stimulus acting without the will ‘of an animal and reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord. 5. Like nervous system, endocrine system is meant for internal communication and regulation in the animal body. 6. Endocrine glands lack ducts and pass their secretions directly into the blood for transport to the site of action (target site). 7. Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by specialised endocrine glands. Human body possesses large number of endocrine glands, e.g., hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes, ovaries, pineal gland. 8. Hypothalamus is situated at the base of the brain. The cells of the hypothalamus secrete several neurohormones called releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones. These neurohormones are carried to the pituitary gland to stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones, 9. Thyroid is the largest endocrine gland located on either side.of the trachea. It secretes thyroxine and thyrocalcitonin, 10. Parathyroid glands situated on the posterior surface of thyroid gland secrete parathormone (PTH) which along with thyrocalcitonin from thyroid gland regulate calcium balance in the blood. 11. Adrenal glands are a pair of glands situated on the upper side of each kidney. 12, Adrenal medulla secretes ~ adrenaline and noradrenaline. In normal conditions, these hormones are secreted in small amounts. However, adrenaline is secreted in large amounts to prepare the body to face emergency situations, Honca ara called stress hormone, wor[ 8) Psa Read! New Dalhi-110005) Ph ott 47623466) a