CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

CHAPTER 7 – EVOLUTION
PRACTICE MATERIAL FOR CBSE AISSCE, 2023

SYLLABUS
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy,
embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of
evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection;
Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.
IMPORTANT TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 6
Homologous and Analogous Organs (Examples and Differences), Divergent and convergent Evolution (Examples
and Differences), Hardy - Weinberg's principle; Adaptive Radiation (with two types of examples), Fossils in
Evolution, Urey-Miller and Oparin-Haldane Experiment, Human evolution.
PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTION ANSWERS
1. Refer to the figure given below and answer the questions that follow:

a) Explain the process by which Tasmanian wolf evolved.

b) Name the process that has resulted in evolution of wolf and another similar animal such as Tasmanian
wolf.
c) Compare and contrast the two animals shown? 1+1+1
Ans. a) Adaptive radiation - The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting
from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats).
b) Convergent evolution
c) Wolf is a placental mammal, whereas Tasmanian wolf is a marsupial mammal
2.

a.) State the hypothesis which S.L. Miller tried to prove in the laboratory with the help of the set up given
above.
b.) Name the organic compound observed by him in the liquid water at the end of his experiment.
c.) A scientist simulated a similar set up and added CH4, NH3 and water vapour at 800℃. Mention the
important component that is missing in his experiment? 3
Ans. a.) Chemical evolution – First form of life originated from pre-existing non-living organic molecules.
b.) Amino acids
c.) H2
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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

3. Compare and contrast the theories of evolution proposed by Darwin and Hugo De Vries. 3

4. State Oparin and Haldane hypothesis. How did S.L. Miller experimentally prove it? Explain. 3
Ans. First form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living molecules (DNA/protein), and that formation
of life was preceded by chemical evolution (formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents) =
1⁄2 + 1⁄2
He created reducing / early atmospheric condition by taking a closed flask, containing CH4 (Methane) H2
(Hydrogen) NH3 (Ammonia) and water vapour, at 800 °C, subjecting them to electric discharge and observed
formation of amino acids /organic compounds = 1⁄2 × 4 [1 + 2 = 3 marks]
5. State what is disturbance in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicative of. Write any four factors that
affect this equilibrium. Explain how.
Ans. (Disturbance in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium would be interpreted as resulting in) Evolution =1
Factors:
- Gene migration / gene flow = 1⁄2, when migration of a section of population to another place occurs then gene
frequencies change in the original as well as in the new population / and it is a gene flow if this gene migration
happens multiple times = 1⁄2
- Genetic drift = 1⁄2, if the change in gene frequencies occurs by chance = 1⁄2
- Mutation = 1⁄2, alteration of DNA sequence = 1⁄2
- Genetic recombination = 1⁄2, non-parental gene combination / variation in the genes due to recombination during
gametogenesis = 1⁄2
- Natural selection = 1⁄2, a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are enabled to reproduce
and leave greater number of progenies =1⁄2 (Any four) = 1 × 4 [1 + 4 = 5 marks]
6. Explain with the help of one suitable example that “Evolution is a random process based on chance
events in nature and chance mutation in the organisms”
Ans. - Post industrialisation period the tree trunks became dark due to industrial smoke and soots and under this
condition the white-winged moth did not survive due to predators, dark-winged or melanised moth survived,
before industrialisation thick growth of almost white-coloured lichen covered the trees and, in that background, the
white winged moth survived but the dark-coloured moth was picked out by predators = 1+1+1
//
- Excess use of herbicides/ pesticides etc, has only resulted in selection of resistant varieties, in a much lesser time
scale of months or years and not centuries =1+1+1
//
- Microbes against which we employ antibiotics or drugs against eukaryotic organisms /cell , and so resistant
organisms/cells are appearing , in a time scale of months or years and not centuries =1+1+1
Evolution is not a direct process in the sense of determinism, it is a stochastic process (based on chance events in
nature and chance mutation in the organisms) = 1 + 1 [3 + 2 = 5 marks]
7. (a) Why is the collection of white winged moths and dark winged moths made in England between
1850 – 1920 considered a good example of natural selection ?
(b) ‘‘Evolution is based on chance events in nature and chance mutations in organ isms.’’ Justify the
statement.
Ans. a) During Pre-industrialisation white-winged moths survived due to white coloured lichens on trees, During
post-industrialisation white-winged moths did not survive due to predation / predators could spot the moth against
contrasting back ground, then the dark-winged or melanised moths survived, this showed that in a mixed
population of white and dark winged moths those who can adapt better will survive =1⁄2 × 4
b) excess use of herbicides /pesticides and antibiotics has resulted in selection of resistant varieties that developed
due to chance mutation (in much lesser time scale) = 1 [2 +1 = 3 Marks]
8. How is the study of fossils evidence of evolution of life forms which have taken place on the Earth?
Explain giving two reasons.
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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

Ans. A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicate that different types of organisms existed in
different geological period, the life-forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain
geological time span = 1 x 2 [2 Marks]
9. How is the mechanism of evolution explained by de Vries ?
Ans. Large difference arising suddenly in a population, because of mutation, in a single step / saltation, random
and directionless = 1⁄2 × 4 [2Marks]
10. List the different anthropogenic actions, and explain how have they led to evolution.
Ans. Excessive use of herbicides / pesticides / antibiotics , have resulted in the selection of pest resistant /
antibiotic resistant varieties , in much lesser time / time scale of months or years and not centuries (example from
industrial melanism / effect on DDT on mosquito / any other to be accepted) [1 + 1 + 1 = 3 Marks]
11. How did Darwin explain ‘adaptive radiation’ ? Support your answer with the help of an example.
Ans. Darwin observed that there were many varieties of finches in the same island , initially they had seed eating
features , gradually as they migrated to different habitats other features with altered beak arose , enabling them to
become insectivorous and vegetarian finches , This process of evolution of different species in a given
geographical area , starting from a (geographical) point and radiating to other geographical areas = 1⁄2 × 6
[3 Marks]
12. (a) State what does the study of Fossils indicate.
(b) Rearrange the following group of plants according to their evolution from Palaeozoic to Cenozoic
periods:
Rhynia; Arborescent Lycopods; Conifers; Dicotytedon.
Ans. (a) They are evidence of evolution / they indicate common ancestory / they represent extinct organisms /
which existed in different geological period / life forms varied over time and certain life forms were restricted to
certain geological time spans / new forms of life have arisen at different times in the history of earth (any two) = 1
+1
(b) Rhynia Arborescent Lycopods Conifers Dicotyledon 1⁄2 1⁄2
// if a student writes given sequence is correct = 1
[3 Marks]
13. What is adaptive radiation? Explain with the help of a suitable example.
Ans. The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally
radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation = 1
Example - Small black bird / later called Darwin’s Finches in Galapagos island , from the original seed - eating
features many other forms with altered beaks arose enabling them to become insectivorous and vegetarian finches
=1×2
//
A number of marsupials each different from the other , evolved from an ancestral stock but all within the
Australian island continent = 1 × 2

//
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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

Placental mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation , in evolving into varieties of
such placental mammals each of which appears to be ‘similar’ to a corresponding marsupial
(e.g., Placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf marsupial) = 1 × 2

14. (a) Rearrange the following in the correct order of their appearance on Earth between two million
years and 40,000 years back.
Neanderthals. Australopithecus, Homo erectus and Homo habilis.
(b) Which one of the above
(i) had the largest brain size
(ii) ate fruits
Ans. a) Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthal = 1⁄2 × 4
b) i) Neanderthals = 1⁄2
ii) Australopithecus = 1⁄2 [3 Marks]
15. Hardy-Weinberg Principle is stated in the following algebraic equation: P + 2Pq + q2 = 1.
2

(a) State what do ‘P’ and ‘q’ denote in the equation.

(b) State Hardy-Weinberg principle as indicated in the equation.
(c) What would you interpret if the value of ‘1’ in the equation gets deviated?
Ans. (a) ‘P’ dominant allele / Frequency of allele ‘A’, ‘q’ recessive allele / Frequency of allele ‘a’= 1⁄2 × 2 = 1
(b) Sum total of all allelic frequencies in a population / gene pool is 1 /allele frequencies in a population are stable
and is constant from generatioin to generation = 1
(c) Evolutionary changes / Evolution = 1 [1 + 1 + 1 = 3 Marks]
16. Explain convergent evolution with the help of two examples, one from plants and the other from the
animals.
Ans. (convergent evolution) - Different structures evolving for same function = 1
(Example from plants) - Sweet potato (root modification) and Potato (stem modification = 1
(Example from animals) - Eye of Octopus and of mammals / flippers of Penguin and Dolphins = 1 [3 Marks]
17. Mention and explain the type of evolution the thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita are a
result of. Write a similar example from animal kingdom.
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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

Ans. Divergent evolution = 1

Both organs have common origin / anatomical structure (which is stem), but developed to perform different
functions / for different needs = 1⁄2 × 2
(Example) vertebrate hearts / vertebrate brains / forelimbs of man-cheetah-whale-bat = 1 [3 Marks]
18. (a) Identify any two marsupials from the list given below:
(i) Lemur
(ii) Spotted cuscus
(iii) Flying phalanger
(iv) Bobcat
(v) Tasmanian wolf
(vi) Mole
(b) “Australian marsupials exhibit adaptive radiation.’’ Justify the statement.
Ans. a. ii ) / Spotted cuscus ,
iii) / Flying phalanger
v) / Tasmanian wolf
(Any two) = 1⁄2 + 1⁄2
b. Australian marsupials each differ from the other evolved from an ancestral stock, all within the Australian island
continent. = 1⁄2 + 1⁄2 [2 Marks]
19. Study the diagrammatic representation of S.L. Miller’s experiment given below and answer the
questions that follow:

(a) How did S.L. Miller create the conditions which existed before the origin of any life on Earth?
(b) Name the organic compound formed and collected at the end of his experiment.
(c) Mention the kind of evolution his experiment supports.
Ans. (a) (Conditions existed before the origin of life -High temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere
containing CH4 , NH3 , etc.)
Conditions were created by electric discharge (high temperature) in a closed flask containing CH4 , NH3 , H2 ,
water vapours = 1⁄2 × 4
b) amino acids = 1⁄2
c) chemical evolution = 1⁄2 [3 Marks]
20. Taking an example of homologous organs in plants, write the types of evolution they are based on,
giving a reason.
Ans. Thorns of Bougainvillea and Tendrils of Cucurbita are homologous organs/ any other appropriate example =
1⁄2
Divergent Evolution = 1⁄2
They have same origin/ common ancestry, but perform different functions = 1⁄2 + 1⁄2 [2 Marks]
21. Wings of birds and wings of butterflies contribute to locomotion. Explain the type of evolution such
organs are a result of.
Ans. They are not anatomically similar in structure but perform same function, hence these are analogous structure
= 1⁄2 + 1⁄2
type of evolution is convergent evolution =1
//
similar habitat of birds and butterflies has resulted in selection of similar adaptive features (wings) in different
groups of organisms, but towards the same function = 1⁄2 + 1⁄2
convergent evolution = 1 [2 Marks]
22. (a) Explain Hardy-Weinberg Principle on the basis of the algebraic equation p2+ 2pq+ q2= 1.
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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

(b) How do gene migration and genetic drift affect this genetic equilibrium?
Ans. (a) In a population of diploid organisms if frequency of allele A= p and frequency of allele a =q Expected
genotype frequency under random mating are = 1⁄2
AA = p2,
aa = q2,
Aa = 2pq = 1⁄2 × 3
The gene pool (total genes and their alleles) in a population remains constant (genetic equilibrium).= 1⁄2
sum total of allelic frequencies is one = 1⁄2
(b) When gene migration of a section of population to another place occurs, gene frequencies change in the
original as well as in the new population and disturbs the equilibrium. = 1⁄2 + 1⁄2
Genetic drift - changes in gene frequency as in gene migration occurring by chance. =1
23. State the hypothesis proposed by Oparin and Haldane. Describe how S. L. Miller experimentally
supported it.
Ans. a. Proposed that first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules, and that
formation of life was preceded by Chemical evolution/formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic
constituents. = 1+1
b. Miller created similar conditions in laboratory as existed on the earth, before the origin of life, by creating
electric discharge, in a closed flask, containing CH4 and H2 and NH3, and water vapour at 800o c, observed
formation of amino acids = 1⁄2 × 6 [5 Marks]

Label- Electrodes = 1⁄2

Electric / Spark discharge = 1⁄2
CH4, NH3, H2 = 1⁄2
Boiling water = 1⁄2
Water containing organic compound = 1⁄2
Condenser = 1⁄2 [ 5 Marks]
24. Protein synthesis machinery revolves around RNA but in the course of evolution it was replaced by
DNA. Justify. [2]
Ans. Since RNA was unstable and prone to mutations, DNA evolved from RNA with chemical modifications that
make it more stable. DNA has double stranded nature and has complementary strands. These further resist changes
by evolving a process of repair. (1+1=2)
25. A student was simulating Urey and Millers experiment to prove the origin of life. The set up used by
the student is given –

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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

(a) Find out the reasons why he could not get desired results.
(b) What conclusion was drawn by Urey and Miller through this experiment?
(c) Compare the conclusion drawn with the theory of spontaneous generation. [1+1+1=3]
Ans. a) He could not get desired results because:
i) O2 was used instead of H2
ii) Temperature maintained was 800c instead of 8000. 1
b) It was concluded that life could have come from pre – existing non living organic molecules and their formation
was preceded by chemical evolution 1
c) He observed formation of Amino acids when in a closed flask CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour were heated at
8000 C in presence of electric discharge. Analysis of meteorite content also reveals similar compounds indicating
that similar process is occurring elsewhere in space / Chemical evolution. Urey & Miller proved that life
originated abiogenetically whereas theory of spontaneous generation emphasized that units of life called spores
were transferred to different planets including Earth. 1
26. How does the study of fossils support evolution? Explain.
OR
What does Hardy-Weinberg Principle of equilibrium indicate? List any two factors that could alter the
equilibrium. What would such an alteration lead to?
Ans. Fossils are remains/ hard parts of life forms, found in sedimentary rocks, some of them appear similar to
modern organisms /some represent extinct organisms, study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicates the
geological period in which they existed (provide palaeontological evidence) 1 x 3
OR
(a) Allele frequencies are stable and constant from generation to generation /the gene pool (total genes and their
alleles in a population) remains a constant/ sum total of all allelic frequencies is one 1
(b) Factors– Gene migration, gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, natural selection (any two
1⁄2 + 1⁄2)
Leads to –Evolution 1
27. (a) Select the homologous structure from the combinations given below:
(i) Forelimbs of whales and bats (ii) Tuber of potato and sweet potato
(iii) Eyes of octopus and mammals
(iv) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita
(b) State the kind of evolution they represent.
Ans. (a) (i) Forelimbs of whales and bats = 1⁄2
(iv) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita = 1⁄2
(b) Divergent Evolution = 1
[2 Marks]
28. What does the following equation represent? Explain. P2 +2pq+q2 =1
Ans. Hardy Weinberg’s Principle / allele frequencies in a population are stable and is constant from generation to
generation, 1 represents stable allelic frequency in a population, indicating no evolution occurring, p2 frequency of
homozygous dominant /AA, 2 pq frequency of heterozygous/Aa, q2 frequency of homozygous recessive /aa =
1⁄2×6
Note: (if AA,Aa,aa have been indicated using any other alphabet correctly can be accepted) [3 Marks]
29. (a) What was proposed by Oparin and Haldane on origin of life? How did S.L.Miller is experiment
support their proposal?
(b) Which human chromosome has (1) maximum number of genes, and which one has (2) fewest genes?
(c) Write the scientific importance of single nucleotide polymorphism identified in human genome.
Ans. (a) First form of life could have come from pre - existing non-organic molecules, S.L. Miller created electric
discharge in a closed flask containing CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour at 8000 C, and observed formation of
amino acids. = 1⁄2 × 6
(b) Chromosome 1,Y = 1⁄2 + 1⁄2
(c) It helps to find chromosomal locations for disease – associated sequences, and tracing human history = 1⁄2 +
1⁄2 [5 marks]
30. (a) Describe Hardy –Weinberg Principle.
(b) List any four factors which affect genetic equilibrium.
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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

(c) Describe founder effect.

Ans. (a) Allele frequencies in a population are stable and constant / gene pool remain constant from generation to
generation = 1
(b) • Gene migration / gene flow
• Genetic drift
• Mutation.
• Genetic recombination
• Natural selection (Any four) =1⁄2 × 4 = 2
(c) • Change in allele frequency
• New genes develop old genes lost
• Migration
• Drift
• New species (Any four) =1⁄2×4=2
OR
when section of population gets separated due to migration or genetic drift, gene frequencies changed; sometimes
this changed in allele frequency is different in the new population that they become new species , this is called
founder effect = 1⁄2 × 4
31. Name the first human like hominid. Mention his food habit and brain capacity.
Ans. Homo habilis 1
Did not eat meat / vegetarian, brain capacity 650-800cc 1⁄2 + 1⁄2
32. Write the probable differences in eating habits of Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
Ans Homo habilis did not eat meat / vegetarian
Homo erectus ate meat (meat eater) = 1⁄2 × 2 [1 Mark]
33. Differentiate between homology and analogy. Give one example of each.
Ans. Homology Analogy
- Organisms having the same structure - Different structures having the same
developed along different directions function ( in different organisms)
due to adaptations / different functions
- Result of divergent evolution - Result of convergent evolution
- Indicates common ancestry - Does not indicate common ancestry
- Anatomically same structures - Anatomically different structures
(Any two difference) = 1 + 1
Example Example
Forelimbs of whale - bats - cheetah - human // Wings of butterfly and birds //
Thorns of Bougainvillea - tendrils of cucurbits Sweet potato and potato
(Any other correct example) = 1⁄2 × 2 [3 Marks]
34. Differentiate between divergent and convergent evolution. Give one example of each.
Ans Divergent Convergent
- same structure developed Different structures evolving
along different direction for the same function
- due to adaptation to different - due to adaptation to meet similar
needs needs
Examples Examples =1+1
- Vertebrates heart & brain - Wing of bird & insects
- thorn of Bougainvillea and - Potato & sweet potato
tendrils of cucurbita - Eye of Octopus & mammals
- fore limbs of whales, bat, - Flippers of Penguins & dolphin.
cheetah, humans.
(Any one example) (any one example) = 1⁄2 × 2 [3 Marks]
35. How do homologous organs represent divergent evolution? Explain with the help of a suitable
example.
Ans. Organs with similar structure / same ancestry / anatomically same / same origin developed along different
directions due to adaptation / different needs, to perform different functions = 1+1
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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

For example, the fore limbs of some animals (Vertebrates) like whales, bats, cheetah and human have similar
anatomical structure (i.e., humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges) develop differently to meet
different needs / to perform different functions (any other correct example) =1 [3 Marks]
36. Describe the experiment that helped Louis Pasteur to dismiss the theory of spontaneous generation of
life.
Ans. Two pre sterilised flasks with killed yeast , one sealed , other open to air , differential growth of life in two
flasks / life was found only in open flask. = 1⁄2 × 4
// the following diagram can be considered in lieu of above explanation

life comes from pre-existing life (it came from air entering the flask) / proved the theory of biogenesis
=1 [2 + 1 = 3 marks]
37. Differentiate between analogy and homology giving one example each of plant and animal
respectively.
(b) How are they considered as evidence in support of evolution?
Ans. (a) Homology - Same origin different function = 1⁄2
eg - Forelimbs of mammals (flipper of whale, forelimbs of cheetah , forelimb of man , wings of bat ) / heart of
vertebrates / brain of vertebrates = 1⁄2
- Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbits = 1⁄2
Analogy - Different origin same function = 1⁄2
e.g. - wings of bat and wings of birds / flippers of penguin and dolphin / eye of octopus and mammals = 1⁄2
- Sweet potato root and potato tuber = 1⁄2
(b) Homology shows common ancestry / divergent evolution = 1
Analogy does not show common ancestry / shows convergent evolution = 1 [3 + 2 = 5 marks]
38. (a) How did Darwin explain adaptive radiation? Give another example exhibiting adaptive radiation.
(b) Name the scientist who influenced Darwin and how?
Ans. (a) Darwin observed that from original seed eating features in finches altered beaks arose enabling them to
become insectivorous and vegetarian finches = 1
Adaptive radiation - the process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point
and literally radiating to another areas of geography (habitats) = 1
Another example is Australian marsupials / placental mammals in Australia = 1
(b) Thomas Malthus = 1
Population size grows exponentially (due to maximum reproduction), however population size remains limited due
to limited natural resources / leading to competition = 1⁄2 + 1⁄2 [3 + 2 = 5 marks]
39. Excessive and continuous use of pesticides has resulted in evolution of some new species of pests.
Explain what must have led to this. What is this type of evolution called?
Ans Excessive use of pesticides has resulted in selection of resistant varieties in a much lesser time scale, as
evolution is a stochastic process based on chance events in nature and chance mutation in organism = 1 +1
Evolution by anthropogenic action = 1 [3 Marks]
40. Write in what context did Darwin use the terms ‘fitness’, ‘survival’ and ‘selection’ while elaborating
on the mechanism of evolution.
Ans. Fitness refers to reproductive fitness (will leave more progeny) - more survival and hence selected by nature -
natural selection = 1 × 3 [3 marks]
IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS, SCIENTIFIC NAMES, ABBREVIATIONS & IMP. FACTS
Age of Universe ➔ 20 Billion Years, Age of Earth➔4.5 Billion Years, Life appeared on Earth➔4 Billion Years.
Louis Pasteur - Life comes only from pre-existing life.
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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

Oparin (Russia) and Haldane (England) - the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living
organic molecules
(e.g., RNA, protein, etc.)
Harold Urey & S.L. Miller (USA) – He created similar conditions (which were on Earth before origin of life on
earth) in a laboratory scale.
Charles Darwin – (i) He concluded that existing living forms share similarities to not only among themselves but
also with life forms that existed millions of years ago. This was based on observations made during a sea voyage
in a sail ship called H.M.S. Beagle round the world. He gave the theory of Natural Selection.
(ii) During his journey Darwin went to Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) and observed the adaptive radiation of
Darwin’s finches.
Alfred Wallace - He worked in Malay Archipelago and came to similar conclusions as Charles Darwin came.
Ernst Heckel – He proposed the Embryological support for evolution. He proposed that certain features during
embryonic stage are common to all vertebrates that are absent in adult.
Karl Ernst von Baer – The proposal of Ernst Heckel was disapproved by him. He noted that embryos never pass
through the adult stages of other animals.
Biston betularia – This moth was used in Industrial melanism studies in UK.
Lamarck (France)– He proposed that evolution of life forms had occurred but driven by use and disuse of organs.
He gave example of Giraffes.
Thomas Malthus – He proposed that food production will not be able to keep up with growth in the human
population, resulting in disease, famine, war, and calamity.
Hugo DeVries – He gave the idea of mutation based on his work on Evening Primrose (Oenothera
lamarckiana) plant. He termed mutation SALTATION (single step large mutation).
Wilhelm Weinberg (German Physician) & Godfrey Harold Hardy (British Mathematician) – They proposed
Hardy-Weinberg Principle.
CODE TO REMEMBER THE HUMAN IN EVOLUTION: DRAHENS (Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus,
Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens)
MIND MAPS & IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS

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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

Fig: Diagrammatic representation of Miller’s experiment

Fig: A family tree of dinosaurs and their living modern day counterpart organisms like crocodiles and birds

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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

Fig: Example of homologous organs in Plants Fig: Example of homologous organs in Animals

Fig: Industrial Melanism. Figure showing white - winged moth and dark - winged moth (melanised) on a tree
trunk (a) In unpolluted area (b) In polluted area

Fig: Adaptive Radiation. Variety of beaks of finches that Darwin found in Galapagos Island

Fig: Adaptive radiation of marsupials of Australia

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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

Fig: Picture showing convergent evolution of Australian Marsupials and placental mammals

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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

Fig: Diagrammatic representation of the operation of natural selection on different traits: (a)
Stabilising (b) Directional and (c) Disruptive

Fig: A sketch of the evolution of plant forms through geological periods

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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

Fig: Representative evolutionary history of vertebrates through geological periods

Fig: A comparison of the skulls of adult modern human being, baby chimpanzee and adult chimpanzee.
The skull of baby chimpanzee is more like adult human skull than adult chimpanzee skull
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 CBSE Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 7 XII Biology

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