Biology Chapter 6 Mol Basis Importnat

CBSE 10 Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 6 XII Biology
CHAPTER 6 – MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

PRACTICE MATERIAL FOR CBSE AISSCE, 2023
SYLLABUS
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA
replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation - lac operon;
Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.
IMPORTANT TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 6
DNA Structure with nucleotide calculation, Meselson & Stahl Experiment, Translation and transcription process
in prokaryotes, tRNA structure, role of mRNA, tRNA and ribosome in translation, transforming principle, Genetic
code, hnRNA processing, Human Genome Project(features, methodologies, DNA fingerprinting, Lac-operon,
Hershey –Chase Experiment, DNA packaging in eukaryotes, Three types of RNA polymerases in eukaryotes and
their functions, Definitions of cistron, promoter, terminator.
YEAR 2010
1. Name the enzyme involved in the continuous replication of DNA strand. Mention the polarity of the
template strand.
Ans – DNA polymerase is involved in continuous replication of DNA strand. The polarity of template strand is
3→5.
2. Mention the role of ribosomes in peptide-bond formation. How does ATP facilitate it?
Ans - There are two sites in the large subunit of the ribosome, for subsequent amino acids to bind to and thus, be
close enough to each other for the formation of a peptide bond. The ribosome also acts as a catalyst for the
formation of peptide bond 23S rRNA in bacteria is a ribozyme. Amino acids become activated by binding with its
aminoacyl–tRNA synthetase in the presence of ATP.
3. In a series of experiments with Streptococcus and mice F. Griffith concluded that R-strain bacteria had
been transformed. Explain.
Ans – F. Griffith (1928), conducted an experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacterium causing
pneumonia). He observed two strains of this bacterium, one forming a smooth shiny colony (S-type) with capsule,
while other forming rough colonies (R-type) without capsule. When live S-type cells were injected into the mice,
mice died due to pneumonia. When live R-type cells were injected into the mice, mice survived. When heat killed
S-type cells were injected into the mice, mice survived and there was no symptoms of pnuemonia. When heat
killed S-type cell were mixed with live R-type cells and injected into the mice, the mice died due to unexpected
symptoms of pneumonia. He concluded that heat killed S-type bacteria caused a transformation of the R-type
bacteria into S-type bacteria.
4. How did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase arrive at the conclusion that DNA is thegenetic material?
Ans – Hershey and Chase conducted their experiment on bacteriophage and proved that DNA is the genetic
Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone
material.
(i) They grew some bacteriophage virus on a medium that contained radioactive phosphorus (P32) and some in
another medium with radioactive sulphur (S35) respectively.
(ii) Viruses grown in the presence of radioactive phosphorus (P32) contained radioactiveDNA.
(iii) Similar viruses grown in presence of radioactive sulphur (S35) contained radioactiveprotein.
(iv) Both the radioactive viruses was allowed to infect E. coli separately.
(v) Soon after infection the bacterial cells were gently agitated in blender to remove viral coatsfrom the bacteria.
(vi) The culture was also centrifuged to separate the viral particle from the bacterial cell.
(vii) It was observed that only radioactive P32 was found associated with the bacterial cell and S35 was only in the
surrounding medium and not in the bacterial cell.
(viii) The result clearly indicates that only DNA and not protein coat entered the bacterial cell and this proves that
DNA is the genetic material that is passed from virus to bacteria and not protein.
YEAR 2011
5. Mention the contribution of genetic maps in human genome project.
Ans – Sequencing of genes, DNA fingerprinting, tracing human history, chromosomal location for disease
associated sequences.
6. Write the full form of VNTR. How is VNTR different from ‘probe’?
Ans – VNTR stands for Variable Number of Tandem Repeats. Probe is labelled or radioactive (single stranded
polynucleotide that hybridises DNA fragments).
7. (i) Name the enzyme that catalyses the transcription of hnRNA.
(ii) Why does the hnRNA need to undergo changes? List the changes that hnRNAundergoes and where in
the cell such changes take place.
Ans – (i) RNA polymerase II.
(ii) hnRNA has non-functional introns in between the functional exons. To remove these, it undergoes changes.
The changes that hnRNA undergoes include capping, i.e., methyl guanosine triphosphate is added to 5′ end;
tailing in which poly A tail is added at 3′ end; and splicing by which introns are removed and exons are joined.
8. Unambiguous, universal and degenerate are some of the terms used for the genetic code. Explain the
salient features of each one of them.
Ans – Unambiguous code means that one codon codes for only one amino acid, e.g., AUG codes for only
methionine.
Universal code means that codon and its corresponding amino acid are the same in all organisms, e.g., from
bacteria to human, UUU codes for phenylalanine.
Degenerate code means that some amino acids are coded by more than one codon, e.g., UUU and UUC code for
phenylalanine.
9. (a) Name the scientist who called tRNA an adaptor molecule.
(b) Draw a clover leaf structure of tRNA showing the following:
(i) Tyrosine attached to its amino acid site.
(ii) Anticodon for this amino acid in its correct site (codon for tyrosine is UCA).
(c) What does the actual structure of tRNA look like?
Ans – (a) Francis Crick
(c) The actual structure of tRNA looks like inverted L.

10. Answer the following questions based on Meselson and Stahl’s experiment
(a) Write the name of the chemical substance used as a source of nitrogen in theexperiment by them.
(b) Why did the scientists synthesize the light and the heavy DNA molecules in the organism used in the
experiment?
(c) How did the scientists make it possible to distinguish the heavy DNA molecule from the light DNA
molecule? Explain.
(d) Write the conclusion the scientists arrived at after completing the experiment.
Ans – (a) Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl).
(b) To check if DNA replication was semi-conservative.
(c) The heavy and light DNA molecules were distinguished by centrifugation in a cesium chloride density
gradient.
(d) The scientists concluded that DNA replicates semi-conservatively.
YEAR 2012
11. (a) Draw a neat labelled diagram of a nucleosome.
(b) Mention what enables histones to acquire a positive charge.
Ans – (a)
(b) Basic amino acid residues of lysines and arginines.

12. List the salient features of double helix structure of DNA.
Ans – Salient Features of Double Helical DNA:
(i) DNA is made up of two polynucleotide chains, where the backbone is made up of sugar and phosphate groups
and the nitrogenous bases project towards the centre.
(ii) There is complementary base pairing between the two strands of DNA.
(iii) The two strands are coiled in right-handed fashion and are anti-parallel in orientation. One chain has a 5′→3′
polarity while the other has 3′→5′ polarity.
(iv) The diameter of the strand is always constant due to pairing of purine and pyrimidine, i.e., adenine is
complementary to thymine while guanine is complementary to cytosine.
(v) The distance between the base pairs in a helix is 0.34 nm and a complete turn contains approximately ten base
pairs. The pitch of the helix is 3.4 nm and the two strands are right-handed coiled.
13. How are the structural genes activated in the lac operon in E. coli?
Ans – Lactose acts as the inducer that binds with repressor protein and frees the operator gene.RNA polymerase
freely moves over the structural genes, transcribing lac mRNA, which inturn produces the enzymes responsible for
the digestion of lactose.
14. (a) Describe the steps of post transcriptional modifications of hnRNA in a eukaryotic cell.
(b) How is this process of mRNA synthesis different from that in prokaryotes?
Ans – (a) Post-transcriptional modifications
 The primary transcripts are non-functional, containing both the coding region, exon, and non-coding region,
intron, in RNA and are called heterogenous RNA or hnRNA.
 The hnRNA undergoes two additional processes called capping and tailing.
 In capping, an unusual nucleotide, methyl guanosine triphosphate, is added to the 5′-endof hnRNA.
 In tailing, adenylate residues (about 200–300) are added at 3′-end in a templateindependent manner.
 Now the hnRNA undergoes a process where the introns are removed and exons are joined to form mRNA by
the process called splicing.
(b) In prokaryotes, there is a single DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that catalyses transcription of all types of
RNA in bacteria. In bacteria, mRNA does not require anyprocessing as it does not have any introns.
YEAR 2013
15. In a maternity clinic, for some reasons the authorities are not able to hand over the two newborns to
their respective real parents. Name and describe the technique that you would suggest to sort out the
matter.
Ans – The technique is DNA fingerprinting. It includes the following steps:
(i) DNA is isolated and extracted from the cell or tissue by centrifugation.
(ii) DNA is digested into small fragments with restriction endonucleases.
(iii) DNA fragments are separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting.
(iv) Labelled VNTR probes are now added for hybridisation.
(v) The hybridised DNA fragments are detected by autoradiography.
16. (a) Write the conclusion drawn by Griffith at the end of his experiment with Streptococcus
pneumoniae.
(b) How did O. Avery, C MacLeod and M. McCarty prove that DNA was the geneticmaterial? Explain.
Ans – (a) At the end of his experiments Griffith concluded that transformation of R strain by the heat-killed S
strain indicated the presence of a transforming principle or genetic material. This transforming principle made the
R strain virulent.
(b) They purified biochemicals (proteins, DNA, RNA, etc.) from the heat-killed S cells. They discovered that
DNA alone from S bacteria caused R bacteria to become transformed. They also discovered that protein-digesting
enzymes (proteases) and RNA-digesting enzymes (RNases) did not affect transformation, so the transforming
substance was not a
protein or RNA. Digestion with DNase did inhibit transformation, suggesting that the DNA caused the
transformation. They concluded that DNA is the hereditary material.
17. (a) Write the specific features of the genetic code AUG.
(b) Genetic codes can be universal and degenerate. Write about them, giving oneexample of each.
(c) Explain aminoacylation of the tRNA.
Ans – (a) AUG is the starting codon and codes for methionine.
(b) The genetic code is universal, i.e., a particular codon codes for the same amino acid in all organisms. For
example, UUU codes for phenylalanine in all organisms. Some amino acids are coded by more than one codon,
hence the code is degenerate. For example, UUU and UUC both code for phenylalanine.
(c) Amino acids become activated by binding with aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme inthe presence of ATP.
These activated amino acids are then linked to their cognate tRNA to form aminoacylated
tRNA.
18. (a) Explain DNA polymorphism as the basis of genetic mapping of human genome.
(b) State the role of VNTR in DNA fingerprinting.
Ans –
(a) Polymorphism: Genetic polymorphism means occurrence of genetic material in more than one form. It is of
three major types, i.e., allelic, SNP and RFLP.
Allelic polymorphism: Allelic polymorphism occurs due to multiple alleles of a gene. Allele possess different
mutations which alter the structure and function of a protein formed by them as a result, change in phenotype may
occur.
SNP or single nucleotide polymorphism: Over 1.4 million single base DNA differences have been observed in
human beings. According to SNP, every human being is unique. SNP is very useful for locating alleles, identifying
disease-associated sequence and tracing humanhistory.
(b) Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) are used in DNA fingerprinting as markers. VNTRs vary from
person to person and are inherited from one generation to the next. Therefore, only closely related individuals have
similar VNTRs.
YEAR 2014
19. Describe how the lac operon operates, both in the presence and absence of an inducer inE.coli.
Ans – The repressor is synthesised form the igine. The repressor protein binds to the operator region and prevents
RNA. Polymerase froms transcribing the structural genes zya. In the presence of an inducer, the repressor is
inactivated by interaction with inducer. This allows RNA polymerase access to promotor and transcription
proceeds.
20. State the difference between the structural genes in a transcription unit of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Ans –
21. Describe the Hershey and Chase experiment. Write the conclusion drawn by the scientists after their
experiment.
Ans – (a) Hershey and Chase conducted experiments on bacteriophage to prove that DNA is thegenetic material.

Conclusions:
(i) Only radioactive 32P was found to be associated with the bacterial cell, whereas radioactive 35S was only
found in surrounding medium and not in the bacterial cell.
(ii) This indicates that only DNA and not protein coat entered the bacterial cell.
(iii) This proves that DNA is the genetic material which is passed from virus to bacteria andnot protein.
22. Explain the two factors responsible for conferring stability to double helix structure ofDNA.
Ans – Factors responsible for conferring stability to double helix structure are presence of hydrogen-bonds, the
plane of one base pair stacks over the other, complementarily presenceof thymine in place of uracil.
YEAR 2015
23. What is a cistron ?
Ans – A segment of DNA , Coding for a polypeptide
24. Explain the significance of satellite DNA in DNA fingerprinting technique.
Ans – (i) They do not code for any proteins ,
(ii) They form large part of the human genome ,
(iii) They show high degree of polymorphism / Specific to each individual.
25. How do m-RNA , t-RNA and ribosomes help in the process of translation?
Ans – mRNA provides a template,with codons for specific amino acids to be linked to form apolypeptide/ protein
tRNA brings amino acid to the ribosomes, reads the genetic code with the help of its anti-codons, initiator tRNA is
responsible for starting polypeptide formation in the ribosomes,tRNAs are specific for each amino acid
Ribosomes-(Cellular factories for proteins synthesis) its smaller sub unit binds with mRNA to initiate protein
synthesis at the start codon/AUG , in its larger sub unit there are two sites present which brings two amino acids
close to each other helping them to form peptide bond, ribosomes moves from codon to codon along mRNA,
amino acids are added one by one to form polypeptide/protein.
26. Explain the process of transcription in prokaryotes. How is the process different in eukaryotes?
Ans – Initiation - DNA dependent RNA polymerase associates with the Initiation factor/ factor, and binds to the
promotor site of DNA thus initiates transcription.
Elongation - The RNA polymerase using nucleoside triphosphates, polymerises in a template dependent fashion
in 5’ to 3’ direction, following the rule of complimentarity. Termination - at the terminator region the enzyme
associates with the rho () and both theenzymes and the newly formed/nascent RNA fall off from the DNA.
Difference-
(i) There are 3 different types of RNA polymerases in the nucleus of eukaryotes (polymerizing the three different
types of RNA molecules) but only 1 in prokaryotes
(ii) Primary transcripts (hnRNA/precussor mRNA) undergoes splicing capping and tailing to give rise
to functional RNA/mRNA (that moves out of the nucleus) this processing is absent in prokaryotes.
27. (a) Name two enzymes involved in the process of DNA replication, along with theirproperties.
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of a “replicating fork” showing the polarity. Why does DNA
replication occur within such ‘fork’ ?
Ans – (a)
(i) DNA dependent DNA polymerase , adds nucleotides only in 5’ to 3’ directions/are veryfast.
(ii) DNA ligase , joins the discontinuously synthesised DNA fragments during replication.
(b)
Since two strands of DNA cannot be seperated in its entire length due to very high energy requirement / high
amount of energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands the replication occurs in small
opening of DNA strands called the Replication fork.
YEAR 2016
28. Following are the features of genetic codes. What does each one indicate? Stop codon; Unambiguous
codon; Degenerate codon; Universal codon
Ans –
Stop codon - does not code for any amino acid / terminates the synthesis of polypeptidechain
Unambiguous codon - one codon codes for one amino acid only
Degenerate codon - some amino acid are coded by more than one codon
Universal codon - genetic code is same for all organisms (bacteria to humans)
29. (a) What do ‘Y and ‘B’ stand for in ‘YAC’ and ‘BAC’ used in Human Genome Project (HGP). Mention
their role in the project.
(b) Write the percentage of the total human genome that codes for proteins and the percentage of
discovered genes whose functions are known as observed during HGP.
(c) Expand ‘SNPs’ identified by scientists in HGP.
Ans – (a) - Y = Yeast
B = Bacterial
- Used as vector for cloning foreign DNA(b) (<) 2% , (<) 50%
(c) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
30. (a) Name the stage in the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.
(b) Explain the mechanism of DNA replication. Highlight the role of enzymes in theprocess.
(c) Why is DNA replication said to be semiconservative?
Ans – (a) S phase / synthetic phase ( of interphase)
(b) The replication begins in definite regions which are called the origin of replication , Replication occurs within
a small opening of the DNA referred to as Y shaped replication fork (uncoiling of DNA is by some enzymes eg
Helicase and topoisomerase), Polymerisation of the nucleotides are catalysed by DNA dependent DNA
polymerase in 5' - 3' directions ,
Deoxyribonucleotides act as substrates and also provide energy for the process , The new strands formed on 3 '-5'
template is continuous , New strands formed on 5-'3' template is discontinuous, The discontinuously formed
fragments are joined by enzyme DNA ligase
(c) During DNA replication in the two newly synthesised daughter DNA one strand is parental (conserved) and
the other is newly synthesized.
YEAR 2017
31. Differentiate between the genetic codes given below :
(a) Unambiguous and Universal
(b) Degenerate and Initiator
Ans –
32. (a) List the two methodologies which were involved in human genome project. Mention how they were
used.
(b) Expand 'YAC' and mention what was it used for.
Ans – (a) Expressed Sequence Tags , Identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA. Sequence Annotation ,
sequencing the whole set of genome coding or non coding sequences and later assigning different region with
functions.
(b) Yeast Artificial Chromosome , used as cloning vectors (cloning / amplification )
33. (a) Describe the structure and function of a t-RNA molecule. Why is it referred to as an adapter
molecule?
(b) Explain the process of splicing of hn-RNA in a eukaryotic cell.

Ans - (a) Clover-leaf shaped / inverted L shaped molecules has an anti codon loop with bases complementary to
specific codon , has an amino acid acceptor end.
As it reads the code on one hand and binds with the specific amino acid on the otherhand.
(b) Introns are removed , exons are joined in a definite order
34. Write the different components of a lac-operon in E.coli. Explain its expression while in an ‘open’
state.
Ans – It consists of one regulatory gene(i) , promotor gene , operator gene , and three structuralgenes(z,y,a)
Lactose/ inducer binds to the repressor protein , makes it inactive so it cannot bind with operator, allows RNA
Polymerase access to the promotor and transcription proceeds ,β- galactosidase , permease , transacetylase formed
(by translation process for Lactose metabolism )
35. (a) Absence of lactose in the culture medium affects the expression of a Lac-operon in E.coli. Why and
how ? Explain.
(b) Write any two ways in which the gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes.
Ans – (a) • Lactose acts as inducer thus absence of lactose switches off the operon
• Repressor protein produced by regulatory gene (i-gene ) is free ( in the absence ofinducer ) ,
• Repressor protein binds with the operator gene (o-gene ) ,
• Preventing RNA polymerase to transcribe the structural gene and operon is switchedoff
(b) • Transcriptional level (formation of primary transcripts )
• Processing level (regulation of splicing )
• Transport of messengar RNA from nucleus to the cytoplasm
• Translational level
YEAR 2018
36. Write the dual purpose served by Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in polymerisation.
Ans - Acts as a substrate , provide energy (from the terminal two phosphates)
37. Although a prokaryotic cell has no defined nucleus , yet DNA is not scattered throughout the cell.
Explain.
Ans – DNA is negatively charged , positively charged proteins , hold it in places , in large loops(in a region termed
as nucleiod)
38. (a) Expand VNTR and describe its role in DNA fingerprinting.
(b) List any two applications of DNA fingerprinting technique.
Ans – (a) VNTR - Variable Number of Tandem Repeat(s) - used as a probe (because of its high degree of
polymorphism)
(b) Forensic science / criminal investigation (any point related to forensic science) / determine population and
genetic diversities / paternity testing / maternity testing / study of evolutionarybiology (Any two)
39. (a) State the ‘Central dogma’ as proposed by Francis Crick. Are there any exceptions to it ? Support
your answer with a reason and an example.
(b) Explain how the biochemical characterisation (nature) of ‘Transforming Principle’ was determined,
which was not defined from Griffith’sexperiments.
Ans –

Yes , in some viruses flow of information is in reverse direction / reverse transcription. e.g.
Any Retrovirus / HIV
(b) Protein and DNA and RNA were purified from heat killed S strain / smooth Streptococcus / Diplococcus
pneumoniae
Protein + Protease transformation occured (R cell to S type)RNA + RNA ase transformation occured (R cell to
S type) DNA + DNA ase transformation inhibited
Hence DNA alone is the transforming material
YEAR 2019
40. (a) Write the contributions of the following scientists in deciphering the genetic code. George Gamow;
Hargobind Khorana ; Marshall Nirenberg ; Severo Ochoa.
(b) State the importance of a Genetic code in protein biosynthesis.
Ans – (a) George Gamow : Proposed that the Genetic code is constituted of 3 nucleotides / provided proof that the
codon is a triplet
Hargobind Khorana : Synthesized RNA molecule with a defined combination of bases (homopolymers and
copolymers)
Marshall Nirenberg : Cell free system for protein synthesis / helped the genetic code to bedeciphered
Severo Ochoa : Described enzyme (Polynucleotide phosphorylase )which polymerises RNA with defined
sequence in a template independent manner (enzymatic synthesis ofRNA)
(b) Genetic code - Codes for a specific amino acid which is required for protein synthesis / provides information
about the specific amino acid that form a particular protein
/polypeptide
41. A segment of DNA molecule comprises of 546 nucleotides. How many cytosine nucleotides would be
present in it if the number of adenine nucleotides is 96 ?
Ans –
42. "Use of heavy isotope of nitrogen by Meselson and Stahl demonstrated semiconservative mode of
replication of a DNA molecule." Explain how did they arrive at this conclusion.
Ans – Grown E.coli in 15NH4Cl for many generations to get 15N incorporated into DNA , then the cells are
transferred into 14NH4Cl , The extracted DNA are centrifuged in CsCl and measured to get their densities , DNA
extracted from the culture after one generation (20 minutes) , showed intermediate hybrid density , DNA extracted
after two generations (40 minutes) showed light DNA and hybrid DNA.
43. Explain the mechanism of translation that occurs in the ribosomes in a prokaryote.
Ans – Charging of tRNA / aminoacylation of tRNA , small subunit of ribosome binds to mRNA (5’end) , for
initiation the ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG) that is recognised only by initiator tRNA,
In the elongation phase amino acid with tRNA sequentially bind to the appropriate codon on mRNA(forming
complimentary base pairs with tRNA anticodon),
Ribosome moves from codon to codon along the mRNA and amino acids are added one by one in the two sites of
the large subunit joined by peptide bond ,
Termination occurs when a release factor binds to the stop codon and releases the completepolypeptide.
44. Differentiate between a DNA and an RNA nucleotide.
Ans –
45. Write any six salient features of the human genome as drawn from the human genomeproject.
Ans – (i) The human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotide bases
(ii) The average gene consists of 3000 bases but sizes vary greatly with the largest known human gene being
dystrophin at 2.4 million bases
(iii) The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000 - much lower than previous estimates
(iv) Almost all (99.9 per cent) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people
(v) The functions are unknown for over 50 per cent of discovered genes
(vi) Less than 2 per cent of the genome codes for proteins
(vii) Repeated sequences make up very large portion of the human genome
(viii) Repetitve sequences are thought to have no direct coding function but they shed light on chromosome
strucutre dynamics and evolution
(ix) Chromosome 1 has most genes (2968) and the Y has the fewest (231)
(x) Scientists have identified about 1.4 million locations where single base DNA difference (SNPs - single
nucleotide polymorphism, pronounced as ‘snips’) occurs in humans and this information promises to revolutionise
the processes of finding chromosomal locations for disease - associated sequencces and tracing human history.
(Any six features)
46. Explain the process of making heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) into a fully functional mRNA in
eukaryotes. Where does this process occur in the cell ?
Ans - • hnRNA undergoes capping at 5’ end (methyl guanosine triphosphate) and tailing at 3’ end(with poly A tail)
• Further Splicing is carried out , where the non- coding sequences called introns are removed, and coding
sequences called exons are joined together in a defined manner. Site of processing of hnRNA
• This process occurs in the Nucleus.
YEAR 2020
47. State a functional difference between the following codons –
(a) AUG and UAA
(b) Specific and Degenerate
Ans – (a) AUG – Start codon and UAA – Stop codon.
(b) Specific - Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.
Degenerate – More than one codon code for the same amino acid.
48. Explain the expression of lac operon genes in E.coli growing in lactose containingculture medium.
Ans – Lactose/ inducer binds to the repressor protein , makes it inactive so it cannot bind with
operator, allows RNA Polymerase access to the promotor and transcription proceeds ,β- galactosidase , permease ,
transacetylase formed (by translation process for Lactose metabolism )

49. Name the types of cells and the process by which hnRNA is fromed. Describe the processing mechanism
it undergoes before it becomes functional.
Ans – Cells are eukaryotic and Process is called as Translation.
-• hnRNA undergoes capping at 5’ end (methyl guanosine triphosphate) and tailing at 3’ end(with poly A tail)
• Further Splicing is carried out , where the non- coding sequences called introns are removed, and coding
sequences called exons are joined together in a defined manner.
IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS, SCIENTIFIC NAMES, ABBREVIATIONS & IMP. FACTS

The length of DNA –
×174 (Bacteriophage) – 5386 bp, Bacteriophage Lambda – 48502 bp, Escherichia coli - 4.6 × 106bp, Human - 3.3
× 109 bp (Haploid)
Friedrich Meischer: He identified DNA as an acidic substance present in nucleus. He named it as ‘Nuclein’.
James Dewey Watson (Biologist) and Francis Harry Compton Crick (Physicist): They proposed Double Helix
model for the structure of DNA. The honours to Watson with Crick include: The John Collins Warren Prize of the
Massachusetts General Hospital, in 1959; the Lasker Award, in 1960; the Research Corporation Prize, in 1962 and
above all, the Nobel Prize in 1962.
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin: They produced X-ray diffraction data for DNA.
Erwin Chargaff: He proposed that the ratios between Adenine and Thymine and Guanine and Cytosine are
constant and equals one.
Francis Crick: He proposed Central Dogma. He also postulated the presence of an adapter molecule (tRNA) that
would on one hand read the code and on other hand would bind to specific amino acids.
Length of DNA = Total No. of Base Pairs X Distance between two consecutive Base Pairs.
NHCP - Non-histone Chromosomal proteins
Frederick Griffith: He proposed Transforming Principle. He used Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria and Mice
(Mus musculus) in 1928.
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus): Bacterium responsible for pneumonia and was used in
Transforming Principle.
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty: They worked to determine the biochemical nature of
‘transforming principle’ in Griffith's experiment in 1933-44.
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase: They determined that genetic material is DNA, not proteins by using
Bacteriophages and Escherichia coli. Technology used were blending and centrifugation.
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl: They provided the experimental proof that DNA replicates semi
conservatively by using Escherichia coli as an organism & centrifugation in a cesium chloride (CsCl) density
gradient as technique in 1958. Two isotopes of N – N15 & N14 were used.
Taylor: He also provided experimental proof for semi conservative nature of DNA replication with the use of
radioactive thymidine and Vicia faba(faba beans) as an organism in 1958.
* Average rate of polymerisation (Speed) has to be approximately 2000 bp per second.
George Gamow (Physicist): He gave argument that in order to code for all the 20 amino acids, the code should be
made up of three nucleotides.
Har Gobind Khorana: He synthesised RNA molecules with defined combinations of bases (homopolymers and
copolymers).
Marshall Nirenberg: His cell-free system for protein synthesis finally helped the code to be deciphered.
Severo Ochoa: He discovered an enzyme (polynucleotide phosphorylase, also known as Severo Ochoa enzyme) in
bacteria that enabled him to synthesize RNA.
Francois Jacob (geneticist) and Jacque Monod (biochemist): They were the first to give a transcriptionally
regulated system, Lac operon in E. coli.
E. coli: Its gram-negative bacteria and a rod-shaped (bacillus) that is frequently used as a model organism. It is
found in intestine of human and generally harmless.
Bacteria, yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans (a free-living non-pathogenic nematode), Drosophila (the fruit fly),
plants (rice and Arabidopsis): Non human model whose Genome has been sequenced.
The Human Genome Project was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National
Institute of Health. The Wellcome Trust (U.K.) became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan,
France, Germany, China and others. The project was started in 1990 and completed in 2003.
Alec Jeffreys: He developed the technique of DNA Fingerprinting.
EST - Expressed Sequence Tags, BAC - Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes. YAC - Yeast Artificial
Chromosomes, SNP – Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (snips), VNTR - Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
(Satellite DNA/ DNA Probe).
Enzymes & Functions-
DNA-dependent DNA polymerase - to catalyse the polymerisation of deoxynucleotides.
DNA ligase - discontinuously synthesised fragments are joined by this enzyme.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase - catalyse the polymerisation ribonucleotides. Three types of RNA polymerases
are there in Eukaryotes.
Ribozyme - 23S rRNA in bacteria acts as an Enzyme which is known as Ribozyme.
MIND MAPS & IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS

Fig.: A Polynucleotide chain
Fig.: Double Stranded Polynucleotide Chain & DNA Double Helix
Fig: Nucleosome Fig.: Hershey-Chase Experiment (Blender Experiment)

Nucleosomes condense → chromatin → chromosome.
Fig.: Messelson & Stahl’s Experiment
Fig.: Replication fork
Fig.: Structure of a transcription unit
Fig.: Process of Transcription in Bacteria Fig.: Process of Transcription in Eukaryotes

Fig.: tRNA-the adapter molecule Fig.: Translation
Fig: The Lac Operon Fig: Human Genome Project
Fig.: DNA Fingerprinting


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CBSE 10 Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 6 XII Biology

CHAPTER 6 – MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

(c) The actual structure of tRNA looks like inverted L.

(b) Basic amino acid residues of lysines and arginines.

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

(b) Explain the process of splicing of hn-RNA in a eukaryotic cell.

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS, SCIENTIFIC NAMES, ABBREVIATIONS & IMP. FACTS

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

Fig.: A Polynucleotide chain

Fig.: Double Stranded Polynucleotide Chain & DNA Double Helix

Fig: Nucleosome Fig.: Hershey-Chase Experiment (Blender Experiment)

Fig.: Messelson & Stahl’s Experiment

Fig.: Replication fork

Fig.: Structure of a transcription unit

Fig.: Process of Transcription in Bacteria Fig.: Process of Transcription in Eukaryotes

Fig.: tRNA-the adapter molecule Fig.: Translation

Fig: The Lac Operon Fig: Human Genome Project

Fig.: DNA Fingerprinting

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