* Francis Burton Harrison- new governor-general
who was appointed in the Phil with a new policy as
LIFE AND POLITICS DURING AMERICAN PERIOD
The Filipino were only relegated as onlookers to the
Americans and Spaniards.
*August 18, 1898- Withdrawal of the Spaniards,
Gen. Wesley Merritt entered Intramuros.
*Dec 10, 1898- Paris Peace Treaty was signed,
President Mckinley issued his Benevolent
Assimilation policy over the Philippines.
*April 1900- Military Government of Meritt was
replaced by a civilian government structured under
the Second Philippine commission headed by
William Howard Taft
*Malolos Constitution 1899- it was not implemented
because of the outbreak of the Filipino American
war. The democratic system which the Americans
promised they will teach us to organize that would
mean the Filipinos should be educated .
*The problem with the Spaniards educ system is the
lack of an overall standard were left to the religious
orders that established them.
*Philippine Bill Of 1902-Before wide literacy needed
for the people to vote or be voted, the establishment
of a legislature composed of 100% elected Filipino
was already plan under this bill. Also This law
provided for the certification that peace had been
attained for the colony had undergone insurrection.
*5 year duration before national election would be
held to elect the representatives of ever provinces in
Phil.
*July 30,1907- The first national election for the
legislature.
6*October 16, 1907- The Philippines Assembly was
inaugurated.
*Unicameral Colonial Government under the Second
Philippine Commission into a bicameral system with
the Philippine Assembly being the lower chamber
and the Second Commission as the Upper Chamber.
*The Philippine Assembly was swept by The
Nacionalist Party against the Progressive Party.
*Pres of Nacionalist Party -Sergio Osmena of Cebu
*W. Cameron Forbes- new governor-general.
*1912- Woodrow Wilson of the Democratic Party as
the new US President.
embodied in the term Filipinization--(place more
Filipinos in government service, both elected and
appointed).
*William Atkinson Jones- Democrat Congressman,
authored a law which would later be known as the
Philippine Autonomy act or Jones Law of 1916
(August 1916).
-The Jones law provided for the organic law
or the constitution of the Phil Islands succeeding the
Philippine Bill of 1902. (“Vivid in the wordings of
the law’s perambulatory clause was the assurance of
the US to grants us our independence”)
-Pres Wilson wrote to the Us Congress about
granting independence to the Phil before his term
expired.
*House of Representatives- the re-named of the Phil
Assembly acting as the lower chamber.
*Tuesday of Oct 1916- when the election was held
*Oct 16, 1916- The new Legislature was inaugurated.
*January 11, 1917- Creation of the Cabinet
*Oct 16,1918- an advisory body called the Council of
State.
*By the end of Pres Wilson’s term in 1921, 96% of
Filipinos were already in government posts.
*Alfred Mccoy- analyzed the editorial cartoons in
order to depict issues during American Period. He
wrote a book entitled Philippine Cartoons:
Caricatures of the American Era 1900-1941.
*Alfredo Roces co-authored this book
*three publications: the weekly newspapers The
Independent founded and edited by the hard-hitting
critic Vicente Sotto of Cebu, the Bag-ong
Kusog(New Force) was a Cebuano newspaper that
drew the pre-war social life and criticized the
degradation of morals
*Philippine Free Press founded by Judge W.A
Kincaid and taken over by Dick McCullogh because
of bankruptcy.
THE AUTHORS AND EDITOR
Alfred McCoy – is an expert of Southeast Asian
-He Earned his Bachelor of Arts in
European History from Columbia University in 1968.
He is a professor at the University of Winconsin-
Madison.
Alfredo Roces- was an art historian , an essayist and
painter.
-in 1979, he is editor of GEO, Australia’s g-
Geographical Magazine. He was chosen as one od the
Ten Outstanding Young Men in 1961.
Vicente Sotto- was a newspaper man, editor and
publisher of The Independent. He was a political and
social critic who tackled political and agrarian
problems.
Fernando Amorsolo- First launched his career as
political cartoonist who lampooned the government
Editorial Cartoon 11.1
WHEREVER YOU GO, WE WILL FOLLOW
The Independent (April 14, 1917)
-The First World War commenced on June 28, 1914
upon the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis
Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist. In this cartoon
drawn by Fernando Amorsolo, it shows Uncle Sam
taking Little Juan by the Hand.
The reason is that the American colonial
government enacted the Flag Law in 1907
E.C 11.2
BRIBING THE POLICEMEN
The independence (June 9, 1917)
Gambling was a serious Crime in Manila
EC 11.3
Lording It Over Us
The Philippines Free Press (Feb 12, 1921)
The Philippine Assembly passed a law in 1912,
authorizing legislators wether incumbent or retired to
bear firearms.
E.C 11.4
FIFTEEN YEARS OF PARTY POLITICS
Philippine Free Press (May 20, 1922)
Fifteen years since the first nationalist election in
1907, the evils of politics had well take a root.
E.C 11.5
MOROS VS. CHRISTIANS ON THE ISSUE OF
INDEPENDENCE
Bag-ong Kusog(Sep 10, 1926)
In 1921, former military governor of Mindanao,
Leonard Wood and Former Gov. Gen. W. Cameron
was sent to the Philippines by the newly elected
President of the US.
THE PHIL UNDER MARTIAL LAW
After Second World War, Filipino politicians
were insinuating the Americans to leave the country
and grant us our independence in the 1920 and 1930.
*Marcos was a senator before he became a Pres
*Manuel Roxas- a contemporary of Manuel Quezon
and Sergio Osmenia during the American period,
became president after the war in 1946. He only had
2 years because he died of heart attack in 1948.
*Elpidio Quirino- vice pres, took over and won the
presidency in 1949.
*Ramon Magsaysay- beat him in re-election bid in
1953 and became pres but dies in a plane crash in
1956.
*Carlos Garcia= his vice- press , replaced him and
won the presidency in 1957.
*Diosdado Macapagal- he won against Garcia in
1961.
*Hartzell Spence- wrote a biographical book For
every tear a Victory: The Story of Ferdinand
E. Marcos and it went on the market at 1964.
*It had a companion movie, “Iginuhit na Tadhana”,
which also showed the young Lt. in action in the
Battlefield. It was starred by Luis Gonzales ad
Gloria Romero
*Marco’s biography was countered by Macapagal
with his book “Macapagal The Incorruptible” starred
authored by Quentin Reynolds, The book was
finished by Geoffrey Bocca and published in 1965
*Henry Stonehill was a businessman engaged in the
import and export of tobacco which he got a
monopoly through legislators who provided him with
permit. And deposited his money in Switzeland.
*Blue Book- contained the names of his benefactors.
*August 21, 1971, at Plaza Miranda in Quiapo,
Manila- during the miting de avance of the Liberal
Party in time for senatorial midterm, election, a
grenade was lobbed during the rally.
*First Quarter Storm- several riotous students
demonstrations were mounted demanding the
resignation of Marcos.
*Sept 21, 1972- Marcos issued Proclamation 1081,
placing the entire archipelago under martial law and
suspending the writ of habeas corpus.
*His nemesis that had bluntly criticized him on the
senate floor and exposed him in Tv was Sen. Benigno
“Ninoy” Aquino.
*He introduced the New Society with its jingle
Bagong Lipunan, its slogan “Sa Ikauunlad ng Bayan
Disiplina ang Kailangan,” and its supposed ideology.
*Marcos was convicted for the murder of
Congressman Julio Nalundasan, an arch political
rival of his father
*Pete Lacaba- is a journalist, poet and screen writer.
He was an activist who opposed the manipulation of
Marcos in 1973 where he gave a vivid account of the
First Quarter Storm. He fought against the
declaration of Martial Law, but was later imprisoned
and imprisoned. His friend Nick Joaquin who
received the National Artist Award request for his
freedom in 1975.
LYING DOWN IN AIR
April 25, 1974, Pete was awakened by shouts of :
Buksan nyo ang pinot Awtoridad ito!
*He was take in Camp Crame in Quezon City, to the
headquarters of the 5th Constabulary Security
Unit(5CSU).
CAVITE MUTINY
*The Filipino version of the Bloody incident of
Cavite in 1872 was writ by Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de
Tavera, Filipino scholar, scientist, and historical
researcher
*Cavite Arsenal against the harsh policy of despotic
Governor and captain-general Rafael de Izquierdo
(1871-1873). Which abolished their old-time
privileges of exemption from paying the annual
tribute and from rendering the polo(forced labor).
*Pardo de Tavera- the one who narrated the
Turbulent Cavite Incident which was magnified by
the Spanish officials and friars into a revolt.
*The arrival of General Izquierdo (1871-1873) was
the signal for a complete change in the aspect of
affairs. “with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in
the other”.
-His first official act was to prohibit the
founding a school of arts and trades, which was being
organized by the efforts and funds raised by natives
of standing community.
-He believed that the establishment of the
new school was merely a pretext for the organization
of a political club
*Personas Sospechosas (suspects)- term for people
who offered their support to ex-Governor La Torre.
Also persons who refused to servilely obey the
wishes and whims of the authorities.
*From time immemorial the workmen in the arsenal
at Cavite and the barracks of the artillery and
engineer corps had been exempt from the payment of
the tribute tax and from obligation to work certain
days.
*Gen. Izquierdo, believed the time opportune for
abolishing these privileges and ordered that in the
future all such workmen should pay tribute and labor
on public improvements.
*January 20, 1872- there was an uprising among the
soldiers in the San Felipe fort, in cavite and the
commanding officer and other Spanish were
assassinated.
*40 marines attached to the arsenal and 22
artillerymen under Sergeant La Madrid.
-He was blinded badly burned by explosion
of a sack of powder and, being unable to escape, was
also cut down
*During the time that General dela Torre was a chief
executive in the Philippine Islands the Influential
Filipinos did not hesitate to announce their hostility
*Central Government in Madrid had announced its
intention to deprive the friars in these islands of all
powers on intervention
*Colonial Minister- had drawn up a scheme of
reforms by which he proposed to make a radical
change in the colonial system of government which
was to harmonize with the principles for which the
revolution in Spain had been fought.
*The mutiny in Cavite gave the conservative
element-that is, those who favored a continuation of
the colonial modus vivendi- an opportunity to
represent Spanish Government with the object of *To seduce tha native troops, they resorted to
destroying Spanish Sovereignty. superstitions with which the indios are so prone to
believe ; persuading that he Chief of State (hari).
*They stated that the Spanish Government was to
blame for the propagation of pernicious doctrines. *Thus the rebellion could not fail because God was
with them; and those who would not revolt they
*The claims made by conservative element in the
would kill immediately.
Phil islands regarding the peril which threatened
Spanish sovereignty in the islands. *
*Madrid authorities were not be able to combat .
public opinion in the country; “no opportunity was
given nor time taken to make a thorough
investigation of the real facts or extent of the alleged
revolution”
*Many of the best known Filipinos were denounced
to military authorities
*Those who dared to oppose themselves to the friars
were punished with special severity; among others
may be mentioned the priests Burgos- a half-blood
Spaniard, Zamora-a half-blood Chinaman and
Gomez- a pure-blood Tagalog. They were
condemned to death.
*And many others were sentence to life
imprisonment on Marianas Islands
*Government had awakened the breasts of the
Filipinos a lively friendship for the home
government, in the name of the home government
was guilty of the atrocities.
*One of the results of the so-called revolution of
Cavite was to “strengthen the power of the friars in
the Philippines Islands in such manner that the
Madrid Government had time contemplated reducing
the power of religious orders
*The persecution which began under Governor
Izquierdo were based on the false assumption that the
Filipino People were desirous of independence.
*Governor General Rafael Izquierdo reported to the
Spanish Minister of War, dated manila, January 23,
1872.
*El Eco Filipino- a Madrid -based reformist
newspaper. He calls the military mutiny an
insurrection, an uprising and a revolution.
*Abogadillos-it was known as a definite that the
insurrection was motivated and prepared by the
native clergy, by the mestizos, and native lawyers.
*Instigators- They encouraged the rebellion by
protesting what they called the injustice of having
obliged the works in the Cavite arsenal to pay tribute
January 1, 1871.