CEN-TS 14961

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION CEN/TS 14961
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION March 2005
ICS 75.160.10
English version
Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes
Biocombustibles solides - Classes et spécifications des Feste Biobrennstoffe - Brennstoffspezifikationen und -

combustibles klassen
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 9 November 2004 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14961:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Contents
page
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................5
3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................5
4 Symbols and abbreviations ..................................................................................................................5
5 Principle..................................................................................................................................................6
6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels .......................................................................7
6.1 General....................................................................................................................................................7
6.2 Woody biomass ...................................................................................................................................10
6.2.1 Forest and plantation wood................................................................................................................10
6.2.2 Wood processing industry by-products and residues ....................................................................10
6.2.3 Used wood............................................................................................................................................10
6.2.4 Blends and mixtures ...........................................................................................................................10
6.3 Herbaceous biomass...........................................................................................................................11
6.3.1 Agriculture and horticulture herb ......................................................................................................11
6.3.2 Herb processing industry, by-products and residues .....................................................................11
6.4 Fruit biomass .......................................................................................................................................11
6.4.1 Orchard and horticulture fruit ............................................................................................................11
6.4.2 Fruit processing industry, by-products and residues .....................................................................11
6.5 Biomass blends and mixtures............................................................................................................11
7 Specification of solid biofuels based on traded forms and properties..........................................11
7.1 Traded forms of solid biofuels ...........................................................................................................11
7.2 Specification of properties of solid biofuels.....................................................................................12
Annex A (informative) Examples of specifications for high quality classes of solid biofuels
recommended for household usage..................................................................................................25
Annex B (informative) Illustrations of typical forms of wood fuels..........................................................27
B.1 Classification of wood fuels based on a typical particle size .........................................................27
B.2 Difference between wood chips (left) and hog fuel (right). Source: Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences ..........................................................................................................................27
Annex C (informative) Typical values of solid biomass fuels...................................................................28
D.1 Examples of possible causes for deviant levels for different properties, woody biomass .........38
D.2 Examples of consequences of handling and treatments for the properties of woody
biomass ................................................................................................................................................39
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CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 14961:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid
Biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this CEN Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.
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CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Introduction
This is a Technical Specification of "Fuel Specifications and Classes" of the TC335 Solid Biofuels Working
group "Fuel Specifications, Classes and Quality Assurance".
The objective of this Technical Specification is to provide unambiguous and clear classification principles for
solid biofuels and to serve as a tool to enable efficient trading of biofuels and to enable good understanding
between seller and buyer as well as a tool for communication with equipment manufacturers. It will also
facilitate authority permission procedures and reporting.
This Technical Specification is made for all user groups.
Figure 1 describes the bioenergy utilisation chain from sources of biomass, to biofuel production to final use of
bioenergy. Although biomass can be used for energy generation it has many other primary uses (non-fuels) as
a raw material for construction, furniture, packaging, paper products etc. The classifications given in this
Technical Specification are provided with the objective of using biomass as a biofuel, and therefore do not
deal with all other uses.
Biomass Biofuel
Bioenergy
Solid biofuel
conversion
CEN TC 335
production
Liquid and gaseous

biofuel
Non-fuels
Figure 1 — CEN TC 335 within the biomass – biofuel – bioenergy field
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CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
1 Scope
This Technical Specification determines the fuel quality classes and specifications for solid biofuels. According
to the mandate given for the standardisation work, the scope of the Technical Specification (TC335) only
includes solid biofuels originating from the following sources:
- products from agriculture and forestry;
- vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry;
- vegetable waste from the food processing industry;
- wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or
heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular
such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste;
- fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-
incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered;
- cork waste.
NOTE For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this Technical Specification.
Demolition wood is “used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations” (CEN/TS 14588).
2 Normative references
Not applicable.
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 14588 and the
following apply.
3.1
chemical treatment
chemical treatment is in this Technical Specification defined as any treatment with chemicals other than air or
water (e.g. glue and paint). Examples of chemical treatment are listed in informative annex D.
4 Symbols and abbreviations

The symbols and abbreviations used in this Technical Specification comply with the SI system of units as far
as possible.
d dry (dry basis)
daf dry, ash-free, see informative annex C
ar as received
A Designation for ash content (w-%, dry basis) *

3
ρ Density [kg/m ]
BD Designation for bulk density *
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3
DE Designation for particle density as received [kg/dm ]
D Designation for diameter *
DU Designation for mechanical durability *

3
Ear Energy density as received [MWh/m loose, solid or stacked volume (amount of energy/volume unit)
3
E Designation for energy density as received [kWh/m or kWh/kg, unit is to be stated in brackets]*
F Designation for amount of fines (< 3,15 mm, w-%)
L Designation for length *
Mar Total moisture content as received [w-%] on wet basis
M Designation for moisture content as received*
P Designation for particle size distribution*
qV,gr Gross calorific value [MJ/kg] at constant volume
qp,net Net calorific value [MJ/kg] at constant pressure
*Designation symbols are used in combination with a number to specify property levels in the Tables 4 to 13
and in informative annex A. For designation of chemical properties chemical symbols like S (sulphur),
Cl (chlorine), N (nitrogen) are used and the value is added at the end of the symbol.
5 Principle
Solid biofuels are specified by:
origin and source, clause 6;
major traded forms and properties, clause 7.
For specification of origin and source, see Table 1. For major traded forms, see Table 2.
For specification of properties see Tables 4 to 13. The major traded forms of solid biofuels are covered by
Tables 4 to 12. Table 13 is a general master table to be used for solid biofuels not covered by Tables 4 to 12.
Tables 4 to 13 list the normative properties, which have to be specified and informative properties, which are
voluntary. Normative properties vary depending on both origin and traded form.
Example of specification:
Origin: Logging residues (1.1.3)
Traded form: Wood chips
Properties: Particle size distribution P45, Moisture M40, Ash A1.5
In the case of wood chips (Table 7) the properties of dimensions, moisture and ash are normative in the
specification. Other properties are informative.
Specifications for special high quality classes for solid biofuels recommended for household usage in each of
the traded forms of wood pellets, wood briquettes, wood chips and log woods, are given in annex A.
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6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels
6.1 General
The classification is based on the biofuel origin and source. In the hierarchical classification system (Table 1)
the main origin-based solid biofuel groups are:
• woody biomass;
• herbaceous biomass;
• fruit biomass; and
• blends and mixtures.
Woody biomass is biomass from trees, bushes and shrubs.
Herbaceous biomass is from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the growing
season.
Fruit biomass is the biomass from the parts of a plant which hold seeds.
The term “Blends and mixtures” in Table 1 refers to material of various origin within the given box in the
classification table and appears on four levels. Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas mixtures are
unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the mixture or blend has to be described using Table 1. If solid
biofuel blend or mixture may contain chemically treated material it has to be stated. A blend or a mixture of e.g.
chemically treated wood and chemically untreated wood has to be classified as chemically treated wood.
The second level of classification in Table 1 describes fuels from different sources within the main groups,
primarily stating whether the biomass is a by-product or a residue from the industry or if it is virgin material.
Groups in Table 1 are further divided into third and fourth level sub-groups.
The purpose of Table 1 is to allow the possibility to differentiate and specify biofuel material based on origin
with as much detail as needed. With the help of typical values from informative annex C information on
physical and chemical properties can be deducted.
Example: Logging residues - 1.1.3.
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Table 1 — Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels

1. Woody 1.1 Forest and plantation 1.1.1 Whole trees 1.1.1.1 Deciduous
biomass wood 1.1.1.2 Coniferous
1.1.1.3 Short rotation coppice
1.1.1.4 Bushes
1.1.1.5 Blends and mixtures
1.1.2 Stemwood 1.1.2.1 Deciduous
1.1.2.2 Coniferous
1.1.3 Logging residues 1.1.3.1 Fresh/Green (including
leaves/needles)
1.1.3.2 Stored
1.1.4 Stumps 1.1.4.1 Deciduous
1.1.4.2 Coniferous
1.1.4.3 Short rotation coppice
1.1.4.4 Bushes
1.1.5 Bark (from forestry operations)*
1.1.6 Landscape management woody biomass
1.2 Wood processing 1.2.1 Chemically untreated 1.2.1.1 Without bark
industry, wood residues 1.2.1.2 With bark *
by-products and 1.2.1.3 Bark (from industry
residues operations)*
1.2.2 Chemically treated wood 1.2.2.1 Without bark
residues 1.2.2.2 With bark *
1.2.2.3 Bark (from industry
operations) *
1.2.3 Fibrous waste from the 1.2.3.1 Chemically untreated fibrous
pulp and paper industry waste
1.2.3.2 Chemically treated fibrous
waste
1.3 Used wood 1.3.1 Chemically untreated 1.3.1.1 Without bark
wood 1.3.1.2 Bark*
1.3.2 Chemically treated wood 1.3.2.1 Without bark
1.3.2.2 Bark*
1.4 Blends and mixtures
NOTE 1 Cork waste is included in bark sub-groups.
NOTE 2 For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this Technical Specification.
Demolition wood is “used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations” (see CEN/TS 14588).
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Table 1 (continued)
2 Herbaceous 2.1 Agriculture and 2.1.1 Cereal crops 2.1.1.1 Whole plant
biomass Horticulture herb 2.1.1.2 Straw parts
2.1.1.3 Grains or seeds
2.1.1.4 Husks or shells
2.1.2 Grasses 2.1.2.1 Whole plant
2.1.2.2 Straw parts
2.1.2.3 Seeds
2.1.2.4 Shells
2.1.3 Oil seed crops 2.1.3.1 Whole plant
2.1.3.2 Stalks and leaves
2.1.3.3 Seeds
2.1.3.4 Husks or shells
2.1.4 Root crops 2.1.4.1 Whole plant
2.1.4.3 Root
2.1.5 Legume crops 2.1.5.1 Whole plant
2.1.5.3 Fruit
2.1.5.4 Pods
2.1.6 Flowers 2.1.6.1 Whole plant
2.1.6.3 Seeds
2.1.7 Landscape management herbaceous biomass
2.2 Herb processing 2.2.1 Chemically untreated herb 2.2.1.1 Cereal crops and grasses
industry, residues 2.2.1.2 Oil seed crops
by-products and 2.2.1.3 Root crops
residues 2.2.1.4 Legume crops and flowers
2.2.2 Chemically treated herb 2.2.2.1 Cereal crops and grasses
residues 2.2.2.2 Oil seed crops
2.2.2.3 Root crops
2.2.2.4 Legume crops and flowers
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Table 1 (concluded)
3 Fruit 3.1 Orchard and 3.1.1 Berries 3.1.1.1 Whole berries
biomass horticulture fruit 3.1.1.2 Flesh
3.1.1.3 Seeds
3.1.2 Stone/kernel fruits 3.1.2.1 Whole fruit
3.1.2.2 Flesh
3.1.2.3 Stone/kernel
3.1.3 Nuts and acorns 3.1.3.1 Whole nuts
3.1.3.2 Shells/husks
3.1.3.3 Kernels
3.2 Fruit processing 3.2.1 Chemically untreated fruit 3.2.1.1 Berries
industry, residues 3.2.1.2 Stone/kernel fruits
by-products and 3.2.1.3 Nuts and acorns
residues 3.2.1.4 Crude olive cake
3.2.2 Chemically treated fruit 3.2.2.1 Berries
residue 3.2.2.2 Stone/kernel fruits
3.2.2.3 Nuts and acorns
3.2.2.4 Exhausted olive cake
4 Blends and 4.1 Blends
mixtures 4.2 Mixtures
6.2 Woody biomass
6.2.1 Forest and plantation wood
Forest wood and plantation wood in this category may only have been subjected to size reduction, debarking,
drying or wetting. Forest wood and plantation wood includes wood from forests, parks and plantations and
from short rotation forests.
6.2.2 Wood processing industry by-products and residues
Wood by-products and wood residues from industrial production are classified in this group. These biofuels
can be chemically untreated (for example residues from debarking, sawing or size reduction, shaping,
pressing) or chemically treated wood residues as long as they do not contain heavy metals or halogenated
organic compounds as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating.
6.2.3 Used wood
This group includes post consumer/post society wood waste. With respect to treatment the same criteria apply
as with respect to ‘’ wood processing industry by-products and residues”: i.e. the used wood shall not contain
heavy metals or halogenated organic compounds as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating.
6.2.4 Blends and mixtures
This refers to blends and mixtures of woody biomass in the categories 1.1 to 1.3 in Table 1. The mixing can
be either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures).
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6.3 Herbaceous biomass
6.3.1 Agriculture and horticulture herb
Material, which comes directly from the field, perhaps after a storage period, and may only have been subject
to size reduction and drying is included here. It covers herbaceous material from agricultural and horticultural
fields and from gardens and parks.
6.3.2 Herb processing industry, by-products and residues
This refers to an herbaceous biomass material that is left over after industrial handling and treatment.
Examples are residues from the production of sugar from sugar beets and barley malt residues from beer
production.
This refers to blends and mixtures of herbaceous biomasses in the categories 2.1 to 2.2 in Table 1. The
mixing can be either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures).
6.4 Fruit biomass
6.4.1 Orchard and horticulture fruit
Fruit from trees and bushes and also fruit from herbs (e.g. tomatoes) are classified in this class.
6.4.2 Fruit processing industry, by-products and residues
This refers to a fruit biomass material that is left over after industrial handling and treatment. Examples are
pressing residues from olive oil or apple juice production.
This refers to blends and mixtures of fruit biomass in the categories 3.1 to 3.2 in Table 1. The mixing can be
either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures).
6.5 Biomass blends and mixtures
These include blends and mixtures of different biomasses mentioned above under 6.2 to 6.4. The mixing can
be either intentionally (blends) or unintentionally (mixtures).
7 Specification of solid biofuels based on traded forms and properties
7.1 Traded forms of solid biofuels
Solid biofuels are traded in many different sizes and shapes. The size and shape influence the handling of the
fuel as well as its combustion properties. Biofuels may be delivered for example in the forms shown in Table 2.
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CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Table 2 — Major traded forms of solid biofuels

Fuel name Typical particle size Common preparation method
Briquettes Ø > 25 mm Mechanical compression
Pellets Ø < 25 mm Mechanical compression
Fuel powder < 1 mm Milling
Sawdust 1 mm to 5 mm Cutting with sharp tools
Wood chips 5 mm to 100 mm Cutting with sharp tools
Hog fuel Varying Crushing with blunt tools
Logs 100 mm to 1000 mm Cutting with sharp tools
Whole wood > 500 mm Cutting with sharp tools

3
Small straw bales 0,1 m Compressed and bound to squares
3
Big straw bales 3,7 m Compressed and bound to squares
3
Round straw bales 2,1 m Compressed and bound to cylinders
Bundle Varying Lengthways oriented & bound
Bark Varying Debarking residue from trees

Can be shredded or unshredded
Chopped straw 10 mm to 200 mm Chopped during harvesting
Grain or seed Varying No preparation or drying
Shells and fruit stones 5 mm to 15 mm No preparation
Fibre cake Varying Prepared from fibrous waste by dewatering
NOTE Also other forms may be used.
Figures in the informative annex B describe the particle size differences between different wood fuels and also
the difference between wood chips and hog fuel.
7.2 Specification of properties of solid biofuels
Standards or Technical Specifications to be used for determination of properties to be specified are listed in
the Table 3. The annex A describes examples of the specifications for special high quality classes of solid
biofuels recommended for household usage. Wood pellets, wood briquettes, wood chips and log woods are
traded forms commonly used for household applications.
Properties to be specified are listed in Tables 4 to 12 for the following traded forms of solid biofuels:
Briquettes Table 4
Pellets Table 5
Exhausted olive cake Table 6
Wood chips Table 7
Hog fuel Table 8
Log woods Table 9
Sawdust Table 10
Bark Table 11
Straw bales Table 12
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A general master table to be used for solid biofuels not covered by Tables 4 to 12 is given in Table 13.
For a specification of a solid biofuel, the denominations given in Tables 4 to 13 are normative (and voluntarily
informative) properties. In Tables 4 to 13 and the annex A solid biofuels are defined by property categories. A
biofuel entity (e.g. truckload, bag, shipload) fits to a specific property category when its average numerical
value is within the interval specified.
For an example in Table 7, the ash category A3.0 (≤ 3 %) means that the average ash content has to be from
0,0 to 3,0 % to belong to this category.
NOTE 1 Typical physical and chemical property values are listed for some biofuels in annex C. These can be used as an
indication of properties, when needed. The numerical values in tables of the annex C are examples for biofuels of different
types and origins. They cannot be used for the limitation of fuel parameters.
NOTE 2 The dry, ash free basis (daf) represent the combustible part of the fuel, without non-combustible moisture and
ash. For properties that are mainly related to the combustible part of the fuel (as e.g. calorific value), specific fuel
characteristic values are obtained on the dry, ash free basis as these values are not influenced by the varying amount of
moisture and ash in solid biofuels. Values stated on a dry basis (d) are influenced by the actual ash contents.
EXAMPLE Conversion of a value on a dry, ash free basis (daf) to a dry basis (d) is given by the formula (see also
Technical specification for the calculation of analyses to different basis).
100 − Ad
valued = valuedaf × ( )
100
where
Ad is the ash on a dry basis, in a percentage by a weight (w-%).
NOTE 3 For Tables 4 to 13: only chemically treated biomass that are included in the scope, are to be considered, i.e.
wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood
preservatives or coating, are not included. Examples of chemical treatment are mentioned in the annex D.
Table 3 — List of standards or technical specifications to determine fuel properties

Property Standard/Technical Specification
Origin and source This Technical Specification (Table 1)
Traded forms This Technical Specification (Table 2)
Total moisture as received (Mar) Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of moisture
content – Oven dry method – Part 1: Total moisture –
Reference method (CEN/TS 14774-1)
Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of moisture
content – Oven dry method – Part 2: Total moisture –
Simplified method (CEN/TS 14774-2)
Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of moisture
content - Oven dry method – Part 3: Moisture in general
analysis sample (CEN/TS 14774-3)
Ash content (A) Solid Biofuels - Method for the determination of ash
content (CEN/TS 14775)
Net calorific value (qp,net,d) Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of calorific
value (CEN/TS 14918)
Particle size distribution (P) Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of particle
size distribution. Part 1: Oscillating screen method using
sieve apertures of 3,15 mm and above (CEN/TS 15149-1)
Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of particle
size distribution. Part 2: Vibrating screen method using
sieve apertures of 3,15 mm and below (CEN/TS 15149-2)
Amount of fines (F) Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of particle
size distribution. Part 2: Vibrating screen method using
sieve apertures of 3,15 mm and below (CEN/TS 15149-2)
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Table 3 (concluded)
Particle density (DE) Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of particle
density (CEN/TS 15150) to be published
Bulk density (BD) Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of bulk
density (prCEN/TS 15103), to be published
Mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes (DU) Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of
mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes, to be
published (CEN/TS 15210)
Calculation of analyses to different bases Solid Biofuels - Calculation of analyses to different bases,
to be published
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) content Methods for the determination of carbon , hydrogen and
nitrogen - instrumental methods, (CEN/TS 15104) to be
published
Water soluble chloride (Cl) content, sodium (Na) and potassium Solid Biofuels: Methods for determination of the water
(K), soluble content of chloride, sodium and potassium, to be
published
Sulphur (S) and chlorine (Cl) content Methods for the determination of sulfur (S) and chlorine
(Cl) content. to be published
Major elements (Al, Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P and Ti) Methods for the determination of the content of major
elements (Al, Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P and Ti), to be
published
Minor elements (As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, Methods for the determination of minor elements (As, Ba,
Se, Te, V and Zn) Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Te, V and
Zn),to be published
NOTE Other properties of interest are the Bridging and Ash melting behaviour. Technical Specifications on test
methods for these properties are on the list of Work Items in TC335/WG4 Solid Biofuels Physical and Mechanical Test
Methods.
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CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Table 4 — Specification of properties for briquettes

Master table
Origin: Woody biomass (1)
According to 6.1 and Table 1 Herbaceous biomass (2)
Blends and mixtures (4)
Traded Form (see Table 2) Briquette
Dimensions (mm) Diameter (D) or equivalent (diagonal or cross cut), mm
D40 25 ≤ D ≤ 40
D50 ≤ 50
D
D60 ≤ 60
D80 ≤ 80
D100 ≤ 100 L
D125 ≤ 125
D125+ ≥ 125 actual value to be stated
Length (L)
L50 ≤ 50
L100 ≤ 100
L200 ≤ 200
L300 ≤ 300
L400 ≤ 400
L400+ ≥ 400 actual value to be stated
Examples of briquettes
Moisture (w-% as received)
M10 ≤ 10 %
M15 ≤ 15 %
M20 ≤ 20 %
Normative
Ash (w-% of dry basis)

A0.7 ≤ 0,7 %
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A6.0 ≤ 6,0 %
A10.0 ≤10,0 %
Sulphur (w-% of dry basis)
S0.05 ≤ 0,05 % Sulphur is normative only for chemically treated biomass
S0.08 ≤ 0,08 % or if sulphur containing additives have been used
S0.10 ≤ 0,10 %
S0.20 ≤ 0,20 %
S0.20+ > 0,20 % (actual value to be stated)
3
Particle density (kg/dm )
DE0.8 0,80 to 0,99
DE1.0 1,00 to 1,09
DE1.1 1,10 to 1,19
DE1.2 ≥ 1,20
Additives (w-% of pressing mass)
Type and content of pressing aids, slagging inhibitors or any other additives have to be stated
Nitrogen, N (w-% of dry basis)
N0.3 ≤ 0,3 % Nitrogen is normative only for chemically treated biomass
N0.5 ≤ 0,5 %
N1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
N3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
N3.0+ >3,0 % (actual value to be stated)
Net calorific value, qp,net,ar (MJ/kg as received) or Recommended to be stated at the retail level
3
energy density, Ear (kWh/m loose)
3
Informative
Bulk density as received (kg/m loose) Recommended to be stated if traded by volume basis
Chlorine, Cl (w-% of dry basis, %) Recommended categories

Cl 0.03, Cl 0.07, Cl 0.10 and Cl 0.10+ (if Cl > 0,10 % the
actual value to be stated)
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Table 5 —Specification of properties for pellets

Master table
Origin: Woody biomass (1),
According to 6.1 and Table 1 Herbaceous biomass (2),
Fruit biomass (3),
Blends and mixtures (4)
Traded Form (see Table 2) Pellets
Dimensions (mm)
D
L
a
Diameter (D) and Length (L)
D06 ≤ 6 mm ± 0,5 mm and L ≤ 5 x Diameter
D08 ≤ 8 mm ± 0,5 mm, and L ≤ 4 x Diameter
M10 ≤ 10 %
M15 ≤ 15 %
M20 ≤ 20 %
Ash(w-% of dry basis)
A0.7 ≤ 0,7%
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
Normative
A6.0 ≤ 6,0 %
A6.0+ > 6,0 % (actual value to be stated)
Sulphur (w-% of dry basis)
S0.05 ≤ 0,05 % Sulphur is normative only for chemically treated biomass
S0.08 ≤ 0,08 % and if sulphur containing additives have been used
S0.10 ≤ 0,10 %
S0.20+ > 0,20 % (actual value to be stated)
a
Mechanical durability (w-% of pellets after testing )
DU97.5 ≥ 97,5 %
DU95.0 ≥ 95,0 %
DU90.0 ≥ 90,0 %
Amount of fines (w-%, < 3,15 mm) after production at factory gate
a
F1.0 ≤ 1,0 % At the last possible place in the production site
F2.0 ≤ 2,0 %
F2.0+ > 2,0 % (actual value to be stated)
Additives (w-% of pressing mass)
Type and content of pressing aids, slagging inhibitors or any other additives have to be stated
N0.3 ≤ 0,3 % Nitrogen is normative only for chemically treated
N0.5 ≤ 0,5 % biomass
N1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
N3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
N3.0+ > 3,0 % (actual value to be stated)
Net calorific value, qp,net,ar (MJ/kg as received) or Recommended to be informed by retailer.
3
energy density, Ear (kWh/ m loose)
Informative
3
Chlorine, Cl (weight of dry basis, w-%) Recommended to be stated as a category
a
Maximum 20 w-% of the pellets may have a length of 7,5 x Diameter.
16
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Table 6 — Specification of properties for exhausted olive cake

Master table
a
Origin: Fruit biomass (3.2.2.4)
According to 6.1 and Table 1
Traded Form (see Table 2) Packed grains, briquettes, pellets
Dimensions (mm) Diameter (D) and Length (L)
Briquettes D1
D2
L
D145 D1 ≤ 145 mm and D2 ≤ 65 mm, L ≤ 70 mm

Pellets
Normative
D06 D ≤ 6 mm ± 0,5 mm, L ≤ 10 mm to 15 mm

D08 D ≤ 8 mm ± 0,5 mm, L ≤ 10 mm to 15 mm
Grains
D03 D ≤ 3 mm, 1 mm to 3 mm diameter of grains

(35 % 1,1 mm to 2,8 mm; 25 % > 2,8 mm and 40 % < 1,1 mm)
M10 ≤ 10 %
M20 ≤ 20 %
Ash(w-% of dry basis)
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A6.0 ≤ 6,0 %
N0.5 ≤ 0,5 %
N1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
N3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
Net calorific value, qp,net,ar (MJ/kg as received) Recommended to be stated at the retail level
≥ 13,5 MJ/kg for industrial use
Informative
≥ 15,0 MJ/kg for domestic use
a
The exhausted olive cake is left after the extraction of the remaining oil in the already treated crude olive cake. The extraction of
this oil is made by using a solvent (hexane). The used solvent does not contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metal.
17
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Table 7 —Specification of properties for wood chips

Master table
According to 6.1 and Table 1.
Traded Form Wood chips
a
Dimensions (mm)
Main fraction Fine fraction < 5 % Coarse fraction
> 80 % of weight max. length of particle,
a
P16 3,15 mm ≤ P ≤ 16 mm < 1 mm max 1 % > 45 mm, all < 85 mm
a
P45 3,15 mm ≤ P ≤ 45 mm < 1 mm max 1 % > 63 mm
a
P63 3,15 mm ≤ P ≤ 63 mm < 1 mm max 1 % > 100 mm
a
P100 3,15 mm ≤ P ≤ 100 mm < 1 mm max 1 % > 200 mm
M20 ≤ 20 % Dried
M30 ≤ 30 % Suitable for storage
Normative
M40 ≤ 40 % Limited for storage

M55 ≤ 55 %
M65 ≤ 65 %
A0.7 ≤ 0,7 %
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A6.0 ≤ 6,0 %
A10.0 ≤ 10,0 %
N1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
N3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
Net calorific value qp,net,ar (MJ/kg as received) or Recommended to be specified when retailed.
3
3
Bulk density as received (kg/m loose) Recommended to be stated if traded by volume basis in
categories (BD200, BD300, BD450)
Informative

Cl 0.03, Cl 0.07, Cl 0.10 and Cl 0.10+ (if Cl > 0,1 % the actual
value to be stated)
a
The numerical values for dimension refer to the particle sizes passing through the mentioned round hole sieve size (3,15 mm, 16 mm,
45 mm, 63 mm and 100 mm). Dimensions of actual particles may differ from those values especially the length of the particle.
18
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Table 8 —Specification of properties for hog fuel

Master table
Traded Form Hog fuel
a
Dimensions (mm)
Main fraction Fine fraction < 5 % of Coarse fraction,
> 80% of weight weight max. length of a particle, mm
< 1 % of weight
P45 3,15 mm ≤ P ≤ 45 mm < 1 mm > 63 mm
P63 3,15 mm ≤ P ≤ 63 mm < 1 mm > 100 mm
P100 3,15 mm ≤ P ≤ 100 mm < 1 mm > 200 mm
P300 3,15 mm ≤ P ≤ 300 mm < 1 mm > 400 mm
M20 ≤ 20 % Dried
Normative

M55 ≤ 55 %
M65 ≤ 65 %
A0.7 ≤ 0,7 %
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A6.0 ≤ 6,0 %
A10.0 ≤ 10,0 %
N1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
N3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
N3.0+ > 3,0 % (actual value to be
stated)
Net calorific value qp,net,ar (MJ/kg as received) Recommended to be specified when retailed.
3
or energy density, Ear (kWh/m loose)
3
Chlorine, Cl (weight of dry basis, w-%) Recommended to be states as a category Cl 0.03, Cl 0.07, Cl
Informative
0.10 and Cl 0.10+ (if Cl > 0,10 % the actual value to be stated)
a
The numerical values for dimension refer to the particle sizes passing through the mentioned round hole sieve size (3,15 mm, 16
mm, 45 mm, 63 mm and 100 mm). Dimensions of actual particles may differ from those values especially the length of the particle.
19
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Table 9 — Specification of properties for log woods

Master table
Origin: Woody biomass (1.1)
According to and Table 1.
Traded Form Log woods
Dimensions (mm)
D
D
L
L
D
L
Length (L) and thickness (D) (maximum diameter of a single chop)

Normative
P200- L < 200 mm and D < 20 ignition wood

P200 L = 200 mm ± 20 mm and 40 mm ≤ D ≤ 150 mm
P250 L = 250 mm ± 20 mm and 40 mm ≤ D ≤ 150 mm
P330 L = 330 mm ± 20 mm and 40 mm ≤ D ≤ 160 mm
P500 L = 500 mm ± 40 mm and 60 mm ≤ D ≤ 250 mm
P1000 L = 1 000 mm ± 50 mm and 60 mm ≤ D ≤ 350 mm
P1000+ L > 1 000 mm actual value has to be stated and D has to be stated
Moisture content (w-% as received)
M20 ≤ 20 % Oven-ready log
M30 ≤ 30 % Seasoned in the storage
M40 ≤ 40 % Seasoned in the forest
M65 ≤ 65 % Fresh, after cut in the forest
Wood
To be stated if coniferous or deciduous wood or mixture of these is used.
3
Energy density, Ear (kWh/m loose or Recommended to be specified when retailed.
stacked)
3
Volume, m solid, stacked or loose as To be stated which volume is used when retailed
3 3 3
received (m solid, m stacked or m loose)
Proportion of split volume No split (=mainly round wood)

Split: more than 85 % of volume is split
Mixture: split and round wood as a mixture
a
The cut-off surface To be stated if the cut-off surface of log woods are even and
a
smooth or ends of log woods are uneven
Mould and decay If significant amount (more than 10 % of weight) of mould and decay
Informative
exists it should be stated.
In case of doubt particle density or net calorific value could be used as

indicator.
a
Use of chainsaw is considered to be smooth and even.
20
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Table 10 —Specification of properties for sawdust

Master table
Traded Form Sawdust
M20 ≤ 20 % Dried
M55 ≤ 55 %
M65 ≤ 65 %
A0.7 ≤ 0,7 %
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A6.0 ≤ 6,0 %
Normative
N0.5 ≤ 0,5 % Nitrogen is normative only for chemically treated

N1.0 ≤ 1,0 % biomass
N3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
Net calorific value qp,net,ar (MJ/kg as received or energy Recommended to be specified.

3
density, Ear (kWh/m loose)
3
Informative
in categories (BD200, BD300, BD350)

Cl 0.03, Cl 0.07, Cl 0.10 and Cl 0.10+ (if Cl > 0,10 %
the actual value to be stated)
NOTE Particle size for sawdust is considered to be homogenous. Particle size distribution could be specified if
requested.
21
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Table 11 —Specification of properties for bark a

Master table
Origin: Woody biomass
According to 6.1 and Table 1. (1.1.5, 1.2.1.2, 1.2.2.2, 1.3.1.2, 1.3.2.2)
Traded Form: Bark
M40 ≤ 40 %
M50 ≤ 50 %
M60 ≤ 60 %
M70 ≤ 70 %
A0.7 ≤ 0,7 %
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A6.0 ≤ 6,0 %
A12.0 ≤ 12,0 %
N1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
N3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
Normative

Shredding
To be stated if bark is shredded into pieces or unshredded
Net calorific value, qp,net,ar (MJ/kg as received) or Recommended to be specified.

3
3
Informative
Chlorine, Cl (w-% of dry basis) Recommended to be stated as a category

a
Also cork is included.
22
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Table 12 — Specification of properties for straw bales

Master table
Origin: 2.1.1.2 Cereal crop straw
According to 6.1 and Table 1. 2.1.2.2 Grass straw
2.1.3.2 Oil seed crops stalks and leaves
Traded Form Big Bale
Dimensions (mm), height (L1), width (L2) and length (L3)
L1
L2
L3
Height (L1) Width (L2) Length (L3)
P1 1 300 1 200 2 200
P2 1 300 1 200 2 400
P3 600 to 900 1 200 2 400
P4 1 300 1 200 1 100 to 2 750
Normative
3
Bale density (kg/m )
BD130 ≤ 135
BD150 ≤ 150
BD165 ≤ 165
BD165+ > 165
M16 ≤ 16 % No part over 23 %
M16+ ≤ 16 % Parts over 23 % acceptable
M23 ≤ 23 % no part over 30 %
M23+ ≤ 23 % one or more parts over 30 %
M30 ≤ 30 % no part over 35 %
M30+ ≤ 30 % one or more parts over 35 %
A05 ≤5%
A10 ≤ 10 %
A10+ > 10 %
Species of biomass
Has to be stated
Net calorific value, qp,net,ar (MJ/kg as received Recommended to be specified.

3
or energy density, Ear (kWh/m loose)
Informative
Particle size distribution or structure It is recommended to declare production methods that influence
the size of the straw particles. That is for instance weather the
crop has been trashed by rotation or oscillation or weather it has
been chopped.
23
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Table 13 — General master table for specification of properties for other solid biofuels
General Master Table
Origin: To be specified according to 6.1 and Table 1, as detailed as
needed.
Traded Form A short description of the form of the biofuel (see Table 2 for
guidelines).
Dimensions (mm)
Dx x = Maximum diameter If dimensions are not suitable to express as diameter and
Ly y = Maximum length length other formats may be used, but shall then be clearly
stated.

M10 ≤ 10 %
M20 ≤ 20 %
M30 ≤ 30 %
M40 ≤ 40 %
M50 ≤ 50 %
M60 ≤ 60 %
Normative

A0.7 ≤ 0,7 %
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A6.0 ≤ 6,0 %
A10.0 ≤ 10,0 %
A10.0+ > 10,0 % (actual value to be
stated
Additives (w-% of dry basis)
Type and content of additives to be stated If any type of additive is added to the fuel, amount and type
has to be stated.
N1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
N3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
N3.0+ > 3,0 % (actual value to be
stated)
Net calorific value qp,net,ar (MJ/kg as received) or Recommended to be stated at the retail level
3
energy density, Ear (kWh/ m loose)
3
Bulk density as received (kg/m loose) Recommended to be stated in the categories BD200, BD300,
BD450, BD550, BD600, BD650, BD750.
Chlorine, Cl (weight of dry basis, w-%) Recommended to be state as a category
Cl 0.03, Cl 0.07, Cl 0.10 and Cl 0.10+ ( if Cl > 0,10% the
Informative
Sulphur, S (weight of dry basis, w-%) Recommended to be state as a category

S0,05, S0,1, S0,2 and S0,2+ (if S > 0,2 % the actual value to
be stated)
Mechanical durability (remaining weight after Recommended to be stated for compressed fuel or fuels
treatment, weight of dry basis, w-%) treated in similar ways.
Recommended categories DU97,5, DU96,5, DU95,0, DU90,0
Further specification of dimensions It is recommended that maximum allowed amount of fine and
coarse particles of the fuel should be stated.
Others e.g. major and minor elements Properties that are specific to the actual solid biofuel and
considered as containing useful information.
24
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Annex A
(informative)
Examples of specifications for high quality classes of solid biofuels

recommended for household usage
The following examples are specifications for high quality classes of solid biofuels recommended for
household usage. Household usage needs special considerations for the following reasons:
— Small-scale equipment does not usually have advanced control and gas cleaning
— Unprofessional management
— Often located in living and populated districts
A.1 Wood briquettes (selected from Table 4)

Origin: 1.2.1.1 Chemically untreated wood without bark
Moisture content: M10
Basic density: DE1.0
Dimensions: to be selected from Table 4.
Ash content: A0.7
Additives: < 2 w-% of dry basis. Only products from the primarily agricultural and forest biomass
that are not chemically modified are approved to be added as a pressing aids. Type
and amount of additive has to be stated.
Energy density: E4.7 [kWh/kg] (q p,net,ar ≥ 4,7 kWh/kg = 16,9 MJ/kg)
A.2 Wood pellets (selected from Table 5)

Origin: 1.2.1.1 Chemically untreated wood without bark
Mechanical durability: DU97.5
Amount of fines: F1.0 or F2.0
Dimensions: D06 or D08
Ash content: A0.7
Sulphur content: S0.05
Additives: < 2 w-% of dry basis. Only products from the primarily agricultural and forest biomass
that are not chemically modified are approved to be added as a pressing aids. Type
and amount of additive has to be stated.
Energy density: E4.7 [kWh/kg] (q p,net,ar ≥ 4,7 kWh/kg = 16,9 MJ/kg)
A.3 Wood chips (selected from Table 7)

Origin: 1.1.2 Stem wood
Moisture content: M20 or M30
Dimensions: P16, P45 or P63
3 3
Energy density: E0.9 [kWh/loose m ] (Ear ≥ 900 kWh/loose m )
25
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
A.4 Log wood (oven-ready)(selected from Table 9)

Origin: 1.1.2 Stem wood
Dimensions: P200, P250, P330, P500 or P1000
Wood: To be stated if coniferous or deciduous wood is used
Classification: No significant amount of mould or decay seen, the cut-off surface of the logs are even
and smooth.
3 3
Energy density: For deciduous wood E1700 [kWh/stacked m ] (Ear ≥ 1 700 kWh/stacked m ) or for
coniferous or for mixture of deciduous and coniferous wood E1300 (Ear ≥ 1 300
3
kWh/stacked m )
26
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Illustrations of typical forms of wood fuels
B.1 Classification of wood fuels based on a typical particle size
B.2 Difference between wood chips (left) and hog fuel (right). Source: Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences
27
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Annex C
(informative)
Typical values of solid biomass fuels

a
C.1 — Typical values for virgin wood materials, with or without insignificant amounts of bark, leaves
and needles
Parameter Unit Coniferous wood Deciduous wood

(1.1.2.2 and 1.2.1.1) (1.1.2.1 and 1.2.1.1)
Typical value Typical variation Typical value Typical variation
Ash % w/w d 0,3 0,2 to 0,5 0,3 0,2 to 0,5
Gross calorific MJ/kg 20,5 20,2 to 20,8 20,2 19,5 to 20,4
value qV,gr,daf daf
Net calorific MJ/kg 19,2 18,8 to 19,8 19,0 18,5 to 19,2
value qp,net,daf daf
Carbon, C w-% daf 51 47 to 54 49 48 to 52
Hydrogen, H w-% daf 6,3 5,6 to 7,0 6,2 5,9 to 6,5
Oxygen, O w-% daf 42 40 to 44 44 41 to 45
Nitrogen, N w-% daf 0,1 < 0,1 to 0,5 0,1 <0,1 to 0,5
Sulphur, S w-% daf 0,02 < 0,01 to 0,05 0,02 < 0,01 to 0,05
Chlorine, Cl w-% daf 0,01 < 0,01 to 0,03 0,01 < 0,01 to 0,03
Fluorine, F w-% daf < 0,000 5 < 0,000 5 < 0,000 5 < 0,000 5
Al mg/kg d 100 30 to 400 20 < 10 to 50

Ca mg/kg d 900 500 to 1 000 1 200 800 to 20 000
Fe mg/kg d 25 10 to 100 25 10 to 100
K mg/kg d 400 200 to 500 800 500 to 1 500
Mg mg/kg d 150 100 to 200 200 100 to 400
Mn mg/kg d 147 83
Na mg/kg d 20 10 to 50 50 10 to 200
P mg/kg d 60 50 to 100 100 50 to 200
Si mg/kg d 150 100 to 200 150 100 to 200
Ti mg/kg d < 20 <20 <20 <20
As mg/kg d < 0,1 < 0,1 to 1,0 < 0,1 < 0,1 to 1,0
Cd mg/kg d 0,10 < 0,05 to 0,50 0,10 < 0,05 to 0,50
Cr mg/kg d 1,0 0,2 to 10,0 1,0 0,2 to 10,0
Cu mg/kg d 2,0 0,5 to 10,0 2,0 0,5 to 10,0
Hg mg/kg d 0,02 < 0,02 to 0,05 0,02 < 0,02 to 0,05
Ni mg/kg d 0,5 < 0,1 to 10,0 0,5 < 0,1 to 10,0
Pb mg/kg d 2,0 < 0,5 to 10,0 2,0 < 0,5 to 10,0
V mg/kg d <2 <2 <2 <2
Zn mg/kg d 10 5 to 100 10 5 to 100
a
Data is obtained from a combination of mainly Swedish, Finnish, Danish, Dutch and German research. The values only aim to
describe properties that can be expected in Europe in general.
28
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
a
C.2 — Typical values for virgin bark materials
Parameter Unit Bark from coniferous wood Bark from deciduous wood
(1.1.5 and 1.2.1.2) (1.1.5 and 1.2.1.2)
Ash % w/w d 4 2 to 6 5 2 to 10
Gross calorific MJ/kg daf 21 20 to 23 21 20 to 23
value qV,gr,daf
Net calorific MJ/kg daf 20 19 to 21 20 19 to 21

value qp,net,daf
Nitrogen, N w-% daf 0,5 0,3 to 1,2 0,3 0,1 to 1,0
Sulphur, S w-% daf 0,10 0,02 to 0,20 0,10 < 0,02 to 0,20
Chlorine, Cl w-% daf 0,02 <0,01 to 0,05 0,02 < 0,01 to 0,05
Fluorine, F w-% daf 0,001 < 0,000 5 to 0,002
Al mg/kg d 800 400 to 1 200 50 30 to 100

Ca mg/kg d 5 000 1 000 to 15 000 15 000 10 000 to 20 000
Fe mg/kg d 500 100 to 800 100 50 to 200
K mg/kg d 2 000 1 000 to 4 000 2 000 1 000 to 5 000
Mg mg/kg d 1 000 400 to 3 000 500 400 to 600
Mn mg/kg d 500 9 to 840 190
Na mg/kg d 300 70 to 2 000 100 20 to 1 000
P mg/kg d 400 20 to 600 400 300 to 700
Si mg/kg d 2 000 500 to 5 000 10 000 2 000 to 20 000
Ti mg/kg d
As mg/kg d 1,0 0,1 to 4,0

Cd mg/kg d 0,5 0,2 to 1,0 0,5
Cr mg/kg d 5 1 to 10 5
Cu mg/kg d 5 3 to 30 5 2 to 20
Hg mg/kg d 0,05 0,01 to 0,1, < 0,05
Ni mg/kg d 10 2 to 20 10
Pb mg/kg d 4 1 to 30 5
V mg/kg d 1,0 0,7 to 2,0
Zn mg/kg d 100 70 to 200 50 7 to 200

a
29
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
a
C.3 — Typical values for virgin wood materials, logging residues
Parameter Unit Coniferous wood Deciduous wood

(1.1.3) (1.1.3)
Ash % w/w d 2 1 to 4 1,5 0,8 to 3
Gross calorific MJ/kg daf 21 20,8 to 21,4 20 19,7 to 20,4

value qV,gr,daf
Net calorific MJ/kg daf 20 19,5 to 20,0 19 18,4 to 19,1

value qp,net,daf
Sulphur, S w-% daf 0,04 0,01 to 0,08 0,04 0,01 to 0,08
Fluorine, F w-% daf
Al mg/kg d
Ca mg/kg d 5 000 2 000 to 8 000 4 000 3 000 to 5 000
Fe mg/kg d
K mg/kg d 2 000 1 000 to 4 000 1 500 1 000 to 4 000
Mg mg/kg d 800 400 to 2 000 250 100 to 400
Mn mg/kg d 251 120
Na mg/kg d 200 75 to 300 100 20 to 200
P mg/kg d 500 300

Si mg/kg d 3 000 200 to 10 000 150 75 to 250
Ti mg/kg d
As mg/kg d 0,3
Cd mg/kg d 0,2 0,1

Cr mg/kg d
Cu mg/kg d
Hg mg/kg d 0,03 0,02
Ni mg/kg d
Pb mg/kg d 3 5
V mg/kg d
Zn mg/kg d
a
30
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
a
C.4 — Typical values for virgin wood materials, short rotation coppice
Parameter Unit Willow (Salix) Poplar

(1.1.1.3) (1.1.1.3)
Ash w-% d 2,0 1,1 to 4,0 2,0 1,5 to 2,5
Gross calorific MJ/kg daf 20,3 20,0 to 20,6 20,2 20,0 to 20,4
value qV,gr,daf
Net calorific MJ/kg daf 18,8 18,4 to 19,2 18,8 18,6 to 19,1
value qp,net,daf
Sulphur, S w-% daf 0,05 0,02 to 0,10 0,03 0,02 to 0,10
Chlorine, Cl w-% daf 0,03 <0,01 to 0,05 < 0,01 < 0,01 to 0,05
Fluorine, F w-% daf 0,01
Al mg/kg d - 3 to 1 000
Ca mg/kg d 5 000 2 000 to 9 000 5 000 4 000 to 6 000
Fe mg/kg d 100 30 to 600
K mg/kg d 3 000 1 700 to 4 600 3 000 2 000 to 4 000
Mg mg/kg d 500 200 to 800 500 200 to 800
Mn mg/kg d 97 79 to 160
Na mg/kg d - 10 to 450
P mg/kg d 800 500 to 1 300 1 000 800 to 1 100

Si mg/kg d - 2 to 7 200
Ti mg/kg d 10 < 10 to 50
As mg/kg d < 0,1 < 0,1 <0,1 < 0,1 to 0,2
Cd mg/kg d 2 0,2 to 5 0,5 0,2 to 1

Cr mg/kg d 1 0,3 to 5 1 0,3 to 2
Cu mg/kg d 3 2 to 4 3 2 to 4
Hg mg/kg d < 0,03 < 0,03 < 0,03 < 0,03
Ni mg/kg d 0,5 0,2 to 2 0,5 0,2 to 1,0
Pb mg/kg d 0,1 0,1 to 0,2 0,1 0,1 to 0,3
V mg/kg d
Zn mg/kg d 70 40 to 100 50 30 to 100

a
31
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
a
C.5 — Typical values for virgin straw materials, with or without insignificant amounts of grains
Parameter Unit Straw from wheat, rye, barley Straw from oilseed rape
(2.1.1.2) (2.1.3.2)
Ash w-% d 5 2 to 10 5 2 to 10
Gross calorific MJ/kg daf 19,8 18,5 to 20,5 19,8 18,5 to 20,5
value qV,gr,daf
Net calorific MJ/kg daf 18,5 17,5 to 19,5 18,5 17,5 to 19,5
value qp,net,daf
Sulphur, S w-% daf 0,1 < 0,05 to 0,2 0,3 < 0,05 to 0,8
Fluorine, F w-% daf 0,000 5
Al mg/kg d 50 Up to 700 50 Up to 700

Ca mg/kg d 4 000 2 000 to 7 000 15 000 8 000 to 20 000
Fe mg/kg d 100 Up to 500 100 Up to 500
K mg/kg d 10 000 2 000 to 26 000 10 000 2 000 to 26 000
Mg mg/kg d 700 400 to 1 300 700 300 to 2 200
Mn
Na mg/kg d 500 Up to 3 000 500 Up to 3 000

P mg/kg d 1 000 300 to 2 900 1 000 300 to 2 700
Si mg/kg d 10 000 1 000 to 20 000 1 000 100 to 3 000
Ti mg/kg d
As mg/kg d < 0,1 < 0,1 to 2,0 < 0,1 < 0,1 to 0,5
Cd mg/kg d 0,10 <0,05 to 0,30 0,10 <0,05 to 0,30
Cr mg/kg d 10 1 to 60 10 1 to 60
Cu mg/kg d 2 1 to 10 2 1 to 10
Hg mg/kg d 0,02 < 0,02 to 0,05 0,02 < 0,02 to 0,05
Ni mg/kg d 1,0 0,2 to 4,0 1,0 0,2 to 4,0
Pb mg/kg d 0,5 0,1 to 3,0 2,0 1,0 to 13,0
V mg/kg d 3
Zn mg/kg d 10 3 to 60 10 5 to 20
a
32
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
a
C.6 — Typical values for virgin cereal grain materials
Parameter Unit Grain from wheat, rye, barley Grains from rape
(2.1.1.3) (2.1.1.3)
Ash w-% d 2 1,5 to 4 5 -
Gross calorific MJ/kg daf 18,8 26,1

value qV,gr,daf
Net calorific MJ/kg daf 17,4 27,7

value qp,net,daf
Carbon, C w-% daf 46 63
Hydrogen, H w-% daf 6,6 7,5
Oxygen, O w-% daf 45 25
Nitrogen, N w-% daf 2 4
Sulphur, S w-% daf 0,1 0,1
Chlorine, Cl w-% daf 0,1
Fluorine, F w-% daf
Al mg/kg d < 20
Ca mg/kg d 500 400 to 600
Fe mg/kg d 70 to 150
K mg/kg d 5 000 4 000 to 10 000
Mg mg/kg d 1 500 1 000 to 2 100
Mn
Na mg/kg d 25 to 50
P mg/kg d 4 000 3 200 to 7 000
Si mg/kg d 100 to 200
Ti mg/kg d < 50 to 100
As mg/kg d < 0,1 < 0,1

Cd mg/kg d 0,05 < 0,05 to 0,10
Cr mg/kg d 0,5 < 0,5 to 1,0
Cu mg/kg d 4 3 to 5
Hg mg/kg d <0,02 < 0,02
Ni mg/kg d 1,0 0,2 to 2,0
Pb mg/kg d 0,1 < 0,1 to 0,1
V mg/kg d
Zn mg/kg d 30 -
a
33
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
a
C.7 — Typical values for virgin reed canary grass
Parameter Unit Summer harvest (July – Oct) Delayed harvest (March – May)
(2.1.2.1) (2.1.2.1)
Ash w-% d 6,4 2,5 to 10 5,6 2,0 to 9,5

value qV,gr,daf

value qp,net,daf
Nitrogen, N w-% daf 1,4 0,9
Chlorine, Cl w-% daf 0,6 0,1
Fluorine, F w-% daf
Al mg/kg d
Ca mg/kg d 3 500 1 300 to 5 700 2 000 800 to 3 200
Fe mg/kg d
K mg/kg d 12 000 3 100 to 22 000 2 700 < 1 000 to 6 000
Mg mg/kg d 1 300 300 to 2 300 500 100 to 900
Mn mg/kg d 160
Na mg/kg d 200 < 100 to 400 200 < 100 to 400
P mg/kg d 1 700 500 to 3 000 1 100 300 to 2 000
Si mg/kg d 12 000 < 1 000 to 25 000 18 000 3 000 to 30 000
Ti mg/kg d
As mg/kg d 0,1 < 0,1 to 0,2 0,2 < 0,1 to 0,5

Cd mg/kg d 0,04 < 0,04 to 0,10 0,06 < 0,04 to 0,20
Cr mg/kg d
Cu mg/kg d
Hg mg/kg d 0,03 < 0,02 to 0,05 0,03 < 0,02 to 0,05
Ni mg/kg d
Pb mg/kg d 1,0 < 0,5 to 4,0 2,0 < 0,5 to 5,0
V mg/kg d
Zn mg/kg d
a
34
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
a
C.8 — Typical values for virgin grass in general (hay) and miscanthus
Parameter Unit Grass, in general Miscanthus (China reed)

(2.1.2.1) (2.1.2.1)
Ash w-% d 7 4 to 10 4 1 to 6

value qV,gr,daf

value qp,net,daf
Nitrogen, N w-% daf 1,4 0,7
Chlorine, Cl w-% daf 0,8 0,2
Fluorine, F w-% daf 0,001 < 0,000 5
Al mg/kg d 200 20 to 300 - 40 to 600
Ca mg/kg d 3 500 2 500 to 5 500 2 000 900 to 3 000
Fe mg/kg d 600 100 to 1 200 100 40 to 400
K mg/kg d 15 000 4 900 to 24 000 7 000 1 000 to 11 000
Mg mg/kg d 1 700 800 to 2 300 600 300 to 900
Na mg/kg d 1 000 200 to 2 600 - 200 to 500
P mg/kg d 3 000 1 400 to 6 300 700 400 to 1 200
Si mg/kg d 15 000 3 000 to 25 000 - 2 000 to 10 000
Ti mg/kg d - < 10 to 50
As mg/kg d 0,1 <0,1 to 1,4 0,2 < 0,1 to 0,2
Cd mg/kg d 0,20 0,03 to 0,60 0,10 0,05 to 0,20

Cr mg/kg d 1,0 0,2 to 3,0 1,0 0,4 to 6,0
Cu mg/kg d 5 2 to 10 2 1 to 5
Hg mg/kg d < 0,02 < 0,02 to 0,03 0,03 < 0,02 to 0,10
Ni mg/kg d 2,0 0,5 to 5,0 2,0 0,5 to 5,0
Pb mg/kg d 1,0 < 0,5 to 2,0 2,0 < 0,5 to 5,0
V mg/kg d 3 - <1 -
Zn mg/kg d 25 10 to 60 10 10 to 20
a
35
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
a
C.9 — Typical values for fruit biomass
Parameter Unit Olive cake Grape cake Fruit stones and shells
Crude olive Exhausted Crude Exhausted Apricot, Almond,

cake olive cake Grape grape cake Peach, Hazelnut,
cake Cherry fruit Pinenut
3.2.1.4 3.2.2.4 3.2.3.2
stone Shells
3.2.1.2
3.2.1.2 3.1.3.2
Ash w-% d 2,0 to 7,0 < 3,0 9,5 0,2 to 1,0 0,95 to
3,00
Gross calorific MJ/kg d 21,4
value qV,gr,d
Net calorific MJ/kg d 17,5 to 17,5 to 19,0 16,7 19,0 19,5 to 22,9 17,5 to
value qp,net,d 19,0 19,0
Carbon, C w-% d 48 to 50 54 52,9 51 to 55 44 to 50

Hydrogen, H w-% d 5,5 to 6,5 6,8 5,9 5 to 7 5 to 6
Oxygen, O w-% d
Nitrogen, N w-% d 0,5 to 1,5 1,5 1,9 0,2 to 0,3 0,1 to 1,2
Sulphur, S w-% d 0,07 to 0,17 0,20 0,03 0,05 to 0,50 0,04 to

0,22
Chlorine, Cl w-% d 0,08 to 0,15 0,05 < 0,05
Fluorine, F w-% d
NOTE 1 Crude olive cake is a by-product that remains after the olives have been pressed. The chemical composition can vary
according to the pressing method utilised.
NOTE 2 Exhausted olive cake is a residual material, which remains after oil extraction (chemical treatment from the above
mentioned crude olive cake).
NOTE 3 Crude grape cake is a by-product that remains after the grapes have been pressed
NOTE 4 Exhausted grape cake is a residual material, which remains after chemical treatment of the above mentioned crude grape
cake.
a
Data is obtained from a combination of mainly Austrian, Dutch, Italian and Greek research. The values only aim to describe
properties that can be expected in Europe in general.
36
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
a
C.10 — Typical values for selected types of husks, stalks and trash
Parameter Unit Rice husk Cotton stalks Cotton gin trash Sunflower husk
2.1.6.2
2.1.1.4 2.1.1.2 2.1.1.2
Ash w-% d 13 to 23 6,0 to 6,7 1,6 to 9,4 1,9 to 7,6

Gross calorific MJ/kg d 16,1 15,8 to 18,3 16,4 to 17,5
value qV,gr,d
Net calorific MJ/kg d 14,5 to 16,2

value qp,net,d
Carbon, C w-% d 38 to 43 39,5 to 47,0 39,6 to 43,7 51,5 to 52,9
Hydrogen, H w-% d 4,3 to 5,1 5,1 to 5,8 5,3 to 6,1 5,0 to 6,6
Oxygen, O w-% d
Nitrogen, N w-% d 0,1 to 0,8 0,65 to 1,25 0,2 to 2,9 0,6 to 1,4
Sulphur, S w-% d 0,02 to 0,10 0,02 to 0,21 0
Chlorine, Cl w-% d 0,03 to 0,12 0,08
Fluorine, F w-% d
a
Data is obtained from a combination of mainly Italian and Greek research. The values aim to describe properties that
can be expected in Europe in general.
37
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Annex D
(informative)
Examples of possible causes for deviant levels

for different properties and of consequences of handling and treatments
for the properties of woody biomass
D.1 Examples of possible causes for deviant levels for different properties, woody
biomass
Property Deviation Possible causes

Ash, d High Contamination with soil/sand
Value Higher content of bark than specified
Inorganic additives
Chemical treatments such as paint, preservation
Net Low Content of combustible material with lower calorific value as e.g. glues
calorific Value
value qp,net,d
Net High Content of combustible material with higher calorific value as e.g. resin,
calorific Value vegetable or mineral oils, plastic
value qp,net,d
N, daf High Higher content of bark than specified
Value Glue
Plastic (laminate)
S, daf High Higher content of bark than specified
Value Organic additives as corn flour, potato flour
Inorganic additives containing sulphur compounds
Treatment with chemicals containing sulphur, as sulphuric acid
Cl, daf High Higher content of bark than specified
Value Origin of wood from coast near locations and exposed from sea water
Contamination during storage/transportation by road salting
Preservation chemicals
Si, d High Contamination with soil/sand
Value Higher content of bark/needles/leaves than specified
Ti, d High Paint
Value
As, d High Preservation chemicals
Value
Cd, d High Paint
Value Plastic
Ni, d High Contamination from working up machinery
Value Mineral oils
Pb, d High Environmental contamination (e.g. Traffic)
Value Paint
Plastic
a
Chemically treated wood waste that may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals, is not
included in the scope of the standard. As the presence of such materials or the remains of other materials may
occur accidentally, examples for these incidents are given also.
Source: FORCE Technology and Elsam Engineering (Denmark)
38
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
D.2 Examples of consequences of handling and treatmentsa for the properties of

woody biomass
Circumstance Possible consequences

Handling, storage or increased content of ash and Si due to contamination with soil/sand
transportation increased content of Cl due to contamination with road salting
Mechanical increased content of metals as Fe, Cr and Ni from the working

contamination tools/machinery
Environmental increased content of Cl due to deposition from the sea spray/fog

contamination increased content of heavy metals as Pb and Zn due to exposition to
society activities as traffic
Additives Possible consequences

(pellets and briquettes)
Inorganic additives:
Limestone increased content of ash and Ca
Kaolin increased content of ash, Si and Al
Organic additives:
Other solid biomass changes cf. type & quality of the particular material. Higher amounts of
e.g. corn or potato flour may cause increased content of e.g. ash and S
Vegetable oils increased calorific value
Chemical treatments Possible consequences

Glue increased content of N
decreased calorific value
Lye increased content of Na
a
Paints increased content of ash
increased content of metals as Pb, Ti and Zn depending of the actual
pigments
a
Plastics (laminate) increased calorific value
increased content of N (e.g. ABS or celluloid plastics)
increased content of Cl or F (e.g. PVC or teflon plastics)
increased contents of metals as Cd, Pb, Zn depending of the content of
additives in the plastic
a
Preservations increased content of ash
increased content of As, B, Cl, Cr, Cu, F, P or Zn depending of the used
type of preservation chemical
Sulphur acids increased content of S
a
Chemical treatments containing halogenated organic compounds (as Cl, F) or heavy metals (as As, Pb) is not
included in the scope of the standard.
Source: FORCE Technology and Elsam Engineering (Denmark)
39
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
Bibliography
CEN/TS 14588:2003, Solid biofuels – Terminology, definitions and descriptions.
WI003350031 Solid Biofuels – Fuel quality assurance.
CEN/TS 14774-1:2004, Solid biofuels – Methods for determination of moisture content – Oven dry method -
Part 1: Total moisture – Reference method.
CEN/TS 14774-2:2004, Solid biofuels – Methods for the determination of moisture content – Oven dry method
– Part 2: Total moisture – Simplified method.
CEN/TS 14774-3:2004, Solid biofuels – Methods for the determination of moisture content – Oven dry method
– Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample.
CEN/TS 14775:2004, Solid biofuels – Method for the determination of ash content.
1
prCEN/TS 14778-1 , Solid Biofuels – Sampling – Part 1:Methods for sampling.
1
prCEN/TS 14778-2 , Solid Biofuels – Sampling – Part 2: Methods for sampling particulate material
transported in lorries.
1
prCEN/TS 14779 , Solid Biofuels – Sampling – Methods for preparing sampling plans and sampling
certificates.
1
prCEN/TS 14780 , Solid Biofuels – Methods for sample preparation.
1
prCEN/TS 14918 , Solid Biofuels – Method for the determination of calorific value.
1
prCEN/TS 15103 , Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination of bulk density.
1
prCEN/TS 15148 , Solid Biofuels – Method for the determination of the content of volatile matter.
1
WI00335015 , Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination of ash melting behaviour.
1
prCEN/TS 15149-1 , Solid Biofuels. Methods for the determination of particle size distribution. Part 1:
Oscillating screen method using sieve apertures of 3,15 mm and above
1
prCEN/TS 15149-2 , Solid Biofuels - Methods for the determination of particle size distribution. Part 2:
Vibrating screen method using sieve apertures of 3,15 mm and below
1
prCEN/TS 15149-3 , Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination of particle size distribution – Part 3:
Rotary screen method.
prCEN/TS 151501, Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination of particle density
WI003350191, Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination of the density of pellets and briquettes.
prCEN/TS 15210, Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination of mechanical durability of pellets and
briquettes1.
1 To be published.
40
CEN/TS 14961:2005 (E)
1
WI00335024 , Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination of oxygen (O) content.
prCEN/TS 151041, Solid Biofuels – Determination of carbon hydrogen and nitrogen – instrumental methods.
1
WI00335026 , Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination of water soluble chloride (Cl) content.
1
prCEN/TS 15105 , Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination of the water soluble chlorine (Cl) content.
1
WI00335028 , Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination of the content of minor elements (As, Ba, Be,
Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Te, V and Zn).
1 to be published
41

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION CEN/TS 14961

Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes

Biocombustibles solides - Classes et spécifications des Feste Biobrennstoffe - Brennstoffspezifikationen und -

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

This Technical Specification is made for all user groups.

Liquid and gaseous

Figure 1 — CEN TC 335 within the biomass – biofuel – bioenergy field

- products from agriculture and forestry;

- vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry;

- vegetable waste from the food processing industry;

3 Terms and definitions

4 Symbols and abbreviations

d dry (dry basis)

daf dry, ash-free, see informative annex C

A Designation for ash content (w-%, dry basis) *

BD Designation for bulk density *

D Designation for diameter *

DU Designation for mechanical durability *

F Designation for amount of fines (< 3,15 mm, w-%)

L Designation for length *

Mar Total moisture content as received [w-%] on wet basis

M Designation for moisture content as received*

P Designation for particle size distribution*

qV,gr Gross calorific value [MJ/kg] at constant volume

qp,net Net calorific value [MJ/kg] at constant pressure

origin and source, clause 6;

major traded forms and properties, clause 7.

6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels

• fruit biomass; and

• blends and mixtures.

Woody biomass is biomass from trees, bushes and shrubs.

Example: Logging residues - 1.1.3.

Table 1 — Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels

NOTE 1 Cork waste is included in bark sub-groups.

6.2 Woody biomass

6.2.1 Forest and plantation wood

6.2.2 Wood processing industry by-products and residues

6.2.3 Used wood

6.2.4 Blends and mixtures

6.3 Herbaceous biomass

6.3.1 Agriculture and horticulture herb

6.3.2 Herb processing industry, by-products and residues

6.3.3 Blends and mixtures

6.4 Fruit biomass

6.4.1 Orchard and horticulture fruit

6.4.2 Fruit processing industry, by-products and residues

6.4.3 Blends and mixtures

6.5 Biomass blends and mixtures

7 Specification of solid biofuels based on traded forms and properties

7.1 Traded forms of solid biofuels

Table 2 — Major traded forms of solid biofuels

Briquettes Ø > 25 mm Mechanical compression

Pellets Ø < 25 mm Mechanical compression

Fuel powder < 1 mm Milling

Sawdust 1 mm to 5 mm Cutting with sharp tools

Wood chips 5 mm to 100 mm Cutting with sharp tools

Hog fuel Varying Crushing with blunt tools

Logs 100 mm to 1000 mm Cutting with sharp tools

Whole wood > 500 mm Cutting with sharp tools

Bundle Varying Lengthways oriented & bound

Bark Varying Debarking residue from trees

Chopped straw 10 mm to 200 mm Chopped during harvesting

Grain or seed Varying No preparation or drying