APPRECIATION Module PRELIM

ART APPRECIATION
PRE-ACTIVITY #1
EXPRESS YOURSELF!
Let me get your impression!

Before we start this module answer the questions below. You can video yourself while answering it, or if
you have no resources you can just write it and took a picture of it and send it to your designated online
class.
• What comes into your mind when you hear the word “Art”? Is art limited with visual arts such as
painting, drawing and sculpture? Explain your answer.
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• How about “Appreciation”? What do you do when you appreciate something or someone?
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• So, what is your impression about Art Appreciation?
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*Don’t turn the page without doing this Activity!

TOPIC 1 Introduction to Art Appreciation
What is art appreciation?

❖ Art Appreciation is the knowledge and understanding of the universal and timeless qualities that
identify all great art. The more you appreciate and understand the art of different eras,
movements, styles and techniques, the better you can develop, evaluate and improve your own
artwork.
❖ It is a 3-unit course where a student will learn how to value self-expression through art. This
course will also guide the learners in the world of painting, music, theater, dance, literature,
architecture, and interior design. This course will enlighten the students that art is not only for
the chosen few but also for every individual, who wants to be well-rounded, matured and refined.
❖ Art Appreciation – is the ability to interpret or understand man-made arts and enjoy them either
through actual and work-experience with art tools and materials or possession of these works of
art for one’s admiration and satisfaction.
▪ Representational or Objective Art – these are artworks that depict something easily
recognized by most people.
▪ Non-Representational or Non-objective Arts – these are artworks that have no
resemblance to any real subject and they are what they are.
▪ Fine Arts or Independent Arts – are made primarily for aesthetic enjoyment through the
senses, especially visual and auditory.
▪ Practical Arts or Useful or Utilitarian Arts – are intended for usefulness and development of
raw materials for utilitarian purposes.
What is art?
The way you answer on the earlier activity is a form of art. To formally defined it…
• Art is very vital in our daily existence. The arts the concrete evidences in the study of humanities.
The body of arts consists of ideas, beliefs and values of the past, present and even of the future.
It comes from the Aryan root word, “AR” which means to join or to put together. The Latin terms
“ARS” means everything that is artificially made or composed by man. According to Leo Tolstoy,
“art is a means of union among all men, a means of communication.” To Aristotle, “art has no
other end but itself. All arts are patterned on nature. It is also the right reason for making things.”
• It is concerned with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of sensuous
medium. Medium – denotes the means by which the artist communicates his ideas.
▪ Visual Arts or Space Arts – are those that we perceive with our eyes and which occupies
space.
▪ Auditory or Time Arts – are those that can be heard and are expressed in time.
▪ Combined Arts – are those things that can be both seen and heard and exist in both
space and time.
According to different Philosophers…
Art is derived from Latin word “ars” meaning “ability or skill” – J.V. Estolas
Art is taken from Italian word ”artis” which means craftsmanship, skill, mastery of form,
inventiveness, and the associations that exist between form and ideas, between materials and
technique. – A. Tan
Art is a product of man’s need to express himself – F. Zulueta
Art is that which brings life in harmony with the beauty of the world – Plato
Art is an attitude of spirit, a state of mind - one which demands for its own satisfaction and
fulfilling, a shaping of matter new and more significant form. – John Dewey
Terms:
▪ Artis – craftsmanship, skill, mastery of form, inventiveness, and the associations that exist
between form and ideas, between materials and technique.
▪ Ar – to join, put together
▪ Artezein – prepare
▪ Arkiskein – put together
Art Tree
ART IS COMPOSED OF TWO SECTIONS:
❖ THE VISUAL ART WHICH IS COMPRISED OF – PAINTING, SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE.
❖ THE PERFORMING ART WHICH IS COMPRISED OF – MUSIC, THEATER, LITERATURE AND
DANCE
Art as a Language
▪ Is charged with feelings and significance, the desire to create a universal language.
▪ Concerns itself with communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of a SENSOUS
MEDIUM like color, sound, marble, words and film.
▪ These sensuous medium are fashioned into symbolic language marked by beauty of design
and coherence in form.
▪ These symbols appeals to our mind, arouse our emotions, kindle our imagination and enchant
our senses.
WHAT IS THE COMPONENTS OF ART?
Composed of an ARTIST who exhibits exceptional talents or skills in music, design, drawing or
writing; and
The PERFORMER who interprets the art.
FUNCTIONS OF ART
• Aesthetic function- appreciating art for its own sake.
• Utilitarian function-it does not only enriches man’s life but it improves nature.
• Cultural function-it enables to transmit culture from one generation to another.
• Social function-through art, man learns to love and help each other.
GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF ARTS (MANAOIS)
• Fine Arts or Independent Arts – are made primarily for aesthetic enjoyment through the senses,
especially visual and auditory.
• Practical Arts or Useful or Utilitarian Arts – are intended for usefulness and development of raw
materials for utilitarian purposes.
MAJOR AND MINOR ARTS (ESTOLAS, 1995)
•Major Arts
Painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music and dance
• Minor Arts
Decorative arts, popular arts, graphic arts, plastic arts and industrial arts
ARTS GROUPINGS (JOSEFINA ESTOLAS, 1995)
• Visual arts – graphic and plastic arts

• Performing arts – theater, play, dance, music
• Literary arts- short story, poetry, novel, drama
• Popular arts – film, newspaper, magazine, radio, television
• Gustatory art of the cuisine – food preparation, beverage preparation
• Decorative or Applied arts – beautification of houses, offices, cars, and other structures
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF ARTS (PANIZO AND RUSTIA, 1995)

❖ ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:
▪ Practical or useful arts – are directed to produce artifacts and utensils for the satisfaction of
human needs. Handicrafts, embroidery, ceramics, iron and metal crafts and tin can
manufacturing are examples of these arts.
▪ Liberal arts – directed towards intellectual growth, such as in the study of Philosophy,
Psychology, Literature, Mathematics and Sciences.
▪ Fine arts - focused towards creative activity for the contemplation of the mind and the
upliftment of the spirit. Painting, sculpture, and architecture are examples of this.
▪ Major arts – is characterized by actual and potential expressiveness such as music, poetry,
and sculpture.
▪ Minor arts – are concerned with practical uses and purposes such as interior decoration and
porcelain art.
❖ ACCORDING TO MEDIA AND FORMS:
▪ Plastic Arts – are works which exist in a physical space and perceived by the sense of sight. It
includes sculpture and decorative materials.
▪ Kinetic arts – it involve the element of rhythm. Dance is an example.
▪ Phonetic arts – utilizes sounds and words as mediums of expression. Examples are music,
drama, and literature.
▪ Pure arts – it takes only one medium of expression like sound in music and color in painting.
▪ Mixed arts – it takes more than one medium such as the opera which combine music, poetry,
and drama.
TOPIC 2 HUMANITIES
HUMANITIES
• A versatile subject which consists of the seven arts: painting, sculpture, architecture, music and
dance, literature, theater and cinema. These seven arts are the branches of learning that will
help you understand the study of humanities.
• It comes from the word “humanus” meaning humane, cultured and refined. To be human is to
possess the qualities and attributes of man and have the feelings and dispositions proper to
man. It is also a study of the different cultural aspects analyzes man’s frailties in life and how
this can be improved.
• Culture basically includes speech, knowledge, beliefs, arts, technologies, ideals and rules. To be
cultured means to be refined and well-versed in the arts, philosophy and languages. It is also a
means of misunderstanding man and his affairs.
• Humanities – refers to the arts, visual, performing arts, and literature which are branches of
learning concerned with human thought, feelings, and relations.
SCOPE OF HUMANITIES
• The humanities is a many-faceted subject. It consists of the visual arts, literature, drama and
theater, music and dance.
1. THE VISUAL ARTS are those we perceive with our eyes.

2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF VISUAL ARTS (SANCHES, 2002)
❖ Graphic arts-two-dimensional surface.
This term covers any form of visual artistic representation especially painting, drawing,
photography, graphic process (printing), commercial art and mechanical process.
• Painting – is the arts of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of pigments.
Painting Mediums
a) Watercolor e) Encaustic
b)Tempera f) Oil
c) Fresco g) Acrylic
d)Pastel
• Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to
mark paper or another two-dimensional medium.
Drawing Mediums
a) Pencil, charcoal, pen and ink c)Crayons
b)Bistre d)Silverpoint
❖ Plastic arts-three-dimensional surface.
This group includes all fields of visual arts in which materials are organized into three-
dimensional forms like architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, sculpture crafts,
industrial design, dress and costume design, theater design, etc…
• Architecture – is the arts of designing and constructing as structure

Needs fulfilled by Architecture;
• Physical • Intellectual
• Emotional • Psychosocial
• Sculpture – is the construction of a figure by putting together module segments of the

materials.
Sculpture Mediums
1) Stone (granite, marble, basalt, limestone) 5) Plaster
2) Jade 6) Clay
3) Ivory 7) Glass
4) Metals (Bronze, Brass, Copper, Gold, Silver, 8) Wood
Lead)
2. LITERATURE is the art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms
which have artistic and emotional appeal.
• Drama - a story re-created by actors on stage in front of an audience.
• Prose Fiction – includes narratives created by an author as distinguished from true accounts.
– The use of geometrical shapes and forms.
Ex. Pablo Picasso: “The Three Musicians”
“Nude in a Rocking Chair”
George Brake: “Violet and Palette”
• Essay – a non-fiction expository writing ranging from informal, personal topics to closely
critical treatments of important subjects.
• Poetry – highly expressive nature using special forms and choice of words and emotional
images. Narratives includes epics, romance and ballads and lyric forms includes the sonnets,
ode, elegy and song.
• Miscellaneous – are history, biography, letters, journals, diaries, and other works not formally
classed as literature.
USE OF LITERATURE:
• To impart moral value
• As propaganda
• To provide therapeutic help
IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE:
• Emotional appeal
• Intellectual appeal
• Humanistic value
3. MUSIC an art of arranging sounds in rhythmic succession generally in combination. Melody results
in this sequence and harmony from the combinations. It is a creative and performing art
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
a. Rhythm – is the variation of length and accentuation of a series of sound.

b. Melody- refers to pitches or tones sounded one after another in a logical and
meaningful series.
c. Harmony- refers to the manner of sound combination whenever subordinate sounds
are added to enhance the quality of the main sound.
d. Tempo- refers to the speed of a certain musical piece.
e. Dynamics- refers to the amount, strength, or volume of the sound.
f. Timbre -refers to tone quality
GROUPS
❖ Vocal Music – composed primarily to be sung.
Classification of vocal music
• Opera • Cantata
• Oratorio • Moro-moro
• Zarzuela
Short vocal forms

• Folk song • motet
• Art song • madrigal
• Kundiman • ballad
• Balitaw • chorale
• Danza habanera • round/canon
• Anthem • area
VOICE CLASSIFICATION
Timbre (quality)
Women’s Voicing
a) Soprano Men’s Voicing
coloratura a) Tenor
soprano b) Baritone
mezzo soprano c) Bass
lyric soprano
b) Alto or contralto
❖ Instrumental Music – is written for instruments of four general types:

1. Percussion (drums, cymbals, triangle, chimes, xylophone, tam-tam, timpani, bells)
Most percussion instruments make sounds when they are hit, such as a drum or a
tambourine. Others are shaken, such as maracas, and still others may be rubbed,
scratched, or whatever else will make the instrument vibrate and thus produce a sound.
2. Stringed (violin, cello, guitar, ukulele, banjo)
The strings may be plucked, as in a guitar or harp; bowed, as with a cello or a violin; or
struck, as with a dulcimer. This creates a vibration that causes a unique sound
3. Woodwind (flute, clarinet, oboe, piccolo, English horn, bassoon)
Produce sound when air (wind) is blown inside. Air might be blown across an edge, as
with a flute; between a reed and a surface, as with a clarinet; or between two reeds, as
with a bassoon. The sound happens when the air vibrates inside.
4. Brass winds (saxophone, trumpet, French horn, trombone)
Brass instruments are made of brass or some other metal and make sound when air is
blown inside. The musician's lips must buzz, as though making a "raspberry" noise against
the mouthpiece. Air then vibrates inside the instrument, which produces a sound.
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
1. Sonata 4. Concerto
2. Suite 5. Chamber Music
3. Symphony
Music combined with other arts

• Opera - drama set to music. It is mostly or entirely sung with an orchestral accompaniment.
• Operetta and Musical Comedy – a drama set to music but is light popular romantic often
humorous or comic. It uses spoken dialogues.
• Oratorio and Cantata – sacred musical drama in concert form based from biblical accounts
and made of recited parts with orchestral accompaniment.
4. DRAMA AND THEATRE

A drama or play is a story re-created by actors on a stage in front of an audience.
• Types of Drama
Tragedy – serious in nature in which the central character comes to some sad and disastrous
ending and also portray.
Melodrama – the emphasis is on the action rather on the character. Action is a happy ending.
Types of Melodrama
• Romantic Comedy – light amusing tales of lovers in some dilemma which is
finally solved happily.
• Farce – light humorous play whose emphasis is on the jokes, humorous physical
actions, ludicrous situations and impossible characters.
• Comedy of Manners – “drawing room comedy” is sophisticated and sometimes
satirical. It uses witty dialogues and characters are usually high society types and
situations are unreal.
5. DANCE involves the movement of the body and the feet in rhythm.
❖ Elements of Dance
o Theme o Music
o Design o Costume and Body paraphernalia
o Movement o Choreography
o Technique o Scenery
TYPES OF DANCES
• Ethnologic – include folk dancing associated with national and cultural groups.
– Social or Ballroom Dances – popular type of dancing generally performed by pairs.
– Ballet – a formalized type of dance which originated in the royal courts of the
middle Ages. They may be either solo or concerted dances and generally built
around a theme or story.
• Modern – are sometimes called contemporary interpretative dances and represents
rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet. It is a personal communication of moods
and themes.
• Musical dances – dances performed by soloists, groups, choruses in theatres, nightclubs,
motion pictures, and television. It combines various forms of ballet, modern, tap, and
acrobatics.
FORMS OF DANCES:
o Religious Dances o Ceremonial dance
o Magical dance o Recreative dance
o Commemorative dance o Testimonial dance
Activity #1: Appreciate yourself

“In order to appreciate others, we must appreciate ourselves first.”
Make a portrait of yourself as a sign of your self-appreciation. Draw it in a sketch pad or Oslo paper.
Take a picture of it with your signature on the lower right corner. You can also put a literary work of
yours on it such as quotes, poem haiku or slogan with a context of self-appreciation. Submit it on
your designated online class.
Your work will be graded by the following criteria:
Resemblance 2pts
Creativity 2pts
Complexity 3pts
Neatness 3pts
TOTAL 10 PTS
PRE-ACTIVITY #2
WHAT’S IN THE ARTWORK?
Take a look at the pictures and answer the questions below.
What legend/myth have you remembered by looking at these pictures?

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Whose images are in the painting?
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What do you think is the meaning of the painting?

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TOPIC 2.1 Subject of Arts
A ccording to Sumayao (2018) on his article entitled “Painting the Marcos Myth with Ferdinand as
Malakas, Imelda as Maganda”, children were raised on the myth, and the Marcoses made sure
it was their faces that came to mind whenever the story was told. Though there are variations
on the creation myths across the archipelago, the story of Malakas and Maganda (Subject) is the one
story known most widely across the nation, and therefore had the privilege of being Marcos’ myth of
choice. It would become the centerpiece of a propaganda campaign that sought to capture not only the
minds of Filipinos, but their sense of identity.
Cosayo painted an image of Malakas and Maganda in Ferdinand’s and Imelda’s likeness. On a surface
level, one might see this simply as self-aggrandizement; the couple as the ideal male and female: strong
and beautiful, respectively. To the subconscious, however, it was meant to depict the couple as parents
of the entire nation. It was from them that the new Philippines, “Ang Bagong Lipunan,” was born. And,
as all Filipinos are raised to believe, one must never disobey one’s parents; doing so would show a lack
of appreciation for their kindness (Content).
What is a Subject?
✓ To a majority of people, the appeal of most works of art lies in the representation of familiar
objects. Their enjoyment of painting, sculpture and literature comes not from their perception
of the meaning but from the satisfaction they get out of recognizing the subject or
understanding the narrative content.
✓ The subject of art refers to any person, object, scene or event described or represented in a
work of art.
▪ Representational or Objective Art – these are artworks that depict something easily
recognized by most people.
(eg Painting, Sculpture, Graphic Arts, Literature and Theatre Arts)
▪ Non-Representational or Non-objective Arts – these are artworks that have no
resemblance to any real subject and they are what they are.
• Music, Architecture and many of the Functional Arts – Program Music – musical
compositions which have subject
• They do not present descriptions, stories, or references to identifiable objects or

symbols. Rather they, appeal directly to the senses primarily because of the satisfying
organization of their sensuous and expressive elements.
✓ Many contemporary painters have turned away from representational to non-objective

painting. They have shifted their attention to the work of art as an object in itself, an exciting
combination of shapes and colors that fulfills an aesthetic need without having to represent
images or tell a story.
✓ Many modern paintings are like this making them more difficult to comprehend
METHODS IN PRESENTING ART SUBJECT

1. Realism – presentation of subjects as it is. It is also the portrayal of objective reality.
Ex. Audrey Flack: “Queen”

Gustace Courbet: “The Stone-Breaker”
2. Abstraction – it means to move away or to separate. The artist is more concerned about the
presentation of a part or a portion of a subject.
Types of Abstraction
• Elongation – subjects are lengthened or stretched out.
Ex. El Greco: “the Resurrection”
“St Martin and the Beggar”
• Distortion – subjects are in a mishappen condition
Ex. Henry Moore: “Recumbent Figure”
• Cubism – the use of geometrical shapes and forms.
Ex. Pablo Picasso:“The Three Musicians”
“Nude in a Rocking Chair”
George Brake:“Violet and Palette”
• Mangling – is rarely used by artist today. Here, the subject is either cut, or mutilated
• Abstract expression is a style that is characterized by the use of large canvasses and a deliberate
lack of refinement in the application of the paint, strong color, uneven brush strokes and rough
texture.
3. Fauvism emphasis on pleasure; the artists are non-conformists. Colors are not realistic and are mostly
bright.
4. Dadaism from the French word “DADA” which means hobby-horse and a movement meant to shock
the public.
Ex. Marcel Duchamp: “Fountain”

Idealistic and subscribed to the ideas of liberty, freedom, justice, and equality.
Ex. Juan Luna: “Spollarium”
5. Romanticism rich and filled with emotion.
Ex. Eugene Delacroix: “Liberty Leading the People”
6. Impressionism is concentrated on the artist’s impression of the moment.

Ex. Claude Monet: “Sunrise”
Eduord Manet: “The Beat Waitress”
7. Expressionism based on non-rational and emotional concepts
Harsh, morbid, brutal, introspective
• Free distortion of form color through which the painter gives visual form to inner sensations or
emotion.
8. Surrealism based from the Freudian Theory “Psychoanalysis; aimed to bring the elements of
subconscious to the surface.
Ex. Salvador Dali: “Persistence of Memory”
KINDS OF SUBJECTS
• Landscapes, seascapes, cityscapes these are artworks that show the physical environment.
– Artists have always been fascinated with their physical environment.

– Favorite subject of Chinese and Japanese painters.
– Fernando Amorsolo, is well known for having romanticized Philippine landscapes.
– In Europe, the paintings of pure landscapes without human figures was almost unheard of
until the Renaissance. They only served as backgrounds prior to this.
– Modern painters seem to be attracted to scenes in cities. Vicente Manansala, Arturo Luz
and Mauro Malang Santos are some who have done Cityscapes
• Still Life groups of inanimate objects arranged in an indoor setting such as objects as dishes of
food on a dining table, pots and pans on a kitchen table, etc...
– These are groups of inanimate objects arranged in an indoor setting (flower and fruit
arrangements, dishes food, pots and pans, musical instruments and music sheets). The
arrangement is like that to show particular human interests and activities.
– The still lifes of Chinese and Japanese painters usually show flowers, fruits and leaves still in
their natural setting, unplucked from the branches.
– Today, focus is on the exciting arrangement and combinations of the object’s shapes and
colors.
• Animals the earliest known paintings are representations of animals.
They have been represented by artists from almost every age and place. In fact, the earliest
known paintings are representations of animals on the walls of caves.
– The carabao has been a favorite subject of Filipino artists.
– The Maranaws Maranaws have an animal form of have an animal form of sarimanok
sarimanok as their as their proudest prestige symbol.
– Animals have been used as symbols in conventional religious art.
• The dove stands for the Holy Spirit in representations of the Trinity
• The fish and lamb are symbols of Christ
• The phoenix is the symbol of Resurrection
• The peacock is the symbol of Immortality through Christ
• Portrait is a realistic likeness of a person in sculpture, painting, drawing, or print.
–People have always been intrigued by the human face as an index of the owner’s character.
As an instrument of expression, it is capable of showing a variety of moods and feelings.
– It is a realistic likeness of a person in sculpture, painting, drawing or print but it need to be
a photographic likeness. A great portrait is a product of a selective process, the artist
highlighting certain features and de-emphasizing others.
– It does not have to be beautiful but it has to be truthful.
– Besides the face, other things are worth noticing in portraits are the subject’s hands, which
can be very expressive, his attire and accessories for it reveals much about the subject’s time.
– Statues and busts of leaders and heroes were quite common among the Romans but it was
not until the Renaissance that portrait painting became popular in Europe.
– Many artists did self-portraits. Their own faces provided them unlimited opportunities for
character study.
• Figures is the traditional chief subject of artists showing the human body, nude or clothed.
– The sculptor’s chief subject has traditionally been the human body, nude or clothed. The
body’s form, structure and flexibility offer the artist a big challenge to depict it in a variety of
ways, ranging from the idealistic as in the classical Greek sculptures to the most abstract.
– The grace and ideal proportions of the human form were captured in religious sculpture by
the ancient Greeks. To them, physical beauty was the symbol of moral and spiritual
perfection; thus they portrayed their gods and goddesses as possessing perfect human
shapes.
–Early Christian and medieval artists seldom represented the nude figure. The figures they
used to decorate the walls and entrances of their churches were distorted so as not to call
undue attention and distract people from their spiritual thoughts.
– But Renaissance artists reawakened an interest in the nude human figure.
– A favorite subject among painters is the female figure in the nude.
• Everyday Life this is the artists observation of people going about their usual ways, performing
their usual tasks.
– Artists have always shown a deep concern about life around them. Many of them have
recorded in paintings their observation of people going about their usual ways and performing
their usual tasks.
– Genre Paintings – representations of rice threshers, cockfighters, candle vendors, street
musicians and children at play.
• History and Legend shows a significant scene in the past; legend pictures the mysteries behind
the folk stories.
– History consists of verifiable facts, legends of unverifiable ones, although many of them are
often accepted as true because tradition has held them so far. Insofar as ancient past is
concerned, it is difficult to tell how much of what we know now is history and how much is
legend.
– History and Legend are popular subjects of art.
– While many works may not be consciously done historical records, certain information about
history can be pieced from them. The costumes and accessories, the status symbols, the kinds
of dwellings or the means of transportation.
– Malakas and Maganda and Mariang Makiling are among the legendary subjects which have
been rendered in painting and sculpture by not a few Filipino artists.
• Religion and Mythology arts are used to instruct, to inspire feelings of devotion and to convert
non-believers; many artists have been inspired by the beauty and magic of mythological
characters.
– Art has always been a handmaiden of Religion. Most of the world’s religions have used the
arts to aid in worship, to instruct, to inspire feelings of devotion and to impress and convert
non - believers.
– The Christian Church commissioned craftsmen to tell the stories about Christ and the
saints in pictures, usually in mosaics, murals and stained glass windows in churches. It also
resorted to the presentation of tableaux and plays to preach and teach.
Some religions however, forbid the representation of divinity as human beings or animal
forms, although they allow the use of some signs or symbols in their place.
• Pictures of God, human beings, or animals are forbidden in Judaism and Islam because
people might worship the images themselves
• Other religions have taught that a god may sometimes assume human or other visible
forms.
– Thus he is distinguished from human beings by a halo, wing, or a darker complexion,
or by the use of some attributes
» The ancient Egyptians portrayed their gods as part human and part animal
» The ancient African tribes distorted their god’s features
» Among the Hindus, Shiva is shown as a four-armed go d
» Buddha, is symbolized by his footprints, a wheel or a true
• In the early Christian world, representation of divinity were also symbolic. There were
precise conventions in rendering them.
– The serpent has been used to mean evil
– The Four Evangelists were represented by animal forms:
• St Luke by an Ox
• St John by an Eagle
• St Mark by a Lion
• St Matthew by a Winged Man
• Dreams and Fantasies a dream may be of lifelike situation; it may be realistically represented,
but if the figure suggests the strange, and the absurd, we would right away classify it a dream
picture.
– Dreams are usually vague and illogical. Artists especially the surrealists have tried to depict
dreams as well as the grotesque terrors and apprehensions that lurk in the depths of the
subsconscious.
– A dream may be lifelike situation.
– Therefore, we would not know if an artwork is based on a dream unless the artist explicitly
mentions it
. – But if the picture suggests the strange, the irrational and the absurd, we can classify it
right away as a fantasy or dream although the artist may not have gotten from the idea of a
dream at all but the workings of his imagination
– No limits can be imposed on an artist’s imagination.
SUBJECT MATTER VS. CONTENT
Subject matter: An artwork’s subject matter is what the images or object literally represents.
✓ In art, the definition of the subject is referring to the main character, object, or anything else
that is presented as the main focus in the work of art.
✓ The subject can appear in the center of the piece, or in any other part of it, but it is always
the most recognizable thing in the entire work of art, regardless of its size.
✓ This center of attention will be recognized whether it is a commonly known thing, or
because it can be seen in context alongside the rest of the work of art.
✓ For example, in a photograph of a dog running on the beach, the dog would be the subject,
because it is the most recognizable component in the picture.
Content: The content is what the artwork means.

✓ In the world of art, the definition of content is referred to as the general meaning or
intention of the piece. It is the way to manifest the message that the artist wants to say with
his work.
✓ Content is the message given by the piece of art. It involves the subject, the techniques used
to make the piece, the colors used, and anything that was used by the artist to make a
statement and give a message.
✓ So, in the same example mentioned before (a photograph of a dog running on the beach),
the content could be the dog’s hair moving in the air, its tongue coming out, the white sand,
a warm light from the sun, etc.. It allows to give the message that the dog feels free and
happy running outside.
✓ Content is the overall meaning or message of the work of art.
Basis of Comparison Subject Content
Definition The main object in an The meaning of the work

artwork of art
Determination Very recognizable Must be analyzed
In the work of art Is one of the parts of a Involves and unifies all
work of art parts of the artwork
TOPIC 2.2 Elements of Arts and Principles

of Art Designs
SEVEN ELEMENTS OF ART:
Line: This is a mark that is made on a surface. Lines are the first element of art and are continuous marks
that are made on any surface with a moving point. A line can to used to express various things or
feelings; it can be used to show various moods or anything abstract. Lines can be used in various ways to
create different compositions. A horizontal or a vertical line can be used to express various things in
different ways, such as, only vertical lines can be used to express an orderly feeling where are only
horizontal lines can give a feeling of peace and stillness. Diagonal lines are used to create feelings of
movement. It is up to the artist how he/she conveys it, in the best way possible through the use of lines.
(A ship sailing a stormy sea will need diagonal lines to represent movement.)
Shape: A shape always has two dimensions, length as well as width. This is represented as an enclosed
area that is defined by color, value, space, texture and form. When lines form together, they form
shapes. Shapes can be geometrical, rectangles, ovals and squares.
Form: A form always has three dimensions; length, width and height. Examples of such would be cubes,
pyramids, spheres or even cylinders. Therefore, form has depth as well as height. Sculptures and
decorative arts serve as good examples for form.
Value: The value refers to the changes in the base color. This is also determined by how much light is
reflected or absorbed by any surface. Values mean the various intensities of the tones or colors. This
could be the highlights, midtones or even shadows in any painting or sculpture.
Texture: The texture is the quality of a surface or the way any work of art is represented. There are
three kinds of basic textures, actual, simulated and the invented texture. Lines and shading can be used
to create different textures as well. For example, if one is portraying certain fabrics, one needs to give
the feeling of the right texture so that it closely resembles what the artist is trying to convey.
Color: Color always has three characteristics, which are hue, value and the intensity. Hue means the
shades (Red, yellow or pink), value refers to the lightness or the darkness and intensity refers to the
brightness or dullness of the work of art.
Space: Space is the creation of visual perspective; this gives the illusion of depth. Space can also mean
the way an artist uses the area within the picture plane. Real space is actually three-dimensional. The
way any artist uses the combination of positive and negative space can have a great effect on his/her
entire composition. The right use of space can go a long way in creating a bigger impact with even
minimum use of lines. Three-dimensional space can be created with the help of shading and perspective
to give a feeling of depth.
Elements and principles of design also need to go hand in hand. Principles of design are used to organize
the structural elements of design. The elements of art should be used in the right proportion to create
any great work of art
PRINCIPLES OF ART DESIGNS

The principles of design are the ways the art elements are arranged to create a successful artwork.
Eleven principles of design are: harmony, rhythm, balance, proportion, emphasis, transition/gradation,
variety, movement, repetition, contrast, and pattern.
Harmony – is the principle which produces an impression of unity through the selection and
arrangement of consistent objects or ideas.
• Harmony of lines and shapes

• Harmony of size
• Harmony of color
• Harmony of texture
• Harmony of ideas
Rhythm – in design, is the regular, uniform, or related visual movement made through the
repetition of motif.
• Formal or Symmetrical – repetition of a motif in uniform and regular arrangement
• Informal Asymmetrical - repetition of a motif with variation in its form size and
arrangement
Balance – is a condition or quality which gives a feeling of rest, repose, equilibrium, or stability
Proportion – is the art principle which shows pleasing relationship between a whole and its parts
and between parts itself.
3 ASPECTS
• Grouping of objects
• Space division
• Scales
Emphasis – is the principle of art which tends to carry the eyes from the center of interest or
dominant part of any composition to the less important or subordinate part.
Methods of Emphasizing Objects
▪ By arrangement or grouping of objects

▪ By decoration
▪ By color contrast
▪ By the use of plain background space
▪ By the use of unusual lines, shapes, sizes and color
▪ By action or movements
Transition/Gradation is the principle of design that deals with a series of gradual changes
between art elements. Notice the use of many shades of gray on Napoleon’s clothes. The viewer
perceives a real, rounded person, not a flat picture. The subtle changes in value cause the 2-D shape
to appear as a 3-D form.
Variety is the quality achieved when the art elements are combined in various combinations to
increase visual interest. For example, an assortment of shapes that are of a variety of sizes is visually
more interesting than an assortment of shapes that are all the same size.
Movement is the principle of design that uses some of the art elements to produce the look of
action or to cause the viewer’s eye to sweep over the artwork in a certain manner. Starry Night
above shows movement as well as rhythm. Below the swirling movement of the arms of Christ along
with positions of the bodies on the right and Mary on the left, cause the eye to quickly move
through the shapes and return to the center of interest, Christ.
Repetition is a way of combining art elements so that the same elements are used over and over.
Contrast is a principle of design that emphasizes differences between art elements. For example,
a painting may have bright colors that contrast with dull colors or geometric shapes that contrast
with organic shapes. Sharp contrast draws attention and can direct a viewer to a focal point within
an artwork.
Pattern is repetition of an art element, typically shapes, lines, or colors, used for surface
decoration or ornamentation.
Other Art principles

▪ Novelty or newness
▪ Variety or variation
▪ Utility, adaptability or function
▪ Contrast
Activity#2:Photograph your Subject

Think of a subject that is close to your heart, make a minimum of 20 creative photos with that
subject. Make a presentation of the photos with a caption in each photo. Your presentation can
be in a form of PowerPoint or video. Submit it on your designated online class.
PRE-ACTIVITY #3
WHO PAINTED IT?
Are you familiar with the following painting? Try to recall the painter of the following artworks.
“Spoliarium” “The Last Supper”
By:___________________ By:________________________
_____
“Monalisa”
By:______________________
__
“The Christian Virgins Exposed
to the Populace” “The Starry Night”
By:_______________________ By:_______________________
_ _
Question:
What do you think is the reason why their works become notable?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

TOPIC 3 PAINTING
PAINTING
• The art of applying color or other organic or synthetic substances to various surfaces to create a
representational, imaginative or abstract picture or design.
• The earliest known paintings were executed on the walls of caves and rock shelters some 30,000
years ago during Paleolithic period. Some may be seen in Western Europe, Southern and
Saharan Africa and Australia.
Elements of Painting
❖ LINE – it is a man’s own invention; extension of a point. This is a mark that is made on a surface.
Lines are the first element of art and are continuous marks that are made on any surface with a
moving point. A line can be used to express various things or feelings; it can be used to show various
moods or anything abstract. Lines can be used in various ways to create different compositions
Vertical lines – power, stability, strength
Horizontal lines – relaxation, calmness, at peace, laziness
Diagonal lines – movement
Curve lines – graceful movements, fluidity, and flexibility
Crooked or Jagged lines - express energy, violence, conflict, and struggle.
❖ SHAPE – it is an area of flat surface enclosed by a line. A shape always has two dimensions, length
as well as width. This is represented as an enclosed area that is defined by color, value, space,
texture and form. When lines form together, they form shapes. Shapes can be geometrical,
rectangles, ovals and squares.
❖ TEXTURE – it refers to the feel or tactile quality of a surface of an object; the roughness or
smoothness of an object. The texture is the quality of a surface or the way any work of art is
represented. There are three kinds of basic textures, actual, simulated and the invented texture. Lines
and shading can be used to create different textures as well. For example, if one is portraying certain
fabrics, one needs to give the feeling of the right texture so that it closely resembles what the artist is
trying to convey.
❖ SIZE – it is smallness or largeness of an object.
❖ COLOR – it a series of wave lengths which strike our retina. Spectrum consists of different colors:
red, orange, blue, indigo and violet.
PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF COLORS
• Hue is a quality which gives color its name. The color of the spectrum are therefore called hues.
• Value is the lightness or darkness of color.
• Intensity is the strength of the color’s hue. Brightness or dullness of color.
• Harmony (related/contrasted) terms for colors that are thought to match.
CLASSIFICATION OF COLORS
• The Primary Colors are the original colors which cannot be derived from any color combination.
They are red, blue and yellow.
• The Secondary Colors are the combination of two primary colors. They are green, orange, and
violet.
• The Tertiary Colors are the combination of both the primary and secondary colors. They are
yellow green, yellow orange, blue green, blue violet, red orange, and red violet.
• The Complementary Color scheme is composed of one of the primary colors and the combination
of two others. For example, the complementary color of red is green, made by mixing yellow
and blue.
• Analogous colors are three neighboring colors in the color wheel one distinct color among them.
COLOR INTERPRETATION
• Cold colors – winter, spring, not aggressive in hue

• Warm colors – summer. Fall, friendly in character
• Red – excitement, danger, war, heat, anger, aggressive
• Orange – autumn, warmth, movement, can be disagreeably hot in effect
• Green – spring, summer foliage, safety, coolness, restful and pleasant
• Yellow – sun, warmth without heat
• Blue – coolness, happiness, pleasure, popular with men
• Purple – coolness, royalty
• Cool colors – dignity, formality
• Warm colors – informality, excitement
• Pink – femininity
• Black – mourning, sorrow, death
• White – purity, innocence
• Brown – humbleness, nobility
MEDIUMS OF PAINTING
Pigment – is that part of the paint which supplies the color, is fine powder ground from some clay,
stone, or mineral extracted from vegetable matter.
• Encaustic – a medium that combines dry pigments with the heat-softened wax and in modern
times. Resin
• Tempera – earth or mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk and egg white. Since the paint dries
quickly, corrections are difficult to make.
• Fresco – is the application of earth pigments with water on a plaster wall while the plaster is still
damp. Color then sinks into the surface and becomes an integral part of the wall.
• Watercolor – is tempered paint made of pure ground pigment bound with gum Arabic. It gives a
delicate luminous texture to the painting.
• Oil – the pigment is mixed with linseed oil applied to primed canvas. It is flexible. Oil paints are
slow to dry and the painting can be changed and worked over a long period of time.
• Acrylic – synthetic paint using acrylic polymer emulsions as binder are the newest mediums and
the ones that are widely used by today’s painters. They dry quickly like the watercolor and also
flexible like the oil. They do not tend to crack, turn yellow or darken with age.
ART RELATED TO PAINTING

• Mosaic – it is related to painting only because it creates pictures on flat surfaces. They are wall
or floor decorations made of small cubes of irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or glass
called tesserae.
• Stained Glass – a translucent glass colored by mixing metallic oxides into the molten glass or by
fixing them onto the surface of the clear glass. The glass is then cut into shapes and assembled
into the desired image and held together by strips of lead.
• Tapestry – are fabrics into which colored designs have been woven.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAINTING

➢ PRE-HISTORIC PAINTING= (40,000 B.C – 9000 B.C)
The following are utilized to produce pre-historic paintings
• Animal Spear
• Rudimentary Materials
-drawn on cave, stones, and on earth-filled ground
-drawings or illustrations dealt heavily with hunting and employed stylistics treatment
➢ PRE-HISTORIC GREEK PAINTING
FOUR PERIODS
1. Formative or Pre-Greek Period- Motif was sea and nature
2. First Greek Period- Egyptian influences
3. Golden Age (480-400 B.C)- aesthetics ideals is based on the representation of human characters
as an expression of divine system
4. Hellenistic Period (4th Century- 1st B.C)
❖ Heightened individualism
❖ Tragic mood
❖ Contorted faces (Lacaustic painting)
Subject matter of painting in Pre-historic Greece
▪ Young wide males

▪ Draped female
▪ Wounded soldiers
▪ Scenes from everyday life
▪
➢ PRE- HISTORIC ROMAN PAINTING
TWO PERIODS
❖ Etruscan Period (2000-1000 B.C)- ancestor worship, catacombs, and sarcophagus
❖ Roman Period (2000 B.C- 400A.D)- commemorative statues, sarcophagus, frescoes, design with
vine motifs
• Served as the cult of ancestors and defied emperors
➢ MEDIEVAL PERIOD PAINTING-- Three Periods
1. Early Christian Art- Symbols of the following: cross, alpha, grapes, dish, lamb, omega, alpha,
triumphal wreaths, dove and peacock
Styles which began in this Period
• Haloed Christ
• Martyrs
• Saints
• Virgin Mary
❖ Spiritual Expression took precedence over physical beauty.
2. Byzantine Art – Christ as creator and Mary the mother of God

3. Gothic Art- religious, grotesques, calmer and plastic in style
❖ Madonna and Child of Franco-Flemish – school gazing playful mood is an example
❖ Franco- Flemish paintings – portable easel painting and oil painting
Features of Illustration
- Altar pieces with general wings that open and close
- Children’s faces- were painted like small adults
- Spectator was even drawn into the picture
- Landscape was incorporated using open window technique distant views of town, people and
river can be seen.
➢ RENAISSANCE PERIOD PAINTING
Three Periods
1. Early Renaissance (14th -15th Century) – emphasis on simplicity, gestures, and expression. Man
and nature depicted in fresco technique.
2. High Renaissance (16th Century) – centre was in painting style of
▪ Florence
▪ Venice
▪ Rome
Consist of the following:
▪ Deepening of pictorial space
▪ Making the sky more dramatic with dark clouds and flashes of light
- Da Vinci introduced the chiaroscuro
- Michael Angelo dramatized the position of figures in his famous contrapuesto-twists
3. Mannerism Period- human figured rendered through the use of oil paints of sumptuous, warm
and sensual colours.
Famous Painters
▪ Giotto
▪ Leonardo da Vinci
▪ Raffaello Sanzio (Rafael)
▪ Michelangelo (The Creation of Adam)
➢ BAROQUE PERIOD PAINTING
• Ornate and fantastic
• Appeal to the emotions
• Sensual and highly decorative
• Use of light and shadow to produce dramatic effects
• Shows figures of diagonal, twists and zigzags
Famous Painters
▪ Peter Rubens
▪ Rembrandt
▪ El Greco
▪ Diego Velasquez
▪ Bartolome Esteban Murillo
➢ ROCOCO PERIOD PAINTING

• Emphasis voluptuousness and picturesque and intimate presentation of form and
country
• Use of soft pastel colors, rendering the landscape, smoking and hazy with the subject
always centre of the canvas.
Famous Painters
Watteau William Hogarth
Jean Antoine Joshua Reynolds
Jean-Honore Francois Boucher
Fragonard
➢ ROMANTIC PERIOD PAINTING

✓ Artist reactions to past events, landscapes and people
✓ Painting is richer than Rococo
✓ Francisco Goya Famous painter
➢ 19TH CENTURY PERIOD PAINTING
-aimed to please the public
Movements appeared are the following:
1. Impressionism - Paul Cezanne the greatest impressionist and Father of Modern Art.
➢ Achievements of the Impressionist

▪ Simplicity
▪ Brilliance
▪ Perfect Balance
▪ Brightness of colours
▪ Sense of depth in art
2. Expressionism- Vincent Van Gough the Father of Expressionism
Used the following:
▪ Bright colors
▪ Pure Colors
Mixed on the palette but applied to the canvas in small dots or strokes
Gough’s works are notable with the following:
Rough Beauty
Emotional Honesty Simplicity
Bold colors
Paul Gaugin- also practice simplicity in art, study the technique of craftsmen, applied these to his
canvas, simplifying the outline of forms but employing strong patches of colors.
•Tahiti Women- Paul Gaugin
•Starry Night- Vincent Van Gough
Activity#3: Be a painter!
Create your own artwork using an acrylic, poster color or watercolor in an Oslo paper or Sketch
pad. Attach your signature on the lower right corner and took a photo of it. Submit your work on your
designated online class.
Originality 2pts
Creativity 2pts
Complexity 3pts
Neatness 3pts
TOTAL 10 PTS
PRE-ACTIVITY #4
NAME IT!
SCULPTURE SCULPTOR
Bonifacio National Monument Guillermo Tolentino
Sandugo (Blood Compact) Shrine Napoleon Abueva
Jose Rizal Monument Eduardo Castrillo
Oblation Guillermo Tolentino
Leyte Landing Monument Anastacio Caedo

TOPIC 4 SCULPTURE
F ilipino sculptors came to be known in the middle of the 19th century. Classical Philippine
sculpture reached its peak in the works of Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976). His best known
masterpiece is the Bonifacio Monument, which is a group sculpture composed of numerous
figures massed around a central obelisk. The principal figure is Andres Bonifacio, leader of the revolution
against Spain in 1896. Behind him stands Emilio Jacinto, the brains of the Katipunan. The Bonifacio
Monumen t - completed in 1933 -- marked the apex of Tolentino'’s career.
Napoleon Abueva (born 1930), one of Tolentino'’s pupils, is one of the pioneering modernists in sculpture.
He used various media. And his stylization bordered on the abstract as in Allegorical Harpoon, in which
the dominant horizantal thrust of the figure evokes the vitality of primitive forms. Abueva'’s more famous
work is Fredesvinda , which was included in the First ASEAN Sculpture Symposium held in Fort Canning
Hill, Singapore, from March 27 to April 26, 1981.
Source : https://park.org/Philippines/education/sculp.htm
SCULPTURE
• It is a three-dimensional artwork, an art of producing objects in relief or in the round out of hard
materials by means of chisel, carved work, art of molding in clay or other paste materials, figures
or objects to be later cast in bronze or other metals or plaster of Paris.
• Sculpture (Latin sculpere, “to curve”), three-dimensional art concerned with the organization of
masses and volumes. The art or practice of shaping figures or designs in the round or relief
MEDIUMS OF SCULPTURE
▪ Clay – a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired.
▪ Ice – is the name given to one of the 14 known solid phases of water. It is a crystalline solid
which can appear transparent or opaque bluish white color.
▪ Marble – a metamorphic rock resulting from regional or rarely contact metamorphism of
sedimentary carbonate rocks, either limestone or dolostone.
▪ Ivory – is ideal for decorative art because it is hard, close grained, and takes carving and dyes
well. Its durable, many specimen survive and provides clues into the art.
▪ Wood – can make many forms, from a tree to a house, from a piece of furniture to a door, from
something functional to something sculptural.
KINDS OF SCULPTURE
▪ Relief – these are the sculptures which are identifies as embossed sculptures in which images
are set against a flat background.
▪ Alto relievo (Italian for “high relief”) the figures are sculptured partly or wholly in the round,
that is, they project entirely, or almost entirely, from the surfacr of the block in which they are
cut.
▪ Basso-relievo(Italian for low-relief; French, bas-relief) is a form of surface-ornamentation in
which the projection is very slight.
▪ Free-Standing – this is the kind of sculpture in the round such as statues and monuments which
are either scaled or done in life size.
▪ Kinetic or Mobile Sculptures – these are identified as moving sculptures which in some cases
are suspended in air to move.
▪ Processes in Sculpture
▪ Molding – this is the additive wherein the building up of form is done to complete the artwork.
▪ Carving – this is the subtracting method wherein the removal of the unnecessary portions of the
material used is done.
▪ Fabrication – this is the putting-together-process wherein welding is an example.
▪ Casting – this is setting up the negative mold in order to produce the positive mold.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCULPTURE

- Sculpture is an art form which employs modelling.
Modelling- refers to the technique by which a material is shaped and formed into a single mass
or a block of material having tri-dimensional form.
➢ PRE- HISTORIC SCULPTURE
• Consists of rude forms carved in stones and woods

• Figures and images were created to commemorate heroes and heroines and perpetuate the
memory of men
➢ EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE- gone through four periods
1. First Dynasty Period- (5000 years ago)
-sun, moon, stars, sacred animals are common subjects
-decorated tombs of dead with scenes from his life, signs of rank, profession with assurance that
his spirit continue exist within the tomb
-statues began to flourish in this period
2. Old Kingdom Period
-portrait sculpture emphasized
-Five life-like structures existed
-Statues are single or in family groups
-Faces were always calm and grave
-Statues with royal personage are larger than the
-ordinary for impression of movement and splendor.
3. Middle Kingdom Period
- Faces of statues made during this period depicted individual mood but their bodies were still rigid
and straight in posture.
4. New Kingdom Period
- Life-like and vigorous looking figures
- depicted in usual poses, walking, dancing, and bending
- figures shows dignity and serenity
FORMS OF EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE
▪ PALLETTES- shield pieces of stone with relief carving
▪ WALL CARVING- bas-reliefs or high reliefs found in wall of tombs
▪ STATUES- figures of men and women in sitting and standing position usually impressive
GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA – is an example of pre-historic Egyptian sculpture
➢ GREEK SCULPTURE - gone through three stages
1. Daedalic Period - Marble was heavily used; nude male statues produced
2. Classical Age -‘’ Golden Age’’ or ‘’Age of Pericles’’ in Greece
- Temples of Gods and goddesses were adorned
-Many statues depicted young victors of Greek games and athletic contest
-The human body is the emphasized of art
-Male are always naked and women are draped
3. Later Greek Period - Male and Female show figures in a very little or no
clothing at all.
• VENUS DE MILO- THE EXAMPLE OF Pre-historic Greek Sculpture
➢ ROMAN SCULPTURE - portrayed famous men and women in bust forms. Personalities were
represented as if in real life, including their individual imperfections.
- Given the Etruscan descendant of naturalism, Roman portraiture set an early standard of
excellence that became the model for the whole Western tradition. It falls into two classes: portraits
and historical relief. Both reflect the highly developed Roman taste of realism.
➢ BYZANTINE SCULPTURE - Classified into two periods

1. Early Byzantine Sculpture- no statues can be seen in the churches and basilicas only symbols or
signs as mosaic
2. Later Byzantine Sculpture- Statues replaced by mosaic symbols and signs.
- Biblical statues adorned like churches, basilicas, and even homes
-statues are tall, dignified, straight, exquisitely carved, sometimes covered with jewels
CHRIST- shown as fully garbed, matured, and has a dark-beard and haunting eyes.
➢ ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE- prominence to Biblical characters and human figures as subjects

▪ Biblical and human figures were carved in statues or in reliefs with the bodies fully clothed, flat,
elongated and faces grave and remote.
▪ Draperies were usually swirled in whirlpool patterns around these figures.
▪ Arches of churches were decorated with zigzag and geometric designs.
➢ GOTHIC SCULPTURE
Human features were given a natural and life-like look, both in bodies and facial expressions. They
wore garments to give the impression of real bodies.
➢ RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE- divided into three periods

1. Early Renaissance Sculpture - anatomical shapes, proportions, and perspectives to indicate a
more scientific attitude towards art.
2. Middle Renaissance Sculpture - end of 15th Century became secular than religious. Palaces
were adorned with sculpture cast in bronze.
3. Later Part of the Renaissance - subjects were legends and myths of Greece and Rome and
given complete freedom on their choice of subjects.
➢ BAROQUE SCULPTURE- 17TH Century depicted the beauty of art and stressed on the
expression of emotion.
FAMOUS SPANISH SCULPTOR
1. Gian Lorenzo - Bernini
2. Gregorio Fernandez - Piedad of Gregorio
3.
➢ ROCOCO SCULPTURE- ornate and exquisite designed purely for ornamental purposes.
Appeared largely in furniture, panels, vases, and urns.
-First used in the court of the French King Louis XV
➢ 19th CENTURY SCULPTURE- there were two schools in this period

1. Neo-classicism
2. Romantic Realism
Neo-classical schools - perfect human anatomy endowed with calm, reflective look
Romantic Realistic School - realistic figures with psychological attitude of the French revolution.
AUGUSTE RODIN- Prominent 19TH CENTURY SCULPTURE
➢ 20TH CENTURY SCULPTURE- mainly concerned with the human body

1. Pablo Picasso- the Father of Abstract sculpture and Julio Gonzalez advocated a regeneration of
plastic shapes through geometric organization of the human body. Abstract remained tied to
Biology
2. Henry Moore and his associates depicted anxiety and terror in the sculpture
3. Alberto Giacometti- carved or endowed a figure with action or feeling by using thinned-out
matter using rising and upward in empty space.
In 1990 geometric shapes emerged, which lead to a new tools of sculpture—the blow torch
Sculpture show contemporary fear and terror in this period.
Activity#4: SCULPTURE
Using a wax or a wood sculpt an object of your choice. Make sure that it will be unique. When
you are done took a photo of it and submit it on your designated online class.
Originality 2pts
Creativity 2pts
Complexity 3pts
Neatness 3pts
TOTAL 10 PTS
PRE-ACTIVITY #5
WHAT’S YOUR DREAM HOUSE?
Illustrate/describe your dream house.

TOPIC 5.1 ARCHITECTURE
•
ARCHITECTURE
The art and science of building and erecting buildings.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
✓ Before The Paleolithic and Mesolithic Age people used caves for shelter and for most religious
ceremonies.
✓ Beginnings of architecture took place in a Neolithic Age The New Stone Age lasted through
8000-3000 B.C.
➢ WESTERN ARCHITECTURE IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR AREAS
1. Architecture of Mesopotamia- Temple became dominant

– Architecture of Sumerians- ziggurat temple represents god-centred structure
– Architecture of Assyrians- Palace of King Sargon II
– Architecture of the Neo- Babylonians- Ishtar-Gate built by King Nebuchadnezzar II
– Architecture of the Persians- The Palace at Persepolis
2. Architecture of Ancient Egypt- in the Valley of Nile used readily available materials
Seeds Timber
Papyrus Wood
Palm Branch Ribs Stone
Two Types of Egyptian architecture are:
▪ Simple Steriometric Shape of mass
▪ Rhytmically articulated columnar hall,tombs, pyramids and temples displayed these types of
Architecture
❖ Architecture of Old Kingdom

-The Mastaba- bench
-Pyramid of Zoser- Near Cairo
-Pyramid of Giza – symbol of pharaonic Power
❖ Architecture of the Middle Kingdom (2130-1580 B.C) rock-cut tombs at Beni-Hasan
Basic Design elements are Portico, vestibule, columned hall, and Sacred chamber
❖ Architecture of the New Kingdom – characterized by grandiose temple, e.g. Mortuary Temple
Of Queen Hatshepsut located at Deir el-Bahri constructed 1500 B.C symbol of peace on earth.
Other temple established are:
▪ Mortuary Temple of Ramses II
▪ Temples of Ancient Gods
▪ Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak
▪ Temple of Amun-Mut-Khonsu at Luxor
3. Aegean and Ancient Architecture (1600-1200 BC)

▪ The Palace of Knossos, Crete (1600-1400 BC) - oblong shape of the court and the general layout
of the palace shows centralized arrangement.
▪ The Mycenaean Architecture (1400-1200 BC)- the Citadel of Tiryns was representative
architecture of this era.
▪ The Ancient Greek Architecture - is essentially columnar and trabeated.
The Elevation consists of three parts:
1. Platform or base
2. Columns
3. Superstructure or entablature
The combination of the three parts is called an architectural order.

▪ Doric Order - the earliest of the Greek architectural orders also called muscular order.
▪ Corinthians Order - variant of Ionic order, those not consists of volutes bit stylized
acanythus leaves.
▪ Ionian and Corinthians Order were in regards to feminine with inverted bell shape.
▪ Columns rest on a three-stepped platform or base.
Capital consists of two elements
▪ Lower- echinus(circular and cushion like)
▪ Upper- abacus (square that provides support of the entablature)
4. Etruscan and Ancient Rome

• Etruscan house is simple rectangular structure which grew progressively more complex.
• Etruscan Temple – function primarily as an interior space a shelter protected by wide overhang
of its roof.
Ancient Roman Architecture- is a combination of axis and center.
First develop interior architectural space on a large scale.
Typical Roman Values
• Persistence • Superiority over the barbarians
• Tenacity in reaching goals • Outgoing conquering mentality
- Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre of Rome (70-83 AD)

- The Basilica Ulpia in Rome
- The Pantheon
- The Baths of Caracalla
- The Basilica of Maxentius in Rome
➢ ARCHITECTURE IN MEDIEVAL WORLD

The architectural form and style in this era are classified into
1. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture- consisted of two building types
• The Christian Basilica - rectangular building with an apse for the altar at one end.
• The Martyrium- a circular building interpreted as center.
Ex. Santa Sabina, Santa Costanza, Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Church of Holy Sepulchre in
Jerusalem
Byzantine Architecture – is represented by San Vitale Dome and Hagias Sophia created highly
spiritualized space.
2. Islamic Architecture ( 850-1600 AD) – the most important contribution of Islamic Architecture is the
development of a new kind of interior space using Roman and Byzantine dome as a point of
departure.
Mosque - Great Mosque of Samara on the Tigris River
Palace - Alhambra Palace in Granada Spain, mausoleum Taj Mahal in Agra India
The tombs and the Forts.
3. Carolingian, Ottonian Architecture and Romanesque Architecture
▪ Carolingian Architecture was emphasized on the west which work on the temporal power
of the emperor. The Pope and Emperor joins hands in perfect equality Exemplified by
St. Michael Church in Fulda, Hesse, Germany
▪ Ottoman Architecture- is architectural flourished during the reign of Emperor Otto the
Great (936-975) style was developed in mid- 10th Century lasted mid-11th Century.
▪ Romanesque Architecture (100-1200 AD)- bay system, cross-on-groin-vaulting, semi-
circular arches for the opening in the walls, massive enclosing walls, incorporation of
towers into the church building proper.
Three types of church building
1. Pilgrimage churches
2. Monastic churches
3. Imperial cathedrals
Examples are:
- Cathedral Santiago de Compostela
- Cluny Abbey in France
- Imperial Cathedral of Germany
- St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice, Italy
- Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio in Milan, Italy
- Cathedral of Pisa in Tuscany, Italy
4. Gothic Architecture ( 1150-1500 AD)

The Gothic Age produced just one primary building type, the City Cathedral.
The features of the Gothic style are:
• The pointed arch
• Flying buttress
• Rib vault
Examples:
▪ Choir of Abbey Church of Saint-Denis
▪ Laon Cathedral in Paris
▪ Notre Dame de Paris
▪ Chartres Cathedral
▪ Reims Cathedral
▪ Amiens Cathedral in France
▪ Salisbury Cathedral in England
▪ St. Elizabeth Cathedral in Germany
➢ ARCHITECTURE IN THE MODERN WORLD
- Architecture in the Modern World is divided into Renaissance Architecture and Baroque
Architecture.
Renaissance Architecture in Italy (1420-1600 AD)
Dome – is a double shell structure built according to Gothic Style.
Makes man standing in the center of the dome revealing self-sufficient individuality of man, acting
not by the grace of God but more by the power of his own agency.
Structures Established are:
• Santo Spirito
• Pazzi Chapel
• Palazzo Medici Riccardi
• Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, Italy
• Basilica of Sant’ Andrea in Mantua, Italy
Baroque Architecture (1600-1750 AD)
Baroque- was odd, irregular and grotesque
It consists of two centers and a path connecting them. One center, the interior, located under the
tomb and is occupied by the main altar. The exterior is made of oblisk the path connects the exterior
and interior space of the facade. Both centers, exterior and interior convey meaning of goal, of
arrival, arrival at the end of a pilgrimage, and final arrival at the end of life—path under the dome of
heaven.
Examples are:
• St. Peter’s Basilica
• San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane in Rome
• The Royal Church of San Lorenzo in Turin, Italy
➢ ARCHITECTURE IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

-characterized by the use of industrial material especially steel, glass, and concrete deprived of
ornamentation and assembled so as to form simple geometric volumes freely laid out in space.
• Romanticism (1750-1850 AD)- remain essentially lifeless

Examples:
Guardian of the Fields at Ledoux
German Embassy in Petersburg
Street Facade of Altes Museum
Architecture of the Engineers (1800-1900 AD) such as bridges, railroad stations, large halls for work and
exhibitions of new ideas and paved the way for contemporary architecture. Availability of new building
materials like Iron and Steel
Examples of Building are:
o Severn Bridge of England and Wales
o Bridges over the Mena Strait
o Eiffel Tower- embodies the triumph of man over the forces of nature.
▪ It symbolizes high achievement of man—that he can conquer, subdue, and control nature using
these new materials.
Contemporary Architecture comes to a first climax and synthesis in the Architecture of International
Style which some call the Architecture of Rationalism and Functionalism.
– Architects of the International Style showed genuine concern for emotional and physical well -
being of men. Urban planning was intended to provide a healthy city environment.
Famous Architects Constructed Buildings are:

• Walter Gropius -Bauhaus Building in Germany
• Le Corbusier - Tugendhat House in Czech Republic
• Mies - Villa Savoye in France
-Centennial Hall
- Einstein Tower in Germany
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
When did man start building houses?
– From caves, to branches, to wigwarms, huts, concrete houses, etc.
THE STONEHENGE
• Stonehenge, a circular arrangement of large stones located near Salisbury, England, was a ritual
monument for prehistoric peoples. It was built between 3000 and 1000 BC. Little is known about
Stonehenge’s function, but many scholars believe that its structure allowed its builders to
predict solstices, equinoxes, eclipses, and other events of the solar calendar.
THE ROMAN COLOSSEUM
• Colosseum, largest and most famous ancient Roman amphitheater. The structure was originally
called Flavian Amphitheater. Modifications and restorations necessitated by fires and
earthquakes were made to the Colosseum until the early 6th century. In succeeding centuries the
Colosseum suffered from neglect, earthquakes, and damage done by builders. Still, slightly more
than one-third of the outer arcades, comprising a number of the arches on the north side,
remain standing. The seating capacity of the Colosseum is believed by modern scholars to have
been about 50,000.
THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

• The ancient Egyptians built more than 90 royal pyramids, from about 2630BC until about 1530
BC. During that time, the pyramid form evolved from a series of stepped terraces that
resembled the layers of a wedding cake to the better known, sloped pyramidal shaped. The first
pyramid, the Step Pyramid at Saqqarah, was constructed during the reign of King Djoser (2630
BC-2611 BC). The largest pyramid is the one built for King Khufu, at the site of modern Giza.
Khufu’s pyramid, known as the Great Pyramid, is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the
World that still survives.
• Egyptian pyramids served as tombs for king and queens, but they were also places of ongoing
religious activity. After a ruler died, his or her body was carefully treated and wrapped to
preserve it as a mummy. According to ancient Egyptian belief, the pyramid, where the mummy
was placed, provided a place for the monarch to pass into the afterlife. Encarta
THE PARTHENON
• Stands at the very heart of the Acropolis of Athens, Greece. It was built in honor of the Goddess
of Wisdom, Athena.
THE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

Byzantine
• The Golden Age of Byzantine Architecture was under the rule of Justian in 527-565. It was during
the period that the most famous examples of all Byzantine Architecture was built, the Hagia
Sophia. The Hagia Sophia was rebuilt from 532 to 537 after the previous church was destroyed
by riots. This church has some unique features which became the patterns for Byzantine
Architecture for years after.
• The style of the Hagia Sophia or Church of Divine Wisdom was to have a large dome in the
middle of the structure. The dome has a unique form in that it rest on 4 massive pillars which
are arranged in a square. The dome remained the main focus of the Byzantine.
The Romanesque
• Romanesque Art and Architecture, arts and architecture of western Europe from about AD 1000
to the rise of the Gothic style, in most regions by the latter half of the 12 th century, in certain
regions somewhat later.
Gothic
• Gothic Architecture is a style of architecture, particularly associated with cathedrals and other
churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. Beginning in
twelfth century France, it was known as “ the French Style” (Opus Francigenum) during the
period, with the term Gothic first appearing in the Reformation era as a stylistic insult.
• The Gothic style emphasizes verticality and features almost skeletal stone structures with great
expanses of glass, ribbed vaults, clustered columns, sharply pointed spires, flying buttresses. In
Gothic Architecture the pointed arch is utilized in every location where a vaulted shape is called
for, both structural and decorative. Gothic openings such as doorways, windows, arcades and
galleries have pointed arches.
• Another distinctive feature of Gothic Architecture especially in churches and cathedrals is the
Rose Window (Notre dame). The North Rose Window of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris
(1240-1250) was built by Jean de Chelles. It is designed in the Rayonnant style, named for the
radiating spokes in this type of window. The center circle depicts the Virgin and Child,
surrounded by the figures of prophets. The second circle shows 32 Old Testament kings, and the
outer circle depicts 32 high priests and patriarchs.
Baroque
• Baroque churches were larger in scale that their predecessors and their interiors more richly
decorated with sculpture and paintings.
• Long narrow naves are replaced by broader, occasionally circular forms. Dramatic use of light,
either strong light-and-shade contrasts, chiaroscuro effects or uniform lighting by means of
several windows.
• Opulent use of ornaments (puttos made of wood (often glided), plaster or stucco, marble of faux
finishing).
• Large-scale ceiling frescoes the interior is often no more than a shell for painting and sculpture
(especially in the late baroque).
Rococo Style
• Rococo Style, style of 18th-century painting and decoration characterized by lightness, delicacy,
and elaborate ornamentation.
• The word “rococo” is derived from “rocaille”, meaning “rock work” or “shell work,” a favorite
motif of the time. It stresses purely ornamental, light, casual, irregular design.
• The Rococo style is characterized by pastel colors, gracefully delicate curving forms, fanciful
figures, and a lighthearted mood (visually and physically). The essence of Rococo art is light.
Extreme highlights are placed on the subject matter and the overall work is light in color, effect,
and emotion. Artists paid special attention to fine detail. Form is characterized by delicacy of
color, dynamic compositions, and atmospheric effects.
Activity#5: Collect and Observe

Collect the photos different architectural designs in each era in the Philippines; Pre-Spanish,
Spanish Era, American Commonwealth, Japanese and Present. Note the unique architectural designs in
each era. Make a presentation of it. It can be a PowerPoint, video or a handout that shows the notable
architectural designs in each era.
PRE-ACTIVITY #6
Reflect on it!
Try to reflect on the following questions:
Do you think visual arts such as drawing, painting and sculpting are the only way to
show artistry? Why? Why not?
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If you will perform something, what would it be?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
What are the things (elements) you need to prepare in order to perform it?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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TOPIC 6 PERFORMING ARTS
•
What is the difference between Visual Arts and Performing arts?
Performing arts is a form of art where artists use their voices, and bodies to convey a message or
artistic expression. It is different from visual arts, in which an artist use paint, canvas and various materials
to create art objects.
The Visual Arts gives a way to express feeling, emotion, opinion, or taste through visual means, for
instance, photography, painting, sculpting and drawing.
Performing Arts have ways to express an opinion, emotion, feeling, or taste, through means of
performance, like, theatre, public speech, dance, music, and more.
There are other forms of art too; Culinary Art expresses personality, and culture, as well as, atmosphere
through the creation of taste and composition of food on the plate. Poetry and writing fall in a category
of art called written art.
Visual Arts, a Definition:

Visual arts are primarily created for Aesthetic Purposes, and judged for its beauty and
meaningfulness. Visual Arts include painting, sculpture, watercolour, graphics, drawing and
architecture. Also falling in the Visual Arts category is; music, poetry, film, photography, conceptual art
and printmaking. People in this field are termed, artists.
Performing Arts, a Definition:

Performing arts are basically arts or skills that require a performance in front of a public
audience. Examples are acting, singing and dancing. Other forms of the Performing Arts include opera,
theatre, magic or illusion performances, mime, spoken word, recitation and public speaking. People in
this field are termed, performers.
In some ways, all forms of art will have certain aspects that can be found in all of them. The force behind
art forms might be the same, but, it is the way in which it is relayed, that is different. Performing artists
use their body or voice to convey the artistic expression needed to be shown. Visual Arts can be defined
as something that is created through doing something with your hands.
In both art niches, you can convey cultural messages. Visual art can depict historic places on canvas or
through photography, whereas, performing arts can display cultural stories through dance and also
through constructing scenes of long ago on a stage. Song and Dance are usually main ingredients in
cultural tradition.
THE ELEMENTS OF PERFORMING ARTS

•MUSIC •DANCE •LITERATURE
❖ Music is vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form,
harmony, and expression of emotion.
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
1.RHYTHM is the variation of length and accentuation of a series of sound. It is a larger concept that
includes the beat and everything that happens to sound in relation to time.
-In music, its most fundamental component is beat - is the simple pulse found in almost all music
familiar to us.
2.MELODY is associated mental motion sometimes called the memory element because it is always
remembered by listeners. It is an organize group of pitches strung out sequentially to form a
satisfying musical entity.
3.PITCH indicates the highness or lowness of sound and is determined solely by the frequency of
molecular vibrations. The slower the vibration, the lower the pitch. The faster the vibration, the
higher the pitch.
4.HARMONY refers to the manner of sound combination- the sounding series or group of tones at
the same time or simultaneously. Harmony refers only to the simultaneous sounding of pitches
regardless of whether the chords sound pleasing or not.
5.TEMPO refers to the speed of a certain musical piece. It may be slow, quick or moderate.
LIST OF TERMS COMMONLY USED TO INDICATE TEMPO
• Largo - very slow
• Adagio - slow and stately
• Andante - at a walking pace
• Andantino - alternatively faster or slower than andante
• Allegreto - moderately fast
• Allegro - fast presto-very fast
• Accelerando - gradually becoming faster
• Ritardando - gradually becoming slower
6.DYNAMICS refers to the amount ,strength, or volume of the sound. It may refer to the loudness
and softness of music.
7.TIMBRE refers to tone quality. Helps differentiate one type of voice to another or instrument from
another
❖ DANCE is an art and a recreation. As an art, it tells a story, a set of mood or expresses an emotion.
Dances vary in form. Some forms of dances are religious dance, magical dance, commemorative dance,
ceremonial dance, recreative dance, and testimonial dance.
ELEMENTS OF DANCE
1. Theme - is the most basic element of a dance. It conveys the message of a dance. HIPHOP DANCE
CULTURAL DANCE
2. Design - is the pattern of movement in time and space. Pattern in time refers to the unaccented
beats of movements into measures. Path in space refers to the path traced by the dancer’s feet
on the floor and the levels on which they move.
3. Movement - refers to the bodily actions of the dancer that include his steps, gestures of the arms,
hands, and body and facial expression.
4. Technique - is the skill of movement executed by the dancer.
5. Music - is the auditory background to which a dancer moves. A dance is always accomplished by
any form of music
6. Costume and paraphernalia - are properties worn by the dancers that help reflect the message,
customs, beliefs, and setting of the dance.
7. Choreography - refers to the figures and steps in dancing that enable the dancers to perform in
an organized manner.
8. Scenery - refers the background or setting where the dance is performed to make it more realistic
and enriching.
❖ LITERATURE is one of the arts that expresses human feelings. It shows ideas or emotions through
symbolic presentation in the form of short story, poetry, drama or play and essay among others.
GENERAL ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
•At present, not all written works can be considered literature. To understand a good literary work,
we should know first the important elements of literature.
THE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
•Emotional Appeal – is attained when the reader is emotionally or touched.
•Humanistic Value – can be realized when the literary work affirms the dignity and worth of all people.
LITERARY WORKS AND THEIR ELEMENTS:
SHORT STORY is a brief work of literature, usually written in narrative prose. Emerging from earlier oral
storytelling traditions in the 17th century, the short story has grown to encompass a body of work so
diverse as to defy easy characterization.
NOVEL is a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters, situations, and scenes that represent real
life. Fiction, whether long (novel) or short (short story), may aim to give us moral lessons, bring pleasure,
raise questions, or cultivate critical thinking.
❖ DRAMA is a story told in front of an audience. It Comes from the Greek Word, “Dran” Means “To
do” or “To Act”. The Doing/Acting Makes Drama
▪ Playwright-the author of a play
▪ Actors-the people who perform
▪ Acts-the units of action
▪ Scenes-parts of the acts
TYPES OF DRAMA
•Comedy is a form of drama that has a happy ending. Humor comes from the dialogue and situations.
• Tragedy is a form of drama in which events lead to the downfall of the main character, often a
person of great significance, like a king or hero.
THEATER (or theatre): the imitation/representation of life, performed for other people; the performance
of dramatic literature; drama; the milieu of actors and playwrights; the place that is the setting for
dramatic performances
ELEMENT OF LITERATURE
▪ Plot - is the sequence of events which make up a story. It is everything that happens from the
beginning to the end. Typically, plots follow a specific pattern called an arc. Beginning with
“Exposition” wherein the stage is set, and characters are introduced, it next moves onto a
“Catalyst”. Sometimes also referred to as the “Inciting Incident”, the Catalyst is the event which
sets the story in motion. The story then goes on to experience “Rising Action”, or the mounting of
events leading up to the “Climax”, or turning point of the story. The climax is often the most exciting
or emotional part of the story. Afterwards, the plot begins to descend into “Falling Action” which
is where the characters hurtle towards the ending. This phase of the story may be brief, but also
tense, as the ending is still uncertain. Finally, the plot ends in the “Denouement”, or the final
resolution of the story.
▪ Setting of the story is the location in which the events take place. This backdrop could be in any
geographic location, and in any time period (real or imagined). Writing a compelling setting is one
of the main elements of literature, and the sign of a talented author.
▪ Character is a person, animal, or any other being of significance in a story. Characters are the
vehicles by which the audience is able to travel through the plot and setting. Characters can be
“round”, meaning they have a lot of complexity and depth – or they can be “flat” meaning they are
somewhat one-note and do not change much throughout the story. It’s all a matter of what the
story calls for in order for the author to get his or her point across.
▪ Theme may be one of the more subtle elements of literature. The theme of the story is different
from the plot, because whereas the plot tells you what happened in the story, the theme tells you
what the story was really about. This is usually in terms of a single word or short phrase such as
“Love”, “Jealousy”, “One person can make a difference”, or “The dangers of greed”. Stories often
have more than one theme. Themes are central to the story, but often not explicitly stated by any
of the characters. Rather, theme becomes apparent by observing what the characters do, and how
it effects them.
▪ Mood is an overall feeling your audience can pick up from experiencing the story. It is usually
influenced greatly by the setting. If a story were to be set in a boardwalk dance hall during the
1920s, the mood of that story might be raucous, frivolous, and perhaps a little seedy or dangerous.
▪ Conflict is the “problem” present in every story. It could manifest very literally as two characters
physically fighting with one another, or it could be a little more abstract, like an unreasonable
deadline on an important project. Characters in a story are going to have different objectives and
goals. These are likely to clash and become incompatible at some point in the story. When that
incompatibility is brought up, that is when you will find the conflict in the story.
There are four basic types of conflict in the elements of literature. They are:
Man against man: Meaning one character in the story is up against another character.
Man against nature: A character is at the mercy of the weather, the elements, the local fauna,
or any other aspect of nature. The character must overcome it in order to succeed.
Man against society: Rather than one enemy, the character is at odds with the entire social
and/or governmental structure of the story.
Man against self: Something in the characters tendencies or actions are thwarting the chances
of success. The character is either literally or figuratively self destructive.
Besides just being present in familiar fiction stories, the elements of literature can be found in memoirs,
and non-fiction too. Find the elements in your story by trying out “How to Write Your Life Story” at
Udemy.
Activity#6: Perform it.

Decide on what you will perform (you can dance, sing, recite a poem, play instrument tell a
story, make a short play, or any creative performance). Film yourself while performing it. The
Performance must at least 3 minutes and a maximum of 5 minutes. Submit it to your designated online
class.
Your performance will be graded by the following criteria:
Originality 2pts
Creativity 2pts
Complexity 3pts
Execution 3pts
TOTAL 10 PTS
TOPIC 7 ASIAN ART
•
ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN ART AND ISLAMIC ART
- Artists and Architects in the Ancient Period crafted and designed objects with religious and
political associations.
- West Asia – the area of present-day (Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan) produced
impressive temple and palace.
- Ancient Object found in Near East are:
Plaster-covered skulls from Jericho, Jordan dated 7000 BC for ancestral worship
Oldest Monumental building the Ziggurats of the Sumerians (3500-2340)
- Islamic Art was influenced by local traditions, with religion as common subject matter
- Largely an iconic since the Holy Book of Islam (Koran) condemns idol worship.
- Muhammad’s home in Medina became a typical basis of Mosques.
- Independent dynasties in the western Region of the Islamic world produced a monumental
architectural form—the Great Mosque of Kaironan (800-900 BC).
INDIAN ART
- Traced back to as early as the Indus Valley civilization (3000-1500 BC) an urban culture that grew
up around Harappa (Pakistan) and in Western India.
- -Aryans produced artifact that survived in time of their dominance in--Vedic Period (1200-500
BC)
HINDU ART
-Religious tradition known as Hinduism associated with the Vedic texts and Brahmanic
Practitioners.
- Hindu Pantheon is large worshippers focus prayer either on Vishnu- The Preserver, Shiva-The
Destroyer
- Hindu Figural Sculpture —elements associated by fertility the sexual anatomical features that
became exclusive artworks.
- Hindu architecture had been lost because they were constructed in wood but well-documented
in structures cut from granite and boulders.
BUDDHIST ART
- Has been evolved throughout Asia and the world.

- Originated in the Indian subcontinent.
- Buddhist art includes any form of media reflective of Buddha, bodhisattvas, and other entities.
- Two phases of Buddhist art are
▪ An iconic Phase- Buddhist symbolism
▪ Iconic Phase- art started to depict realistic human features, flourished largely during
Kush an- dynasty.
Standard Icon- sacred signs
• Urna - third eye on the forehead
• Chakra- the wheel
• Lotus symbol on the feet
• Webbed fingers
• Elongated earlobes
– Buddha often shown seated meditation, preaching the first sermon or standing.
– Hand gestures of the Buddha convey particular meaning.
– Three basic forms of Buddhist Art
1. Stupa - Burial mound
2. Chaitya - prayer hall
3. Vihara - monastic cell of refletory
EAST ASIAN ART

- The Art Form of China, Korea and Japan share many cultural philosophical and religious
associations.
CHINA
- Pottery during Neolithic Phase (5000-1766 BC)
- Bronze ritual vessels are the most impressive Chinese art form.
- Zhou Dynasty (1045-256 BC) gave way to a gentler more domestic form in Zhou ritual wares.
Late Zhou art is imaginative and refined.
- These bronzes are
▪ simple in shape
▪ inlaid with gold
▪ silver
▪ semiprecious stones
▪ landscape form
- Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC) -Great Wall of China was constructed including a tomb for the
emperor.
- Northern Wei Dynasty emperors initiated major temple building campaigns.
- Tang Dynasty (618-906 BC) - culmination of Buddhist art when artist created many classical
forms notably figure painting.
- Tang Artist worked in naturalistic modes, producing vital but elegant images.
- Wu Daozi leading figure painter and Wang Wei in landscape painter.
KOREA AND JAPAN

- Created own native approaches despite a strong Chinese Art influence.
- Chinese Influence are:
▪ Bronze
▪ Porcelain Production
▪ Buddhist Teaching and Influence
▪ Artistic and Cultural Traditions
- Japanese and Korean artist altered the manufacturing processes to achieve new aesthetic
effects.
Distinctive Features of the Korean through different phases:
• Neolithic Phase (c. 4000-1000 b.c) mainly of “comb pattern” pottery
• Bronze Age (c. 600-100 b.c) bells, mirrors and other ceremonial objects found in tombs.
• Three Kingdoms Period (Koguryo, Paekche,and Silla) (c. 100 b.c.- 650 a.d.)Buddhism Influence
• Unified Silla Period (668-918)- monasteries and temples built – Sokkuram cave temple near
Kyongju, the capital.
• Koryo Dynasty (918-1392)- Buddhist Theme like ceramic skills of Koryo artists.Techniques of
goldsmiths and lacquer artists are detected in Late Koryo celadon.
• Yi Dynasty (also known as Cho-son, 1392-1910) Confucianism and secular arts flourished.
-Chinese Literati was evident in painted plant and animal themes; landscapes,
-Yi painting – Dream Visit to a Peach Blossom Island ( 1447; Tenri Library, Tenri Japan )
fantastic landscape by An Kyon for a royal sponsor.
- Pottery also flourished –Punch’ong a sturdy stoneware covered with white slip and later
produced white porcelain.
Distinctive Features of the Japanese through different phases:

• Jomon (8000-300 b.c.)- ritual ceramic pots with cord patterns and sculptural elaboration.
• Yayoi (c. 300 b.c.- 300a.d.) Yayoi bronzes, inspired by mainland traditions, replaced ceramic as
ceremonial ware.
• Kofun (300-552)- surviving objects includes haniwa, unglazed clay cylinders topped with
figures, set around imperial tombs.
• Asuka Period (538-710)- to massive state-sponsored projects in Nara Period (710-794)-
Buddhism reached Japan with cultural achievements of China and Korea during this period.
• Horyu-ji (607-670) established by Empress Suiko and Crown Prince Shotoku –world’s oldest
standing wooden structure and reflection of 6th – Century Chinese Architecture.
• Heian Period (794-1185) Luxurious, elegant images The Phoenix Hall in Uji (1053), Private
Chapel for regent Fujiwara Family.
• Kamakara (1185-1333) Muromachi (1392-1573), Momoyama (1573-1615), and Edo (1615-
1868) Periods- Fresh artists developments encourage by the ruling family.
– An influx of Chan (Zen) priest in 14th and 15th centuries sparkle the adaption of Chinese ink
painting styles.
– Kano school artists secularized and standardized Zen Painting, establishing as an Official State
Painters.
Activity#7: Asian Art

Make a collage of different arts in Asia.

APPRECIATION Module PRELIM

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ART APPRECIATION

Let me get your impression!

*Don’t turn the page without doing this Activity!

What is art appreciation?

MAJOR AND MINOR ARTS (ESTOLAS, 1995)

• Visual arts – graphic and plastic arts

TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF ARTS (PANIZO AND RUSTIA, 1995)

1. THE VISUAL ARTS are those we perceive with our eyes.

• Architecture – is the arts of designing and constructing as structure

• Sculpture – is the construction of a figure by putting together module segments of the

a. Rhythm – is the variation of length and accentuation of a series of sound.

Short vocal forms

❖ Instrumental Music – is written for instruments of four general types:

Music combined with other arts

4. DRAMA AND THEATRE

Activity #1: Appreciate yourself

Your work will be graded by the following criteria:

Take a look at the pictures and answer the questions below.

What legend/myth have you remembered by looking at these pictures?

What do you think is the meaning of the painting?

*Don’t turn the page without doing this Activity!

• They do not present descriptions, stories, or references to identifiable objects or

✓ Many contemporary painters have turned away from representational to non-objective

METHODS IN PRESENTING ART SUBJECT

Ex. Audrey Flack: “Queen”

Ex. Marcel Duchamp: “Fountain”

Ex. Eugene Delacroix: “Liberty Leading the People”

6. Impressionism is concentrated on the artist’s impression of the moment.

Ex. Salvador Dali: “Persistence of Memory”

– Artists have always been fascinated with their physical environment.

SUBJECT MATTER VS. CONTENT

Content: The content is what the artwork means.

Basis of Comparison Subject Content

Definition The main object in an The meaning of the work

TOPIC 2.2 Elements of Arts and Principles

SEVEN ELEMENTS OF ART:

PRINCIPLES OF ART DESIGNS

• Harmony of lines and shapes

• Formal or Symmetrical – repetition of a motif in uniform and regular arrangement

Methods of Emphasizing Objects

▪ By arrangement or grouping of objects

Other Art principles

Activity#2:Photograph your Subject

“Spoliarium” “The Last Supper”

*Don’t turn the page without doing this Activity!

Vertical lines – power, stability, strength

Horizontal lines – relaxation, calmness, at peace, laziness

Diagonal lines – movement

Curve lines – graceful movements, fluidity, and flexibility

Crooked or Jagged lines - express energy, violence, conflict, and struggle.

PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF COLORS

• Cold colors – winter, spring, not aggressive in hue

ART RELATED TO PAINTING

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAINTING

The following are utilized to produce pre-historic paintings

-drawn on cave, stones, and on earth-filled ground

➢ PRE-HISTORIC GREEK PAINTING

▪ Young wide males

2. Byzantine Art – Christ as creator and Mary the mother of God

❖ Madonna and Child of Franco-Flemish – school gazing playful mood is an example

❖ Franco- Flemish paintings – portable easel painting and oil painting

➢ ROCOCO PERIOD PAINTING

➢ ROMANTIC PERIOD PAINTING