NEMATODA

Parasite Life Cycle Pathology Epidemiology

Trichuris trichura DIRECT LIFE CYCLE (<100 worms ) asymptomatic Spread:

WHIPWORM 3,000-20,000 eggs per day
TO: large intestine/retum Embryonation (21 days in moist
and shade)
IS: J1
1- Eggs swallowed
Tissue parasite
2- hatch in small intestine
3-5 cm; live for years
3- enter intestinal crypts of large
intestine
(embeds in gut mucosa)
Heavy burden may result in death - Night soil fertilizer
(200-1,000 children) - Poor sanitation
Chronic hemorrhage: egg survival:
Trauma to intestinal epithelium and - Warm
underlying mucosa - Humid
- Shade and moisture
Intestine trichuriasis: soil
- Dysentery Prevalence:
- Anema - 0-30% in small
- Growth retardation children
- Rectal prolapse - 795 million worldwide
- Finger and toa clubbing

Trichinella spiralis 1- DH eats meat with nurse cells 1) Penetration of females into the mucosa - zoonotic disease
and J1 are released in stomach - humans not important for life
PORKWORM - Damage to host tissue cycle
3- undergo 4 molts in small
* autoinfection intestine - Host reacts to waste product (nausea, Infection:
IH: pigs vomiting, diarrhea) - eating undercooked pork
IS: J1 4- copulation within mucosal epi. - meat is safe when there is
TO: intestine/muscle (intramulticellular parasites) 2) Juvenile migration no pink

- copulatory pseudobursa 5- females give birth over 4 - damage to blood vessels (edema) Mexico, South America,
- smallest nematode of months (ovoviviparous) Southeaster Asia, Middle east
human - wandering (pneumonia, encephalitis,
-largest intracellular 6- juveniles carried through liver, meningitis)
parasite heart, lungs (hepatoportal system)
- Death from myocarditis
Juveniles (J1) in nurse 3) penetration and nurse cell formation
cells of skeletal muscle
fibers of IH
Ascaris lumbricoides Juveniles molt twice
DH: humans 1) juveniles swallowed
IS: J3 (2-3 weeks) 2) hatch in the duodenum and
penetrate small int
TO: small intestine
3) enter pulmonary circulation
Mechanical vector: flies breaking capillaries (migration)
and roaches
4) molt once in the lungs; migrate
RH: dogs up the trachea and swallowed
Females up to 49 cm (they need to molt before swallowed
to survive our gastric juices)
5) pass through stomach and
mature in small int
Strongyloides 1) females release eggs into
stercoralis mucosa of small intestine
Threadworm 2) Eggs hatch in the lumen
TO: small intestine 3) J1s are passed in feces
- Non-infective rhabditiform
* Autoinfection (if free-living adults in soil
juveniles molt twice
before exiting) - Infective filariform J3s in
- Muscular pain
- Difficulty breathing and swallowing
- Heavy infection suppresses muscle
contractibility
- worms get lost: Infection:
inflammatory response
Unhatched juveniles
- breaking of lung capillaries: swallowed
hemorrhage (fecal/oral contaminatiom)
- pools of blood cause edema, clogging or Lack of sanitation
air spaces
Eggs ineffective after 10
- bacterial infection & death (diseased lung) years
- intestinal blockage
One-quarter of world
They reproduce when we rest; females population imfected
mistake lower esophageal sphincter for
mal post. Block airways and cause
death
1. Invasive: Infection:
intense itching at site of entry, slight • Contacting in contaminated
hemorrhage & swelling soil
2. Pulmonary: • Transmammary infection
burning sensation in chest, nonproductive
cough, bronchial pneumonia • low sanitation standards
3. Intestinal(worms migrate randomly):
- burning sensation in the abdomen
 soil - intestinal ulceration
temperature < 34C - septicemia
• Infective J3s continue
RH: cats and dogs development after they penetrate
skin
ICLICKER:
- Uses urocanic • Migrate to small intestine usually
acid released by via lungs, coughed up and
host skin as swallowed
attractant for skin
penetration
- Females are
pathenogenic

Onchocerca volvulus - Adult worms encapsulated by
host (onchocercomas)
River Blindness
- Adult females produce
IH: black fly microfilariae (ovoviviparous)
TO: skin subcutaneous 1) Black fly becomes infected
nodules when it takes blood meal
2) Microfilariae concentrate in
IS: J3 skin where black flies bite
3) Microfilariae penetrate fly
Filarial Worms: (just midgut and molt twice
before stage 1, 4) J3s moves to fly mouth
microfilariae stage) parts to infect new host
• River blindness: not fatal, but does • Africa and South America
cause disfigurement and blindness
• Black fly larval stages only
• Onchocercomas consist of collagen fibers in clear, fast-running streams
surrounding 1 to several adult worms
• Adult flies survive in high
• Severe dermatitis occurs because of humidity and plenty of
degenerating juveniles in skin streamside vegetation
• Degenerating juveniles in eyes resulting in
sclerosing keratitis
• True elephantiasis may occur and also
hanging groin

• Females up to 50cm
long; males up to 42cm
long
Dirofilaria immitis • Adult females produce
microfilariae (ovoviviparous)
Heartworm
• Microfilariae are found in the
• Females up to 30cm peripheral blood circulation
D.H: canines/ • Mosquitoes get infected by blood
felines(rare) meals
Dogs: Host specificity LOW for
Dangerous for dogs; block heart function species of mosquito vectors
(seal)
prevalence is highest in
Cats: southeastern US and Gulf
Prevalence and intensity lower coast (3.9%)
need fewer adults (deadly; smaller hearts) US Diagnosed:

I.H: female mosquito • develop into J3s inside Symptoms: Respiratory distress, vomiting, - domestic dog: all 50
A.H: humans Malpighian tubules (2 molts) chronic cough and exercise intolerance US states

T.O: Right side of heart • J3s moves to mosquito proboscis - prevent proper sealing of tricuspid - 60 cases of human
to infect new host and semilunar valves pulmonary
I.S: J3 dirofilariasis
- Pulmonary arteries: inflammation documented in the US
and thickening

Wuchereria bancrofti Lymphatic filariasis (3 phases): 120 million cases (world)

1) night-feeding mosquitos
• female up to 100 mm becomes infected when they 1. Asymptomatic: seen in large Mosquitos -> night feeders
long, males up to 40 mm ingest blood meal proportions
long Tropical areas -> suitable
2) microfilariae penetrate stomach 2. Inflammatory (Acute): caused by breeding sites for mosquitos
TO: lymphatic ducts of and molt twice in mosquito antigens (Wolbachia) and invasion of
humans thoracic muscle bacteria from skin surface
- found in afferent - Causes lymphedema and hydrocele Prevention
lymph channels 3) J3s moves to mosquito - Adult worms may cause dilation of protection against mosquito
near major lymph proboscis to infect new host lymph channels bites in endemic areas
glands in lower - Invasion of bacteria from skin
half of body surface Mosquitero
3. Obstructive: Infiltration of the affected
area with fibrous connective tissue
- Elephantiasis: repeated attacks of
acute lymphatic inflammation
Loa loa • Microfilariae appear:
in the peripheral blood -> day
Eye worm in lungs -> night
Vector/IH: Deer fly Life Cycle:
Microfilariae develop into J3s
Females up to 7cm long thoracic muscles of deer fly and
and male are up to 3.5 migrate to mouthparts and bite
cm long.
migrate throughout
subcutaneous connective
tissue of the body
((Only one without
wolbachia))
Anisakis simplex J2s hatch out -> free-swimming
-> ingested by crustaceans ->
DH: marine mammal
become J3's and eaten by fish or
AH: humans
squid -> migrate to peritoneal
cavity (grow up to 3 cm) -> migrate
to the muscle tissues -> fish to fish
predation and then finally to
marine mammal
Adults live in subcutaneous and - rain forest areas of
intermuscular connective tissues, including Central and West
back, chest, axilla, groin, penis, scalp, and Africa
eyes in humans
- Microfilariae have
• Calabar "fugitive swellings" result as diurnal periodicity
worms wander through subcutaneous (daylight in peripheral
connective tissue vs night in lungs)
• Intense pruritis, arthralgia and fatigue are Control of deer flies breeding
common in swampy areas is extremely
• Infection of deep tissues, including fatal difficult
encephalitis is known
Symptoms begins within 1 to 12 hours • Eating undercooked or raw
when juveniles begin to penetrate the fish
stomach
Cases:
• Symptoms of intestinal penetration may • In US: Pacific salmon
commence up to 14 days after ingestion (10% 1990s by sushi)
• In Western Europe: herring
• Symptoms include extreme gastric pain, • In Spain: pickled anchovies
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hives
• Anisakis-associated severe IgE-mediated
hypersensitivity reactions may occur
Enterobius vermicularis After copulation males die;
females lay eggs onto perianal
Pinworm skin then die
TO: Ilocecal region • Eggs laid have partially
(intestines) developed juveniles; in 6 hours
they are infective J3s
Attach to mucosa and
feed on epithelial cells • Eggs can become airborne and
and bacteria accidentally swallowed or via
retroinfection
Retroinfection: capable of
autoinfection
Ancylostoma • Direct life cycle, eggs passed
duodenale with feces
• Eggs require warmth, shade, and
Old World Hookworm moisture
- copulatory bursa • Undergo 2 molts to become
• Females up to 13 mm infective J3s
long; males up to 11 mm
long • Penetrate skin, get to heart via
• Mature and copulate in blood vessels, then to lungs,
small intestine of hos coughed up, & swallowed in small
intestine they molt twice to
become adults
- ⅓ asymptomatic - humans can inhale and
swallow eggs
very large numbers cause pathogenesis in
2 ways: - clothing and bedding
contaminated (wash in hot
1) Minute ulcerations that lead to water)
inflammation and infection (worms attached
within intestine) - entire house needs
2) Perianal tickling causes itching resulting chemotherapy:
in infection (egg deposition around anus) 1) Mebendazole
(Vermox)
- irritation of vulva 2) Pyrantel pamoate
- wondering up vagina, uterus and oviducts
into coelom
- presence and severity depends on: - Lack of sanitation
1) number of worms - Economic
2) species dependence on night
3) Nutricional condition of host soil
- 23 degrees to 30
Cutaneous phase: degrees optimal for
- “Ground itch” body temp
- Bacterial infection
- “Creeping eruption” from cat ad dog
Pulmonary phase(breaking capillary):
- Dry coughing
- Sore throat
Intestinal phase:
- Attach to mucosa
- Suck blood
- Iron deficiency
0.2 ml blood loss per day
MICROPARASITES
Parasite Life Cycle Pathology Epidemiology

Phylum: Euglenozoa
Family: Trypanosomatidae

Trypanosoma Life Cycle: PATHOLOGY pt. 1 PATHOLOGY pt. 2

brucei
1) Trypomastigote sucked up by tsetse • Small chancre at site inoculated; lesion African Sleeping sickness:
TO: blood, lymph fly; multiples in midgut of insect disappears in 2 weeks
nodes, spleen, and • Fever, swelling of lymph nodes, • T. b. Rhodesiense (acute)
cerebral spinal fluid 2) Migrate to salivary glands and generalized pain, headache, weakness, - Rapid weight loss,
transform into epimastigotes and and cramps heart problems; death
IH: tsetse fly multiply within few months of
Winterbottom's sign: swollen lymph infection
IS: metacyclic tryp. 3)Epimastigotes transform into nodes at base of skull
metacyclic trypomastigotes; infective to • T. b. Gambiense (chronic)
vertebrate host, and reproduces - Invades CNS
- Increased apathy,
• NOT intracellular; goes in between mental dullness,
cells (intercellular) tremor, paralysis,
coma, death
Not as virulent as
rhodesiense.

Trypanosoma cruzi Chagoma: acute local inflammation bite • Thatched roofs and cracked
site walls; ideal breeding for
Romaña's sign: swelling and edema of triatomine bugs
eye
• Dogs, cats, opossums,
Disease known as Chagas' disease and armadillos, and wood rats are
TO: muscles necrosis reservoir hosts
- Heart disease; heart enlarges Blood transfusion
IH: kissing bug

IS: metacyclic tryp.

Leishmania - Disease: Kala-azar Mediterranean basin, China,
donovani LIFE CYCLE (visceral leishmaniasis) India, Pakistan, Sumatra,
Thailand, Africa, South
1- Fly injects promastigote - low fever and malaise America

2- promastigote engulfed by - destroy phagocytic cells (Kupffer, Control sand flies

Macrophages dendritic, microglia) of the RE system
(spleen, liver, lymph nodes, intestine, Dog - reservoir host
3- transform into amastigote (binary bone marrow) (2.5 million)
DH: Humans fission)
- hepatosplenomegaly Fatal on infants (not as good
IH: sandfly 4- parasite engulfed by other - anemia of an Immune system)
macrophages
RH: dogs Death (2-3 years) not treated
5- fly ingests amastigote (blood meal)
IS: promastigote
(injected by fly bite)

Phylum: Retortamonada
Family: Hexamitidae

Giardia lamblia DIRECT Disease: Giardiasis Infection: contamination of

LIFE (typically not fatal) water or food with cyst
CYCLE
Protective immunity: some cases Contagious:
DH: humans asymptomatic - Giardiasis highly contagious
- if one gets it they all get it
IH: none - damage intestine epithelium - Children suscept.
- most common
flagellate of huma DT IS: cyst (hard stool) - interferes with absorption of nutrients Prevention: Sanitation
- dorsoventrally TO: Duodenum Symptoms:
flattened (tear - Mucus prod
shaped) and 2 nuclei Trophozoite (soft stool) - Diarrhea
- Dehydration
- common in warm RH: dogs, cats, sheep, beavers - Intestinal pain
climates - Weight loss
(cosmopolitan)
Gallbladder infection causing
- reproduce rapidly jaundice/colic
(binary fission)

8 FLAGELLA

Trichomonas DIRECT ● Asymptomatic Transmitted:

vaginalis LIFE (bad bc u dont know if u have it) - by sexual intercourse
CYCLE (STI)
MEN—---------------------- - Soiled washcloth,
- Asymptomatic towels and clothing
TO: reproductive tract - Urethritis
Men and woman (equal opp. ) - prostatitis

Woman (vagina and urethra) WOMAN—----------------

- Degeneration of vaginal
Man (prostate, sem. Vescicle and epithelium
Cosmopolitan urethra) - Leukocytic infiltration (abundant
white secretion)
Transmitted by IS: trophozite (no cyst stage) Symptoms: Inflammation, itching, white
sexual reprod. discharge (leukorrhea), burning

4 FLAGELLA