INTRODUCTIONThe production and productivity of ground nuts, corns, etc.

, were quite low,

when India became independent in 1947. The production was not sufficient to feed the Indian
population. The country used to import them in large quantities for fulfilling the needs of our people
from many countries. The reasons of low production and productivity were unavailability of machines
in the cultivation field. In India most of the farming work is done manually when compared with
foreign countries. There were no machines for sowing the seeds like ground nuts, corns then and
it is done by man power only. The cost spent for man power was more and the speed of the
operation was very less. When small farmers with minimal physical resources or financial assets
attempt to improve their productivity, they have a limited choice. The only resource they can
maximize is knowledge in which they are not poor. To prove the above statement, Mr.Shivraj
was invented the first bullock driven sowing machine in the year 1987 at Madhya Pradesh to
improve his productivity. It was light weight and can perform up to six agricultural operations. India is
a world leader in groundnut farming with 8 million hectare of cultivated area in the year 2003.
Groundnut cultivation has increased from 6.8 million hectare in 1980 to 8 million hectares in
the year 2003. Groundnut is grown mostly in five states namely Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra and together they account for about 90 percent of the crops
total. The sowing time is the most mportant non-monetary input influencing productivity. Delay in
sowing by one week result in considerable yield losses. Results obtained from all India
coordinated research projects revealed that in most parts of the country, sowing should be done
between the first week of June and the last week of July. Advancement of sowing by a fortnight
with pre-sowing irrigation was found to increase the yield substainly. The government of India
appointed a commission to assess the feasibility of increasing the crop productivity under prevailing
Indian ecological conditions. In order to develop the standard of living of small farmers we
should make the machines with low cost. Then only small farmers can implement the recent
modern machines for farming purposes. Our proposed multipurpose sowing machine is used to
sowing different types of seed like groundnuts, corns, etc. So in this work an attempt has been
made to provide the multipurpose sowing machine at low cost.

Grain is the harvested seed of grasses such as wheat, oats, rice, and corn. Other important grains
include sorghum, millet, rye, and barley. Around the globe, grains, also called cereals, are the most
important staple food. Humans get an average of 48 percent of their calories, or food energy, from
grains. Grains are also used to feed livestock and to manufacture some cooking oils, fuels, cosmetics,
and alcohols.

Almost half of the grains grown around the world are harvested for people to eat directly. People turn
wheat flour into bread, steam rice, and make corn tortillas. Grains are a food staple in almost every
culture on Earth. A food staple is food that is eaten frequently, often at every meal. Staple foods can
be eaten fresh or stored for use all year. Rice, corn, and wheat are the most common staple foods on
Earth.
Grains are so important because they are a good source of important nutrients called carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are a type of sugar that provides energy for organisms to function. Grains have
carbohydrates as well as other important nutrients, such as vitamins. While grains fill many nutritional
needs, they often lack some important proteins. In many cultures, grains are part of a staple diet when
combined with protein-rich legumes, such as beans. Together, grains and legumes make a healthy diet:
corn and beans, rice and tofu, wheat bread and peanut butter.

A third of the world’s grain supply is fed to animals. Most domestic animals, from cattle to dogs, are fed
food rich in grains and grain products.

The rest of the world’s grain supply is used in the manufacture of industrial products. Biodiesel is a fuel
used for vehicles. One type of biodiesel is ethanol, which can be made from corn.

Land preparation

When establishing a new date plantation, certain actions need to be implemented to ensure the long
term success of the plantation. One of these actions involve the initial land preparation which should be
done prior to transplanting of the plant material (offshoots or tissue culture-derived plants).

The purpose of land preparation is to provide the necessary soil conditions which will enhance the
successful establishment of the young offshoots or the tissue culture plants received from the nursery.
Considering the nature of the date palm, one can not "save" on this operation and hope for long term
sustainability of the plantation.

The aim is to enable the date grower to plan and structure the implementation process in advance,
ensuring the successful establishment of the date plantation. Planning forms part of the initial
preparation and will help to limiting unnecessary stoppages during the implementation phase.

Critical factors to consider during this planning exercise are summarised as follows:

- Availability and quality of irrigation water;

- Field selection;
- Mechanical actions to be implemented;

- Chemical needs for pre-plant soil improvement;

- Tools and equipment needed for date cultivation;

- Labour needs;

- Irrigation design and installation;

- Leaching schedule;

- Hole preparation;

- Financial requirements and

- Time schedule.