Trigonometric identities (p A28–A31)

1 List of identities
1.1 Relation sin and cos:
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

1.2 Relation tan and sec:

sec2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ
Similarly, we have
csc2 θ = 1 + cot2 θ

1.3 Parity
The sin function is odd i.e

sin(−θ) = − sin θ.

The cos function is even i.e

cos(−θ) = cos θ.

1.4 Periodicity
The functions sin and cos are periodic with period 2π, in particular we have

sin(θ + 2π) = sin θ

and
cos(θ + 2π) = cos θ

2 Addition and subtraction formulae

2.1 Addition formulae
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y,

cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y

and
tan x + tan y
tan(x + y) =
1 − tan x tan y

1
2.2 Subtraction formulae
sin(x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y,

cos(x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

and
tan x − tan y
tan(x − y) =
1 + tan x tan y

2.3 Double-angle
sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x
and

cos(2x) = cos2 x − sin2 x

= 2 cos2 x − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 x

2.4 Half-angle
1 − cos(2x)
sin2 x =
2
and
1 + cos(2x)
cos2 x =
2

3 Product formulae
1 
sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)
2
1 
cos x cos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x − y)
2
1 
sin x sin y = cos(x − y) − cos(x + y)
2

4 Examples
3
1. If sin x = 5 what are the possible values of cos x?

2. Determine cos 5π
12 .

2
 3. Solve
1
(a) cos x = 2

(b) sin x + cos x = 1

4. Prove  π  π
cos x = sin x + and sin x = − cos x +
2 2

5 Home Work
1. Solve
π π
2 tan2 x − sec2 x < 0 where − <x<
2 2

π
2. Determine tan2 8