at nov, Sunny LEVELLING 5 Principle Meanunermast tw vertical plane. > Objectives — Fo find RL oh diftrent objets yoy on. below GY above the Earth surface. = Jo avtattish poirtts ak & hem elewalion wore olartuurn. —> Uses — tO prapans the corttoun mop — abides of dilfmant pointe wm a hele — to prpene Layout of wane cturtnibubton, thom, aot cplern ele. ~ % apane Loryihudinal wettoning ord crow cttoning of o Progen» = = > Terme 1 Glevel Surface: Cursed tunfose, perpendiodar to dinadton, of gromity - Gp. stalk voter om 0 Lake, pond, == 2. Honizorrtal ‘Plane: Tarygeroh to Wed tuxhace amd I to plumb dine,sie Tne. Sa ge moral to Horigortal plane omd ahoum by plumb bob. 4. Datu ay arioeapitsiryhichecalovotates aguante ‘derrve “a 5. tosen Sea Level + Avorage wife oh wr Ye oll the stages of ties cowidensd for 19 years pantod., 6. Benda Mark + Ge eo parame pote: of neyprence whore elooakeon coe dara 4 mourn co Powenrament — Bro Gy Terrponany FI __wy_6Ts 8 Wy A rbikory Bre st Peduced Level Elevotion of a point obeve on below dakar v Qe wow, " > Met v von fhods of Levelling 1. Banometnic Levelling AL dikyenonce ble ary eo poirts cam be mensuned %y taking che prs otipgerence: bls therm. Prewune com be resonuneal with the help of barometer, hypfmreter, altinnctor ala2. Indinect Kove Ung / hig onormet nical tevellin o Heights ond. dinrtarncrs oh vesour points can be caloulakel by taking the verttenl areglee 3 Gini Recllng [Binet Xevellix se eal ay of, “feleacope. al sprit tovel u coy Conaapic pled. > Levelttng Instruments, 1. Level a Deonpy. Revel. by Auto wel. ©) Rewemible level. 2 Tivting, level. | Wye Xana 2 Lewlling Stace i Sel} Readin a) Sovid — om by Folded. = dm Telescopic — 4m, Sm oi Pango Loving say x Level. de comsics ob: = Telerco Levelling head, O erage ~ Kevel tube. — Sntpoa, shies even, 8ga % Tolescope i adoption of Kepler, eyepiece w of ‘Rarnsdon's "ype. @ Optical Defects of Lenses. a) Abi¥ation — Wu the dawiation of nays of up ether, ney, ralph Ba Sava gytheck thay Yaa cork mock at a food, but separate. ~frrmiry am indudnek maga oh the Ofek ch Hherical Aberattion. Ub Ceomatic Abonation Opieal dager of Wena can be awarded by proviclony comymind, Definitions Ge ie the capebility of ‘Producing, the thanp image, Nagrift cation: He ia the natio bly focal leryth of objective 40 Us gyepicce. Magmiprcatror of 1 Wuemin ofion of levee GUaerinocktor aapends an the quality af Lew, mognifjeations power oe lors oma mor of lerves uted, Bekernak Gocunting Telercopet Ge a “the one im which footing & dane by the onkarmal rroverent of althon ofjedttve on qyepiaceGirtorina ening. elescopes Gee Ve one im which oewssiry H dora internal ‘4 vregotive, Lereas, a Groat fpeary tacaps & elvaragans then carro bpevneing. telercope, ta 4 .* Levelling Stare, =o Q TI) / Bn C-= a Tribrach > Types of Levelling & Bikhorertial Loosing. / Ty bvelling. / Qrecke—tenelinge Profle Levelling, wy Komgetudinad tecdconing & Grow Becttoming, & Prevse levelling 00 "Raciproe ob: levelling.Terms 1 1. Staion — locaton, oh lavelling. lath 2 Height of inclement — Hb iw the neducad level of Los. 2 Backsight — Wu the sght token on a point of fondu dpwation,. Ge called ax a plus sight because it coboatecteal by adding. "8s to Ue baown RL HI = RL + Bs 4, Foresight — He the tight akon on = point of umbino an danation. $b 4 coed o& roinus sight Vecamie RL of any peivtt cam be calwuhaeah by daducknny Fs spurns HE. je ob oxy port = HI-FS 5. Intermediate sight -— tt ie the ight taken blo Fs & Re 6. fe nf sight - UF an tmayinang, Une pang Hongh he optical centres of ofjertive od tersoctiton of now hubs “> Methods of Reduction of Levels HI method (0) Calimatton method — Sew not tuitable {or intornediote sight - because thine Uomo Chuck fo ae Ste | Re 1s Fs RL Remarks pelo ‘200-000 [RL ob B B 1 00200 3 | a 0.9 "| 200.900. | ce - Bb tendoo f tChecks ZBS- TFS = Kank at — Sok pe. = Stn.) Bs |S] FS | Ree | Fal | Ro] Remarks a] ofc er BS ; tm | ve. 209.00 A - mw OF 200.7 ot [po 0.2 2.00.9 = BA ——— nS 199. 4 Sh tuceacdhing reading, < precaingy neadng. => Rist Bho sucaaliny Meadingy > pruadiy nowling => enue heck t = Skise —2ball = LRL— FRL 570.6 bs — BRS NOreR © Puc & Fall Methd tu superion. than HE method; as te ene. wonified. Rng amd fall wnathad. k used 49% tral orcee preparabton of wuntoun mapt und LS and os, Rove. > teverted Stare Reaching KL m.00 @ Dione in “height of ooh ent plinth = Bs ers @ RL of plinth = (RU) 7 BS ~ FS 00 ee —— GH om, 085, 22, 09, 24, 26, 0. (FS) 63)" sO PD nrerument Se chipted afin 3H 8 BY naadingge~> Levellteg on Stopes w Falleag Gradient ses Gn Rising G nacclient- 2 29,24, ©, @ 26, 29, es fs 8S es > Bolomcinay Backsight & Foresight mthen A naguined to evaluate “the RL Aikherrenc bho amg for rive taking 65 om Point 1 am ES on paint 2 Se ie reweang to reeks the diskamee equial, crom Inebreacrsny 45 endh of the Hektors ty clirminudke the mon due dn Une of collirwaltor ond th odfustmenl, eon due to cunuetune ah pajnaclior Conneck taf reading on © = Gi-wi), Correct skakty reading on @ = (eyo) True dioumner om beck ble peink OQ 2 @ = (1-4) Gaus), = MK 5 1 ymyeB= Ue Dyebane = De tand => 0 Des imotrument must be contnally locobed boa stations a > Correction: for» Gavatuve \ ge ie the difference ble honigontal Une amd Level Une on he apparent reading ts mond ¥ ord the object appro to be % PN tower “thom He really Ube Glonce connection fer Garwadune whe R = 6820 km chtaimed im ma whim d= kim on ( Covrection Br: Refraction The bos & dowiodred from. “horizontal Vines Ienw) the ekpecr of ruyiaclion & to make Uo “object appear wager! thant He nally Cy wv pottlow. c= a 14k Ca = o,ott22d® (when d tw km). Cm) % Combined Correction, C= Qe Ce = ~0, 03457 + o.o1w2 de > [eres |> Distance 40 Vieible Hovizon Ps point of olioruation, A> honigon A> dilance bho Pap, £ - h= combined comectron. = 0.06735 d* ad elh (hin wn) Ceo} O.06385 Profile Levalling = — Profile boclong we used ty locate the enitne Line oh path. Centre Ure com be dtnaight or cowed, = Ls & CS com give you an idan of Crow stacltow pom ody volurres cary be caleadatredl, Ls: Grtewal Sm to Om cs 1 Grtewal Im to 2m. cutting UO ay:-> Reciprocal Levelling Wien & iw : wasnt ory 40 carey the Use ling mneee nave ek Rowine ary alstade AMloning long ant bbann Hreoo petri. 35> Fhuodedthod "20 ploca. 4% the level com be pond poy Sch the length oh FS 8 er wilh begat sppromsrntely equals HET ipcial wbhod ie, aedpnocal weal “Be opal 40 obtain the Secunatiy, Gm ty oliminate, the apltowoengs omronar- & Ermom we Vine of allimodion arch tnalamuniot ofiatmert BEmon due 49 cowodure © Giron dane 40 refraction. (portly eliminate), 11S inatrvines ih ser up rrr he gory Azar he Boat ha foe 4p. Ave: hy Be: hy O Tra ohifgorwnce tr lwvelk Hi Wh & Bs wet form -ta) 4 (re 9} HE owenage of Affounee of apperurit routings porn both vtalt@ RWB = Bohn tn © Jobat vor, © = ap [Chet Gh) Cm Cad + Cee + Spee eq, -> collirmateon Can —p cunvakens onan —7 oe a2; Spop —> ropedicon enon, (= —o-oee d?; > Senaitivity of Bubble lube ee am oryulon value of ome diviaton sarki on I tke Lowel tube, Fy amamount the hongortol ae “nse ty be ied to soft the bubble ty rmove fromm one Ho othe. retention RS TO. of divisions disbunt an 1 ) Fg 5 dant. im half, roading i aon i before omd after dtutunbt x t the bwel, S= CRC; Y= 2mm. «Gn AFR, tand = 5= 206265 lL se Rg = 206265 -S__ Seconds ”bD = Onit + Seconds 5 — Beret dy depends on : @ imorwaninge the radlind af (evel. Lube. iy moreasing the diamater of the uta, Gs tmemmatyy the Legh a lane! ube hy dnorzaning the Royphnew of vail candy of Uguicl Sv level tube, cyte wating the P52 of (BS), 21535 me. Cronmal rbaf{) Es)g = 71-057 me ( tented ray.) Bijfonercs om shookiom bho Ake = isss4 nega&. % aL of forward station = 2004 LSE +s145 = 204.3 we ow (2BS- EFS = ERE FRL > Cores 6495 = ests = (RU2—su05 Cawabere, = RU2 = BSEAI 10. Burana ABS 1 km e~ 4 [(ha-hy) - be hoe) eee ((noes- 2.545) ~ (0.426. C= Cm + Eo + ee ee OFte5197 onrax Ce) + 0.0785F— 0.0n102. > Ma = 0.0524 2 h = = 42.226 km oss \oocaas 23 wr = RL+I9 20 Tau +2.885 = 8iaes RL = NI-FS = Chas -0-68 = B.305m26. ez 20 2 D=200m, n= : 7 F ; 4 (Ghathy) + (he-byy] = (Crees tres) 4 (1901-495) ] = “ROK —oages RL of A = RL of Bu. = S58 +0.2325 = BS. ui25 \ € F (Gees 1326) —(i9u = 1.418) ) = 0-0095 m. € = Gl = 60095 m (ees @ =o) a- fe 3.06885 da = [or 09785 = tdg = $028 bern b= o,os7gs xh = 0.06785 x60 = 2421 domm4 3s. RL of plinth = loo~ 2:105 tos = 96-99 m H= + [ (os-1- 420) + @-as0-2.24)] = 1195 Roh R= kL oh Pay ASO — 16145 = 44E 205 mm a