DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab

Course code: EEC506

Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)

S. No. List of Experiments Page No.

1. Study of parallel operation of two three phase transformers belonging to different vector 2-5
groups
2. Study the Scott connection of two single-phase transformer 6-7
3. Study of Zig-Zag connection of transformer 8-11
4. Measurement of efficiency of a DC compound motor under eddy current loading 12-14
5. Measurement of speed of a DC series motor as a function of load torque 15-17
6. Study of speed control of a 3-Φ squirrel-cage induction motor by V/f control method. 18-20
7. Study of voltage regulation of a 3-Φ alternator by synchronous impedance method 21-25
8. Determination of direct axis reactance ( X d ) and quadrature axis reactance ( Xq ) of a 26-29

Synchronous Machine (Slip test)

9. Measurement of negative sequence reactance of a 3-Φ alternator 30-32
10. Study of different types of starter for the starting of 3-Φ squirrel-cage induction motor 33-36

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab
Course code: EEC506
Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)
Experiment No.: 01
TITLE:- Study of parallel operation of two three phase transformers belonging to the different
vector groups.

OBJECTIVE:-To check the vector groups of two three phase transformers and operate them in
parallel (e.g. Dy1 with another Dy11).

APPARATUS REQUIRED: –

Sl. No. Instruments/ Range Quantity Make

Apparatus
1 3-Φ transformer

2 Digital Phase
Angle Meter

3 MCB-4 pin

THEORY: -

To facilitate selection of three phase transformers for parallel operation, they are classified by
various ‘Vector Group Symbols’ such as Yy0, Yd1, Yd11, Dy1, etc. where, the first symbol stands
for high-voltage (h.v) winding connection, the second for low-voltage (l.v) winding connection
and the third for the phase displacement of the phasor representing the induced counter voltage
between one l.v. terminal and the l.v. neutral, with respect to the h.v winding phasor representing
the induced counter voltage between the corresponding h.v. terminal and the h.v. neutral. Thus, it
is revealed that careful study of the internal connections of the transformers should be made before
they are put in parallel.

Parallel operation of three phase transformers is done to meet the increased power demand.
Whenever power demand is more than existing rating of transformer, it is needed to connect
another transformer in parallel to the existing transformer, it is needed to connect another
transformer in parallel to the existing transformer. For successful parallel operation of two three
phase transformer, it is necessary to satisfy certain conditions. These are:

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 i. Equal turns ratio, i.e., the magnitudes of the secondary line voltages should be equal,
ii. The kVA ratings must be inversely proportional to their effective impedances so that
load sharing is in proportion to the kVA rating of the transformers,
iii. The same polarity connections,
iv. The same phase sequence and
v. The same vector groups, i.e, the secondary line voltages of the transformers must be in
phase with each other.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

i. Phasor Diagram of Dy1

c2

C2(A1) A2(B1)

a1
N c1
a2
b1

B2(C1) b2

Fig. 1. Phasor diagram of Dy1

c2
B1(C2)

a1
a2
c1
b1
N

(A1)B2 (C1)A2 b2

Fig. 2. Phasor diagram of Dy11

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 R

A1 A2 B1 C2
B2 C1 A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

Tr. I Dy11 Tr. II. Dy1

a1 a2 b1 b2 c1 c2 a1 a2 b1 b2 c1 c2

MCB

Fig. 3. Connection Diagram for parallel operation of two three phase transformers belonging to
two different vector groups.
PROCEDURE: -

1) a. Perform the internal connections of transformers Tr-1 as Dy11 and Tr-II as Dy1.
b. For Dy1 or Dy11, change the external connections of any two terminals for both h.v and l.v
sides to convert it to Dy11 or Dy1, respectively.
2) Operate Tr-I and Tr-II in parallel and fill up the following table.
OBSERVATION: -

Transformer I (Dy11) Transformer II (Dy1)

Line to line voltage Phase difference Line to line voltage Phase difference

angle angle

H.V Side L.V Side H.V Side L.V Side

VA2B2 Va2b2 VA2B2 Va2b2

VB2C2 Vb2c2 VB2C2 Vb2c2

VC2A2 Vc2a2 VC2A2 Vc2a2

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RESULTS: -

The parallel operation of two three phase transformers (belonging to different vector groups) has

been performed and studied successfully by checking their voltage phasors (in terms of both

magnitude and phase angle).

PRECAUTIONS: -

1. Loose connections should not be made. Connections should be right and tight.
2. Live wire should not be touched.
3. Power supply should be switched off while making a connection

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab
Course code: EEC274
Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)
Experiment No.: 02

TITLE: Study the Scott connection of two single-phase transformer

OBJECT: To obtain a two-phase supply from a balance three-phase supply utilizing two single-
phase transformers.

THEORY:

Scott connection is used to obtain three phases from two-phase supply and vice-versa. From the
balanced three-phase voltage triangle (Fig. 2) ABC it can be seen that
i) The perpendicular from vertex C on AB at a point D gives BD= DA

ii) CD=CB Sin 60=0.866*CB

Thus, if two single-phase transformers I & II (Fig 1) are so chosen that i) Transformer I (known
as the main transformer) has N1 turns in the primary with a midpoint tap D,

ii) Transformer II (known as teaser transformer) has 0.866 N1 turns in the primary and Both
transformers have equal turns N2 in the secondary and the primary are connected as shown in Fig
1, the application of a balanced three-phase voltage across A, B& C will result in in

a) Induced counter voltage in AC and BD in quadrature with each other.

b) Counter voltage in BD=0.866 times in CA.

That is, the voltage across the secondary windings would be in quadrature with each other with
the magnitudes equal to each other (since they have the same number of turns)

APPARATUS REQUIRED: –

Sl. No. Instruments/ Apparatus Range Quantity Make

1 3-Φ Transformer

2 Phase Angle Meter

3 Multimeter

4 3-Φ auto-transformer

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1 Connection diagram of Scott connected transformer

a2
Vac
Eb2
60° Vcb
a1 b2
Eb1 Vbc
b1

Fig. 2 Phasor diagram of Scott connected transformer

PROCEDURE:
1) Perform the polarity test.
2) Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig 1. Apply three-phase voltage to A, B, C through
variac.
3) Check the phase displacement of Eb1 and Eb2 by means of a digital phase angle meter.
4) Check the input 3-phase supply.
5) Measure the line to neutral voltage and verify.
RESULTS: -
The magnitude of voltage in between the main transformer and teaser transformer (secondary
side).
Phase angle in between the main transformer and teaser transformer (secondary side).
PRECAUTION:

1. All the connections should be neat, clean, and tight.

2. Connect the digital phase angle meter properly.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab

Course code: EEC506

Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)
Experiment No.: 03
TITLE: Study of Zig-Zag connection of transformer
OBJECTIVE:– To make the phase angle zero degrees in between pairs of voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:–

Sl. No. Instruments/ Apparatus Range Quantity Make

1 3-Φ Transformer

2 Phase Angle Meter

2 Multimeter

3 3-Φ auto-transformer

THEORY:

A zigzag transformer is a special-purpose transformer with a zigzag or "interconnected star"

winding connection, such that each output is the vector sum of two (2) phases offset by 120°. Its
applications are for the creation of a missing neutral connection from an ungrounded 3-phase
system to permit the grounding of that neutral to an earth reference point and also harmonic
mitigation, as it can suppress triplet (3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st, etc.) harmonic currents, to supply 3-phase
power as an autotransformer (serving as the primary and secondary with no isolated circuits), and
to supply non-standard, phase-shifted, 3-phase power.

Nine-winding, three-phase transformers typically have 3 primaries and 6 identical secondary

windings, which can be used in zigzag winding connection as pictured.[1] As with the conventional
delta or wye winding configuration three-phase transformer, a standard, stand-alone transformer
containing only six windings on three cores can also be used in zigzag winding connection, such
transformer sometimes being referred to as a zigzag bank. In all cases, six or nine winding, the
first coil on each zigzag winding core is connected contrariwise to the second coil on the next core.
The second coils are then all tied together to form the neutral, and the phases are connected to the

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primary coils. Each phase, therefore, couples with each other phase, and the voltages cancel out.
As such, there would be negligible current through the neutral point, which can be tied to the
ground. Each of the three "limbs" is split into two sections. The two halves of each limb have an
equal number of turns and are wound in opposite directions. With the neutral grounded, during a
phase-to-ground short fault, a third of the current returns to the fault current, and the remainder
must go through two of the three phases when used to derive a grounding point from a delta source.

If one or more phases fault to earth, the voltage applied to each phase of the transformer is no
longer in balance; fluxes in the windings no longer oppose. (Using symmetrical components, this
is Ia0 = Ib0 = Ic0.) Zero-sequence (earth fault) current exists between the transformers neutral to the
faulting phase. The purpose of a zigzag transformer in this application is to provide a return path
for earth faults on delta-connected systems. With negligible current in the neutral under normal
conditions, providing the defective load will be automatically disconnected in a fault condition, an
undersized transformer may be used only as short-time rating is required (i.e. the transformer can
only carry full rated current for, say, 60 s). Impedance should not be too low for desired maximum
fault current. Impedance can be added after the secondary are summed to limit maximum fault
currents (the 3Io path).

A combination of Y (wye or star), delta, and zigzag windings may be used to achieve a vector
phase shift. For example, an electrical network may have a transmission network of 110 kV/33 kV
star/star transformers, with 33 kV/11 kV delta/star for the high voltage distribution network. If a
transformation is required directly between the 110 kV/11 kV network an option is to use a 110
kV/11 kV star/delta transformer. The problem is that the 11 kV delta no longer has an earth
reference point. Installing a zigzag transformer near the secondary side of the 110 kV/11 kV
transformer provides the required earth reference point.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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PHASOR DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE:-

1. Make connections as shown in circuit diagram between transformer terminals.

2. Check the supply system and connect an autotransformer to vary the voltage range to note
the phase angle range.
3. Turn on the power supply
4. Set the autotransformer at 30% of its total rated voltage
5. Connect the terminals of Phase angle meter to the transformer terminals.
6. Note down the readings for combinations VA2B2-Va4b4, VB2C2-Vb4c4 and VC2A2-Vc4a4

Settings: Autotransformer: 30% of 415 V

TRANSFORMER:-

Primary R Y B
Terminal 0 V A1 B1 C1
Terminal 440 V A2 B2 C2

Secondary
R Y B
Terminal 0 V a1 b1 c1
a3 b3 c3
Terminal 110 V a2 b2 c2
a4 b4 c4

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OBSERVATION:-

Sl. No Voltage pair Angle (phase in degrees)

1 VA2B2-Va4b4

2 VB2C2-Vb4c4

3 VC2A2-Vc4a4

RESULT:-

The phase angle between pair of voltages is always 00 in case of zigzag connection of transformers.

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. Connections should be neat and tight.

2. Safety gears must be used.
3. Observation must be noted carefully.
4. Power from supply must be turned off after experiment concludes.
5. Knob of AT must be initially set to 0

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab
Course code: EEC506
Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)
Experiment No.: 04

TITLE:– Measurement of efficiency of a DC compound motor under eddy current loading

OBJECTIVE:– To study the efficiency of dc compound motor under eddy current loading

APPARATUS REQUIRED: –
Sl. No. Instruments/ Range Quantity Make
Apparatus
1 D.C Series Motor
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Tachometer
5 Eddy current
dynamometer

THEORY:
DC compound motor is a combination of shunt and series motor. this type of motor has both series
and shunt field coils that are connected to the winding of an armature. The field coils which are
connected to the motor armature windings, afford the necessary amount of magnetic flux and lead
to the production of necessary torque to aid the rotation at the desired speed level. It is basically
wound for a shunt field with a fewer number of turns of series winding in the top.

Different types of compound DC motors

Compound motors may be classified into two main categories based on the way their field winding
is connected to the armature winding and which are long shunt and short shunt.

Cumulative Compounding

When the shunt field flux made by the shunt winding aids the effect of the main field flux made
by the series winding, it may be called that the motor is cumulatively compounded. Cumulative
motors produce high starting torque like a series motor and reasonably good speed regulation at
high speeds like a shunt DC motor. It may work with a huge amount of loads and run smoothly. It
is practically suitable and it is widely used.

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Differential Compounding

If the shunt field flux reduces the effect of the main series winding, it may be said that the dc motor
is differentially compounded.

Characteristics of Compound DC Motors

One of the most vital parts of any electrical machine is its characteristics. The characteristics of an
electrical machine define its applications and capabilities. The shunt field winding of cumulative
motors and their additional flux from series winding produces a large amount of flux which causes
a large amount of torque at low speed. It means that motors such as cumulative run at a reasonable
speed in light or even no-load conditions. However, in the differential motors, both series and shut
fluxes oppose each other. It means that the flux decreases while the load increases. Actually, in
this condition, the motor with an increase in load produces high speed and it can be horribly
hazardous, especially on a full load.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of DC series motor with eddy current loading.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST switch
is closed and starter resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed, and spring balance readings are noted under no-load
conditions.

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 5. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, the voltmeter, ammeter,
spring balance readings, and speed of the motor are noted.
6. The motor is then brought to no-load condition and field rheostat to minimum position,
then DPST switch is opened.

OBSERVATION:

Sl V I Speed Spring Balance Torqu Input Output Efficiency

No. (volts) (amp) (rpm) S1 kg S2 kg S1- S2 e N-m watts watts %
kg

CALCULATION:

1. Circumference of the break drum = ___________ cm

circumference
2. m
2
3. Torque, T= (9.81) × (S1 ~ S2) × R, N-m, where R is the radius of the brake drum, Find
the circumference of the brake drum. Using 2πR, R is obtained.
2 NT
4. Output power = W
60
output
5. %efficiency = %
Input
REPORT:

1. Draw curves of (i) Efficiency in percentage (ii) Torque (iii) Speed against power output
in watts.
2. Show one sample calculation

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that all the connections are tight.

2. DC compound motor should be started and stopped under no-load conditions.
3. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
4. Eddy current Dynameters under load.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab
Course code: EEC506
Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)
Experiment No.: 05

TITLE:– Measurement of speed of a DC series motor as a function of load torque

OBJECTIVE:– To study the variation of (i) Speed (ii) Torque (iii) Efficiency with power output
of DC series motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED: –
Sl. No. Instruments/ Range Quantity Make
Apparatus
1 D.C Series Motor
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 RPM meter
7 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

DC series motor is an electrical machine that is applied at the place where high torque operating
conditions are needed. It is associated in series with the armature winding of the motor. Due to the
series connection, the motor generates high starting torque compared to other types of motors.
From the motor characteristics, it may decide where it may be applied. Let us explain in detail
the characteristics by comparing its speed-armature current, speed-torque, and Torque-armature
current relationships.

The DC motor voltage equation

Eb = V − I a Ra

The speed and back EMF relation is given as

Eb
N


The torque and armature current characteristics

T   Ia

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 T  I a2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of DC series motor with eddy current loading.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Before starting the motor, ensure that the Pot meter of the drive Control
Unit is in minimum position.
3. Slightly increase the Eddy Load dc coil voltage, then within 30secconds
slowly increase the 2-point starter.
4. Note down the Voltage, current, and speed
5. Slightly increase the Eddy current load takes the readings.
6. Now plot the Graph.

OBSERVATION:

Sl V I Speed Spring Balance Torqu Input Output Efficienc

No. (volts) (amp) (rpm) S1 kg S2 kg S1- S2 e N-m watts watts y %
kg

CALCULATION:

6. Input power = V × I Watts

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 7. Torque, T= (9.81) × (S1 ~ S2) × R, N-m, where R is the radius of the brake drum, Find
the circumference of the brake drum. Using 2πR, R is obtained.
2 NT
8. Output power = W
60
output
9. %efficiency = %
Input
REPORT:

3. Draw curves of (i) Efficiency in percentage (ii) Torque (iii) Speed against power output
in watts.
4. Show one sample calculation

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that the eddy current coil voltage should not give in idle conditions.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab
Course code: EEC506
Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)
Experiment No.: 06
TITLE:- Study of speed control of a 3-Φ squirrel-cage induction motor by V/f control method

OBJECTIVE:-To determine V/f ratio for the speed control of 3-Φ squirrel-cage induction
motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: –

Sl. No. Instruments/ Specification Quantity Make

Apparatus
1 3-Φ squirrel-cage
induction motor

2 Frequency meter

3 Power factor meter

4 Voltmeter

5 Ammeter

6 Tachometer

7 V/f controller

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of V/f control set-up.

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Fig. 2 Block diagram of V/f control drive
THEORY: -
By changing the supply frequency, the synchronous speed of the induction motor can be controlled
over a wide range according to Eqn. (1) and (2). The Synchronous speed (𝑁𝑆 ) and air gap flux are
given by
120𝑓
𝑁𝑆 = (1)
𝑃

𝑁 = 𝑁𝑆 (1 − 𝑆) (2)
1 𝑉
𝛷𝑔 = 4.44𝐾 ( ) (3)
1 𝑇𝑃ℎ1 𝑓

Where, 𝐾1 = stator winding constant, 𝑻𝑷𝒉𝟏 =stator turns per phase, V = supply voltage, f = Supply
frequency. It may be seen that from the eqn. (3) that if the supply frequency f is changed, the value
of air gap flux also gets affected. Induction motors are normally designed to operate near the
saturation point on their magnetization curves, So the increase in flux due to a decrease in
frequency will cause excessive magnetization currents to flow in the motor. Hence, it is necessary
to maintain air gap flux constant when supply frequency is changed. This can be achieved when
the V/f remains constant. That means when frequency varies then voltage must be varied in the
same proportion so that the net ratio remains the same or constant. This can be achieved V/f control
drive as shown in Fig. 2. In this arrangement, a Variable (V, f) supply can be obtained from a
constant (V, f) supply using the converter-inverter arrangement as shown in Fig. 2. When the
supply frequency to the stator terminal varies, the supply voltage to the stator also varies
automatically in the same proportion. As a result, which V/f ratio remains constant.
PROCEDURE: -
1) Make all the connections as shown in Fig. 1 while keeping all the switches in the off
position.
2) Switch on the power supply and start the motor by pressing the START button.
3) Set the frequency on V-f Control drive to 50Hz and note down the corresponding values
of stator voltage using a voltmeter and motor speed using a tachometer.

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 4) To control the speed decrease the values of frequency on the V-f Control drive step by step
and note down the corresponding readings of stator voltage and motor speed.
5) Stop the motor by pressing the STOP button. Switch off the power supply and remove all
the connections properly.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -
1) Forward Direction

Sl. No. Frequency (Hz) Voltage (V) V/f Ratio Rotor speed (rpm)

2) Backward Direction

Sl. No Frequency (Hz) Voltage (V) V/f Ratio Rotor speed (rpm)

RESULTS: -
The speed of three-phase induction motor has been controlled by V/f method and the value of V/f
ratio is also obtained.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1. The motor input current should not exceed its rated value.
2. Make sure to turn off the motor while switching direction to forward to backward or vice
versa.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab

Course code: EEC506

Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)

Experiment No.: 07
TITLE:– Study of voltage regulation of a 3-Φ alternator by synchronous impedance method

OBJECTIVE:– To determine the voltage regulation of 3-Φ alternator by synchronous impedance

method (EMF method).

APPARATUS REQUIRED: –

Sl. No. Instruments/ Range Quantity Make

Apparatus
1 3-Φ Alternator
2 DC Motor
3 Ammeter
4 Voltmeter
7 Tachometer

THEORY: –

The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the increase in voltage from full-load to no-
load (field excitation and prime mover speed remain the same) expressed as a fraction of the rated
terminal voltage.

The regulation of a 3-Φ alternator may be predetermined by conducting the Open Circuit (OC)
and the Short Circuit (SC) tests. The methods employed for the determination of regulation are
EMF or synchronous impedance method, MMF or Ampere Turns method, and the ZPF or Potier
triangle method. In this experiment, the EMF method is used. The OC and SC graphs are plotted
from the two tests. The synchronous impedance is found in the OC test. The regulation is then
determined at different power factors by calculations using vector diagrams. The EMF method is
also called the pessimistic method as the value of regulation obtained is much more than the actual
value.

As shown in Fig 1. (a), a fictitious reactance Xa represents the armature reaction effect. It is
considered to be of such value that it produces flux and emf as those produced by armature reaction
MMF acting alone. In the circuit model, Ef stands for open circuit phase terminal voltage, also

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known as excitation emf also xl and Rs are the leakage reactance and armature resistance
respectively. Xs is called synchronous reactance.

Fig 1. (a) Equivalent circuit with synchronous impedance and (b) phasor diagram

E f = (V cos + I a Ra ) 2 + (V sin  + I a X s ) 2

Open Circuit Characteristics (OCC): - It depicts the magnetization characteristics of the machine.
It is the plot of open-circuit voltage (line-to-line or phase voltage) against field current at a given
speed. The straight-line portion of the line is called the air gap line.

Short Circuit Characteristics (SCC): - It is the plot of armature current against field current when
the machine is driven at its speed with the terminal short-circuited.

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 Fig 2. O.C.C. and S.C.C. of an alternator

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:–

Fig 3. Circuit diagram for determination of voltage regulation of 3-Φ alternator by synchronous
impedance method (Open Circuit and Short Circuit Tests)

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PROCEDURE: –

1. Note down the nameplate details of the motor and alternator.

2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch ON the supply by closing the DPST (Double Pole Single Throw) switch.
4. Using the Three-point starter, start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by adjusting
the motor field rheostat.
5. Conduct an open Circuit test by varying the potential divider for various values of field
current and tabulate the corresponding Open Circuit Voltage readings.
6. Conduct a Short Circuit test by closing the TPST (Triple Pole Single Throw) switch and
adjusting the potential divider to set the rated armature current and tabulating the
corresponding field current.
7. The stator resistance per phase is determined by connecting any one-phase stator winding
of the alternator as per the circuit diagram using an MC voltmeter and ammeter of suitable
ranges.

GRAPH: –

1. Draw the Open Circuit Characteristic curve (Generated Voltage per phase VS Field
current).
2. Draw the Short Circuit Characteristics curve (Short circuit current VS Field current)
3. From the graph find the open-circuit voltage per phase for the rated short circuit current
(Isc).
4. By using respective formulae find the Zs, Xs, Eo, and percentage voltage regulation.

OBSERVATION: –

1. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: –

Sl. No. Field Current (If) in Amp Open Circuit Line Open Circuit Phase
Voltage (Vl) in Volts Voltage (Vp) in Volts

2. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: –

Sl. No. Field Current (If) in Amp Short Circuit Current (Isc) in
Amp

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CALCULATIONS: –

1. Armature Resistance, Rs = ....... Ω

O.C.Voltage
2. Synchronous Impedance, Zs =
S .C.Current
3. Synchronous Reactance, X S = Z S − Rs
2 2

4. Open Circuit Voltage for lagging power factor = (V cos + I a Rs ) 2 + (V sin  + I a X s ) 2

5. Open Circuit Voltage for leading power factor =

(V cos + I a Rs )2 + (V sin  − I a X s ) 2
(V + I a Rs ) 2 + ( I a X s ) 2
6. Open Circuit Voltage for unity power factor =
EO − V
* 100
7. Percentage Voltage Regulation = V

RESULT: –

Thus, the voltage regulation of the 3-Φ alternator has been predetermined by the synchronous
impedance method as follows:

Sl. No. Power Factor % Voltage Regulation

1 0.8 lagging
2 0.8 leading
3 Unity

PRECAUTIONS: –
(i) The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position.
(ii) The alternator field potential divider should be kept in the minimum voltage position.
(iii) Initially all switches are in the open position.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab
Course code: EEC506
Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)
Experiment No.: 08

( )
TITLE:– Determination of direct axis reactance ( X d ) and quadrature axis reactance X q of a
Synchronous Machine (Slip test)

OBJECTIVE:– To determine the direct axis reactance ( X d ) and quadrature axis reactance X q ( )
of a salient pole synchronous machine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: –

Sl. No. Instruments/ Specification Quantity Make

Apparatus
1 3-Φ Alternator

2 DC Motor

3 Ammeter

4 Voltmeter

5 Tachometer

6 3-Φ auto-transformer

7 3-Φ M.C.B

THEORY: -

The salient-pole type synchronous machines have a non-uniform air gap. The air gap is smaller
along the polar axis which is coinciding with the main field pole axis (direct axis or d-axis) than
that of the inter-polar axis (quadrature axis or q-axis). Therefore, the reluctance of the air gap must
not be the same. Along the d-axis, the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is somewhat less than that
along the q–axis. Hence, the effect of magnetomotive force (MMF), when acting along the d-axis,
will be different than that when it is acting along the q-axis. Thus, the effect of armature reaction
in the case of a salient pole synchronous machine also must be taken as two components viz. one
acting along the d-axis and the other acting along the q-axis.

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“Blondel’s two-reaction theory” considers the effects of these armature reactions separately.
Neglecting saturation, their different effects are considered by assigning to each, an appropriate
value of armature-reaction “reactance”: the direct axis synchronous reactance ( Xd ) and

( )
the quadrature axis synchronous reactance X q . They are the steady state reactance of the salient-

pole type synchronous machine. The values of X d and X q can be measured by the slip test on a

synchronous machine.

The basic circuit diagram for conducting this test is shown in Fig. 1. Here the armature terminals
are supplied with a subnormal voltage of rated frequency with the field circuit left open. The
generator is driven by a prime mover at a slip speed that is slightly more or less than the
synchronous speed. This is equivalent to the condition in which the armature MMF remains
stationary and the rotor rotates at a slip speed with respect to the armature MMF. As the rotor poles
slip through the armature MMF, the armature MMF will be in line with the d-axis and q-axis,
alternately. When it is in line with the d-axis, the armature MMF directly acts on the magnetic
circuit and at this instant, the voltage applied on the machine divided by armature current gives
the value of X d . At this instant, the armature current per phase is minimum and the terminal

voltage per phase is maximum.

Maximum value of armature voltage / phase

Xd =
Minimum value of armature current / phase

When the armature MMF coincides with the q-axis, then the voltage impressed divided by
armature current gives the value of X q . At this instant, the armature current per phase is maximum

and the terminal voltage per phase is minimum.

Minimum value of armature voltage / phase

Xd =
Maximum value of armature current / phase

Since, X d  X q , the armature current, hence the pointer of the ammeter will oscillate from a

minimum to a maximum value. Similarly, the terminal voltage will also oscillate between the
minimum and maximum.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Fig. 1. Connection diagram for the measurement of X d & X q of the synchronous machine.

PROCEDURE: -

1) Connect the machine as in Fig. 1. and set the output of the variac to zero.
2) Switch on the DC supply and run the DC motor at a rated speed closer to the synchronous
speed of the alternator but less than the synchronous speed while keeping its field circuit
open.
3) Switch on the AC supply and increase the variac output to a suitable value (normally ¼ of
rated voltage). Observe the variations in the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter.
4) Adjust the speed of the DC motor finely to get maximum swings in ammeter and voltmeter
pointers.
5) Record maximum and minimum readings of the voltmeter and the ammeter.
6) Take additional sets of readings by adjusting the different outputs of the variac.
7) Now adjust the DC motor speed to a value little greater than the synchronous speed and
take similar readings as above.

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OBSERVATION: -

Sl. Spee Armature voltage Armature current V V X

no d Maximu Minimu Maximu Minimu X d = max X d = min d
. (rpm m m m m I min I max X q
) Vmax Vmin I max I min
(Volt) (Volt) (Amp) (Amp) (Ohm) (Ohm)

RESULTS:-

The values of X d and X q of three-phase salient-pole alternator have been found which are:
X d = ohm.
Xq = ohm.

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. All connections should be tight, neat and clean.

2. Care should be taken to read the readings of the instruments used.
3. Ensure the correct phase sequence of applied voltage. A voltmeter connected across the
field winding will read very small voltage if the sequence is proper.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab
Course code: EEC506
Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)
Experiment No.: 09
TITLE:– Measurement of negative sequence reactance of a 3-Φ alternator

OBJECTIVE:– To obtain the value of the negative sequence reactance of a 3-Φ alternator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: –

Sl. Instruments/ Specification Quantity Make

No. Apparatus
1 3-Φ alternator
2 DC motor
3 Ammeter
4 Voltmeter
5 Tachometer

THEORY: -

The negative sequence reactance may be found by applying balanced negative sequence
voltage to the armature terminals. The machine is driven by the prime mover at its rated
synchronous speed with the field winding short-circuited. The ratio of voltage per phase and
armature current per phase gives the negative sequence reactance per phase. Another method
of measuring negative sequence reactance is found from the armature terminals. The machine
is driven at synchronous speed and the field current is so adjusted until the rated terminal
current flows in the phases shorted through the armature and a current coil of wattmeter,
respectively. The value of negative sequence reactance ( X neg ) is given by

V
X neg =
3I sc

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram for negative sequence reactance.

PROCEDURE: -

3) Short circuit any two phases of the alternator through an ammeter.

4) Connect the voltmeter between the open phase and one short circuit phase.
5) Gradually increase the excitation such that the short circuit current does not exceed its rated
value.
6) Take readings of voltmeter and ammeter.
OBSERVATION: -

Sl. No. V (Line-Line) I sc (Amp) X neg (Ohm) Avg. X neg

(Volt) (Ohm)

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RESULTS: -

The negative sequence reactance of an alternator is found to be:

X neg =_____ohm.

PRECAUTIONS: -

1. All the connections should be tight, neat and clean.

2. Correct configuration is of most importance to have the desired configuration.
3. Applied voltage must be maintained correctly to avoid unhealthy operation.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
Course name: Advanced Electrical Machine Lab
Course code: EEC506
Location of the Lab: Ground floor, academic complex (Room no: 024)
Experiment No.: 10
TITLE:– Study of different types of starter for the starting of 3-Φ squirrel-cage induction motor
OBJECTIVE:– To find torque ratio for each method of starting of 3-Φ squirrel-cage induction
motor.
MACHINE UNDER TEST:-

Sl. No. Machine Specification Make

1 3-Φ squirrel-cage
induction motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:–

Sl. No. Instruments/ Range Quantity Make

Apparatus
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Auto-transformer
4 Tachometer

THEORY:– In a 3-Φ induction motor, the magnitude of an induced e.m.f. in the rotor circuit
depends on the slip of induction motor. This induced e.m.f. effectively decides the magnitude
of the rotor current. The rotor current/phase in the running condition is given by,
sE 20
I2r =
R22 + (sX 20 )
2

Where ‘E20’ is rotor induced voltage/phase at standstill, ‘R2’ is rotor resistance/phase, ‘X20’ is
rotor reactance/phase at standstill and ‘s’ is the slip. But at start, the speed of the motor is
zero and slip is at its maximum i.e. unity. So, magnitude of rotor induced e.m.f. is very large
at start. As rotor conductors are short circuited, the large induced e.m.f. circulates very high
current through rotor at start. This excessive current results in a large voltage drop in the
distribution network and stop other machine which are already running on the supply
mains.To avoid such effects, it is necessary to limit the current drawn by the motor at start.

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Small induction motor (up to 2 kW capacity) may be connected directly to the supply mains
whereas higher capacity motor are strictly prohibited to connect directly due to their high
starting current which is 5 to 7 times the full-load current.
The starter is a device which is basically used to limit high starting current by supplying
reduced voltage to the motor at the time of starting. Not only the starter limits the starting
current but also provides the protection to the induction motor against overt loading, single
phasing and low voltage situations. Torque produced by the induction motor is given by,

3
2
sE 20 R2 3  I 2r 2 
T= = R  ,
2ns R2 2 + (sX 20 )2 2 n s  s 
2

Where ‘ns’ = 120f/p is the synchronous speed (rps), ‘f’ is supply frequency (Hz) and ‘p’ is the
number of poles in the motor. Three types of starting method is used generally for squirrel
cage induction motor-
1. Direct-on-line (DOL) starting:– This is the most common starting method available in
the market. Fig. 1 shows the DOL starter, consist of main contactor and thermal or electronic
overload relay. The motor is directly switch on to the supply mains. This met hod is restricted
to small motor up to 5 kW rating for which starting torque is about twice the full load torque.
The ratio of starting to no load torque is given by :
2
Tst  I 2 st 
=  snl,
Tnl  I 2 nl 
Where, ‘ Tst ’ is starting torque, ‘ Tnl is no-load torque, I 2 st is starting current, I 2 nl is no-load current, snl is full
load slip.

Fig. 1. Direct-on-line Starter

2. Auto-transformer starting:– A 3-Φ star connected autotransformer can be used to reduce the
voltage applied to the stator. The schematic diagram of autotransformer starter is shown in the Fig.
2.When the switch is in the start position, the stator winding is supplied with reduced voltage.

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When motor gathers 80% of the normal speed, rated voltage gets applied to stator winding. The
motor starts rotating with normal speed. It can be used for both star and delta connected stator of
3-Φ induction motors. The ratio of starting to no-load torque is given by,
2
Tst I 
= X 2  2 sc  snl,
Tnl  I 2 nl 
Where ‘X’ is the ratio of stator terminal voltage at starting to supply voltage and I2sc is the starting
current when full supply voltage is applied.

Fig. 2. Auto-transformer starter

3. Star-delta (Y-∆) starting:– This is the cheapest starter among all, which uses triple pole
double throw (TPDT) switch. The switch connects the stator winding in star at start. Hence,
per phase voltage gets reduced by the factor 1/√3. Due to this reduced voltage, the starting
current is limited. When motor gathers sufficient speed, switch is thrown on other side, the
winding gets connected in delta, across the supply. So it gets normal rated voltage. The
arrangement of star-delta starter is shown in the Fig. 3. The ratio of starting to no load torque
is given by:
2
Tst 1 I 
=  2 st  snl,
Tnl 3  I 2 nl 

Fig. 3. Star-delta starter

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PROCEDURE:–
i. Make all the connections as shown in figure in off position.
ii. Switch on the power supply and start the motor by pressing START button.
iii. Note down the reading of ammeter, voltmeter in starting and running condition.
iv. Stop the motor by pressing STOP button, switch off the power supply and remove all the
connections properly.

RESULTS :–
I. DOL starting :
Sl. Voltage Stator I 2 st (A) I 2 nl (A) ns nr Snl Tst
No. (V) connection Tnl

II. Auto-transformer starting :

Sl. Supply Terminal Stator X I 2 st I 2 nl Snl Tst
No. Voltage per Voltage per connection Tnl
phase (V) phase (V) (A) (A)

III. Star-delta starting :

Sl. No. Supply I 2 st (A) I 2 nl (A) sfl Tst
Voltage (V) Tnl

PRECAUTIONS:–
3. All connections should be proper and tight.
4. The motor input current should not exceed its rated value.

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