1.

Explain one of the DNA fingerprinting techniques (Name, principal, steps, and result
interpretation)!

2. Each person makes more than 1 million different B cell antigen receptors and 10 million
different T cell antigen receptors, in order to recognize such diverse antigens existed. Yet there
are only about 20,000 protein-coding genes in the human genome. As we know, specific gene
arrangement codes specific protein. How, then, do human body generate such remarkable
diversity in antigen receptors? Explain the process from the gene rearrangements (including
the gene segments and their functions) to the production of antigen receptors!

3. When acetylcholine is infused into normal coronary arteries, the vessels dilate; however, if
the vessel is diseased and the endothelium is damaged, acetylcholine can cause
vasoconstriction. Explain why acetylcholine can have opposite effects on vascular function
depending on the integrity of the vascular endothelium!

4. Muscle cells need an input of free energy to be able to contract. One biochemical pathway for
energy transfer is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in a process called glycolysis. In the
presence of sufficient oxygen in the cell, pyruvate is oxidized to CO2 and H2O to make further
energy available. Under extreme conditions, the blood can’t provide enough oxygen, so that
the muscle cell produces lactate according to the following reaction:

∆Go’ = -25,1 kJ mol-1

In living cells the pH value usually is about pH = 7. The proton concentration is therefore
constant and can be included into ∆Go which is then called ∆Go’, a quantity commonly used
in biochemistry.

a. Calculate ∆Go for the reaction given above.

b. Calculate the reaction constant K’ (the proton concentration is included again in the constant,
K’ = K · [H+] for the reaction above at 25°C and pH = 7. (R= 8,314 J mol-1 K-1)

∆Go’ indicates the free enthalpy of the reaction under standard conditions if the concentration
of all reactants (except for H+) is 1 mol L-1. Assume the following cellular concentrations at
pH = 7: pyruvate 380 µmol L-1, NADH 55 µmol L-1, lactate 3800 µmol L-1, NAD+ 550 µmol
L-1.

c. Calculate ∆G’ at the concentrations of the muscle cell at 25°C!

(ln 102 = 4,6 ; ln 107 = 16,11 ; ln 108 = 18,42 ; e10,1 = 2,5 x 104 ; e25,1 = 7,9 x 1010)

5. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The presence of –NH2 and –COOH groups
makes amino acids amphoteric in nature. Certain amino acid side chains in proteins are
critically important for their reactivity and catalytic role. Glutamic acid is one such amino
acid, whose structure is shown below.

a. Why is the pKa of the α-COOH group lower than that of the γ-COOH?
b. Calculate the percent of γ-COOH group that remains unionized at pH 6.3.
c. If glutamic acid is subjected to paper electrophoresis at pH = 3.25, will it move towards the
anode (+) or cathode (-)? Why?

6. Haloperidol is a powerful neuroleptic prescribed in cases of psychomotoric disorder and for

the treatment of various psychoses. Haloperidol can be synthesized by reacting a ketone
(C10H10OFCl) with 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine in basic media in a 1:1 molar
ratio.
 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine can be prepared according to following scheme:

a. Give structural formulas of A, B, C, D, and E.

b. Indicate the mechanism of the reaction from C leading to D.
A ketone (C10H10OFCl) is the main product from reaction of 4-chlorobutanoyl chloride with
fluoro-benzene, in the presence of a moderate amount of aluminium chloride.
c. Sketch the structure of C10H10OFCl and indicate the reaction mechanism.
d. Give a chemical test method for the determination of the carbonyl group. How can you make
sure that the carbonyl group does not belong to an aldehyde group?
7. A horizontal rectangular plastic pipe of width w and height h, which closes upon itself, is
filled with mercury of resistivity r. An overpressure P is produced by a turbine, which drives
this fluid with a constant speed v0. The two opposite vertical walls of a section of the pipe
with length L are made of copper.

To simplify the situation we assume the following:

• Although the fluid is viscous, its speed is uniform over the entire cross section.
• The speed of the fluid is always proportional to the net external force acting upon it.
• The fluid is incompressible.

These walls are electrically shorted externally and a uniform, magnetic field B is applied
vertically upward only in this section. The set up is illustrated in the figure above, with the
̂ 𝑌̂ 𝑍̂ to be used in the solution.
unit vectors 𝑋,

a.) Find the force acting on the fluid due to the magnetic field (in terms of L, B, h, w, r and
the new velocity v)
 b.) Derive an expression for the new speed v of the fluid (in terms of v0, P, L, B and r ) after
the magnetic field is applied.

c.) Derive an expression for the additional power that must be supplied by the turbine to
increase the speed to its original value v0. Copy your result onto the answer form.

d.) Now the magnetic field is turned off and mercury is replaced by water flowing with
speed v0. An electromagnetic wave with a single frequency is sent along the section with
length L in the direction of the flow. The refractive index of water is n, and v0 <<c. Derive
an expression for the contribution of the fluid’s motion to the phase difference between the
waves entering and leaving section L. Copy your result onto the answer form.

8. A heavy block is attached to the ceiling by a spring that has a force constant k. A conducting
rod is attached to the block. The combined mass of the block and the rod is m. The rod can
slide without friction along two vertical parallel rails, which are a distance l apart. A
capacitor of known capacitance C is attached to the rails by the wires. The entire system is
placed in a uniform magnetic field B directed as shown. Find the period T of the vertical
oscillations of the block? Neglect the electrical resistance of the rod and all wires.
9. A Heavy Vehicle Moving on An Inclined Road

A heavy vehicle (road roller) model each of the two cylinders has a total mass M
(m2=m3=M) and consists of a cylindrical shell of outer radius Ro, inner radius Ri =0.8 Ro
and eight number of spokes with total mass 0.2 M. The mass of the undercarriage supporting
the vehicle’s body is negligible. The cylinder can be modeled as shown in Figure III-2. The
vehicle is moving down the road under the influence of gravitational and frictional forces.
The front and rear cylinders are positioned symmetrically with respect to the vehicle.
 The static and kinetic friction coefficients between the cylinder and the road are ms and mk
respectively. The body of the vehicle has a mass of 5M , length of L and thickness of t. The
distance between the front and the rear cylinder is 2l while the distance from the center of
cylinder to the base of the vehicle’s body is h. Assume that the rolling friction between the
cylinder and its axis is negligible.

Questions:

a. Calculate the moment of inertia of either cylinder [1.5 pts].

b. Draw all forces that act on the body, the front cylinder, and the rear one. Write down
equations of motion for each part of them [2.5 pts].

c. Assume that after the vehicle travels a distance d by pure rolling from rest the vehicle
enters a section of the road with all the friction coefficients drop to smaller constant values
ms’ and mk’ such that the two cylinders start to slide. Calculate the linear and angular
velocities of each cylinder after the vehicle has traveled a total distance of s meters. Here
we assume that d and s is much larger than the dimension of vehicle [2.0 pts]