Western Cape Education Department

Directorate: Curriculum FET

MATHEMATICS
REVISION BOOKLET
2024 TERM 2

Grade 10

This revision program is designed to assist you in revising the critical

content and skills that you have covered during the 2nd term. The
purpose is to prepare you to understand the key concepts and to
provide you with an opportunity to establish the required standard and
the application of the knowledge necessary to succeed in the
examination.
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

The revision program covers the following topics:

CONTENT PAGE

A. TRIGONOMETRY 3 - 12

B. TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS 13 - 19

C. ANALITICAL GEOMETRY 20 - 23

D. NUMBER PATTERNS 24 - 27

E. ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS 28 - 34
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

TRIGONOMETRY
Naming sides in a right-angled triangle: Defining the trig ratios in a right-angled triangle:
𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛉𝛉
1. The ratio 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡
is called the sine of angle
𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡 A θ and we write it as sin θ
𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛉𝛉
90°-θ
2. The ratio is called the cosine of
𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡
Opposite to θ angle θ and we write it as cos θ
𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛉𝛉
3. The ratio is called the tangent of
𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛉𝛉
θ C angle θ and we write it as tan θ
B
Adjacent to θ
For our purposes in Gr 10 – 12 we will mainly use
SUMMARY: these THREE ratios. The next 3 are called the
𝐨𝐨 𝐚𝐚 𝐨𝐨
RECIPROCALS
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =
𝐡𝐡 𝐡𝐡 𝐚𝐚
𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛉𝛉
4. The ratio 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛉𝛉 is called the cotangent of
Soh Cah Toa 𝟏𝟏
angle θ and we write it as cot θ = 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛉𝛉
OR 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡
5. The ratio 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛉𝛉 is called the secant of
𝟏𝟏
sinoh cosah tanoa angle θ and we write it as sec θ = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉
𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡
(make your OWN rhyme to remember the ratios as 6. The ratio 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛉𝛉
is called the cosecant of
𝟏𝟏
they are VERY IMPORTANT) angle θ and we write it as cosec θ = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛉𝛉

60°/ 30° triangle: A 0°/ 90° triangle

A 𝑜𝑜 𝟎𝟎
sin 0° = = = 𝟎𝟎
ℎ 𝟏𝟏
90°
2 1 𝑎𝑎 𝟏𝟏
0 cos 0° = = = 𝟏𝟏
ℎ 𝟏𝟏
B C D
0° 𝑜𝑜 𝟎𝟎
tan 0° = 𝑎𝑎 = 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎
B C
A 𝑜𝑜 √𝟑𝟑 1
sin 60° = ℎ = 𝟐𝟐
𝑜𝑜 𝟏𝟏
sin 90° = ℎ = 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏
30° 𝑎𝑎 𝟏𝟏
cos 60° = =
ℎ 𝟐𝟐
2 √3 𝑎𝑎 𝟎𝟎
cos 90° = = = 𝟎𝟎
𝑜𝑜 √3 ℎ 𝟏𝟏
tan 60° = 𝑎𝑎 = 1
= √𝟑𝟑
60° 𝑜𝑜 𝟏𝟏
B tan 90° = 𝑎𝑎 = 𝟎𝟎 = 𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮
1 C
𝑜𝑜 𝟏𝟏
sin 30° = = 45° triangle A
ℎ 𝟐𝟐 𝑜𝑜 𝟏𝟏
sin 45° = ℎ =
√𝟐𝟐
𝑎𝑎 √𝟑𝟑 √2
cos 30° = = 1
ℎ 𝟐𝟐 𝑎𝑎 𝟏𝟏
cos 45° = =
45° ℎ √𝟐𝟐
𝑜𝑜 𝟏𝟏 B C
tan 30° = 𝑎𝑎 = 1
√𝟑𝟑 𝑜𝑜 𝟏𝟏
tan 45° = 𝑎𝑎 = 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

The following can also be

used for Special angles

h = 2 units

𝒐𝒐 √𝟑𝟑
eg: sin 60° = =
𝒉𝒉 𝟐𝟐

Consolidation:
A
• Pythagoras for a right-angled ∆ABC with C� = 90° : 𝑐𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2
Hypotenuse 90°-θ
• Trigonometry is about the inter-relationship between the lengths of the sides Opposite to θ
and the sizes of the angles in a triangle.
• We use Greek letters (θ, α, β, etc.) to denote the angles in trigonometry.
θ C
• θ and (90°- θ) are a pair of complementary angles in a right-angled triangle. B
Adjacent to θ
• The side across the 90° angle (the longest side) is called the HYPOTENUSE (h)
• The side touching angle θ is ADJACENT (a) to θ.
• The side across angle θ is OPPOSITE (o) to θ.
• In any right-angled ∆ABC we can write ratios in terms of the sides with respect to one-another:

𝐭𝐭 𝐚𝐚 𝐭𝐭
sin θ = 𝐬𝐬 cos θ = 𝐬𝐬 tan θ = 𝐚𝐚

USE CALCULATOR WITH TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

Examples
A. Evaluate with the use of a Solutions and keystroke on calculator (Casio FX-82ZA)
calculator and round off answers
to 2 decimals:

1. sin 36° 1. 0,59 j36) =

cos 24°
2. 2. 0,46 ak24) R2=
2

3. tan2 125° 3. 2,04 (l125))d=

4. sin(46° + 27°)
4. 0,96 j46+27)=
5. sin 46° + sin 27°
5. 1,17 j46)+j27)=
Exercise:
Evaluate the following with a calculator, correct to 2 decimal places :
sin 76° sin 127°.tan 323°+2 cos 42°
1. tan 76° 2.
cos 76°
3. cos2 125° + sin2 125° 4.
8 sin 21°

Solutions: 1. 4, 01 2. 4, 01 3. 1 4. 0, 31
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

SOLVE TRIG EQAUTIONS

Examples
B. Calculate the size of the Solutions and keystroke on calculator (Casio FX-82ZA)
following angles, rounded off to 2
decimal places: 1. ∠P = tan−1 (0,684) = 34,37° ql0.684)=
1. tan P = 0,684 Can’t divide
by 3 from arctan
start
2. sin 3A = 0,821

3. 2 cos(𝜃𝜃 − 10°) = 1,268 2. 3A = sin−1 (0,821) = 55,19° qj0.821)=

55.19
∴ ∠A = = 18,40°
Standard form of trig equation: 3
Can’t add 10°
1,268 here
3. cos(𝜃𝜃 − 10°) = = 0,634
Trig ratio (angle) = value 2

∴(𝜃𝜃 − 10°) = cos −1 0,634 = 50,65°

∴ θ = 50,65° + 10° Only Now!

= 60,65°
DEFINE TRIG RATIOS IN TERMS OF THE CARTESIAN PLANE
The Cartesian Plane for Trigonometry: The different quadrants
• The Cartesian plane are divided into 4 quadrants
90° with intervals of 90°.
1st quadrant • We measure angles in an anti-clockwise way,
2nd quadrant starting with 0° on the positive horizontal axis.
o 1st quadrant is between 0° and 90°
o 2nd quadrant is between 90° and 180°
180° o 3rd quadrant is between 180° and 270° and
0°/ 360° o 4th quadrant is between 270° and 360°
• Note: 0° and 360° (a revolution) are at the same
point (starting/ ending points are the same)
3rd quadrant 4th quadrant
CAN YOU say in which quadrants will the following
angles lie?
270°
1. 39° 2. 132° 3. 346°
4. 101° 5. 271° 6. 89°
How to draw sketches (triangles) in the Cartesian Plane
y See the sketch:
• We use the coordinates of the point R(𝑥𝑥; 𝑦𝑦).
R(x; y)
• Draw a line from the origin (0; 0) to the point. That
distance, OR, is called the terminal arm or 𝑟𝑟, the
r y radius (of the circle through R) – the circle need not
θ be drawn.
O x x • Now draw a ⊥ line from R on the 𝑥𝑥 − axis to form a
right-angled triangle.
• The angle that OR makes with the positive 𝑥𝑥 − axis
is θ - always measured in an anti-clockwise direction
– in this case 0° < θ < 90°, hence the sketch is in the
1st quadrant.
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

Triangles in the different quadrants: Note: how do we show the angle θ in the different quadrants
1st quadrant: 0° < θ < 90° 2nd quadrant: 90° < θ < 180°
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 −
𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 +
𝑟𝑟 + 𝑟𝑟 +
sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦 + sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦 +
= =+ = =+
𝑟𝑟 + 𝑟𝑟 +
cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥 + cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥 −
= =+ = =−
𝑟𝑟 + 𝑟𝑟 +
tan 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦 + tan 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦 +
= =+ = =−
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 −
3rd quadrant: 180° < θ < 270° 4th quadrant: 270° < θ < 360°
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 +
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 −
𝑟𝑟 + 𝑟𝑟 +
sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦 − sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦 −
= = − = = −
𝑟𝑟 + 𝑟𝑟 +
cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥 − cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥 +
= =− = =+
𝑟𝑟 + 𝑟𝑟 +
tan 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦 − tan 𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦 −
= =+ = =−
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 +

The Trigonometric ratios in the Cartesian plane

y If we take any point R(𝑥𝑥; 𝑦𝑦) in the Cartesian plane, it is
noted that:
R(x; y) 𝐨𝐨 𝒚𝒚
sin θ = =
𝐡𝐡 𝒓𝒓
r y
𝐚𝐚 𝒙𝒙
θ cos θ = =
O x x 𝐡𝐡 𝒓𝒓

𝐨𝐨 𝒚𝒚
tan θ = =
𝐚𝐚 𝒙𝒙

Examples
1. Use the diagram to determine the value of:
(a) 𝑟𝑟 y
(5; 12) This is the coordinates
(𝑥𝑥; 𝑦𝑦) ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦𝑦 = 12
(b) sin θ r
θ
O x
(c) tan2 θ Can you use the diagram to determine the value of:
y
Solutions: (a) 𝑟𝑟
(a) Write 5 along the 𝑥𝑥 −axis and 12 along the 𝑦𝑦 −axis
θ
Use Pythagoras to calculate 𝑟𝑟 , the hypotenuse
R
(b) 25 sin2 𝜃𝜃 − 5 cos 𝜃𝜃
y
O x
𝑟𝑟 2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 … Pyth. r
= (5)2 + (12)2 13 Solutions:
12
= 25 + 144 = 169 θ (−3; −4)
∴ 𝑟𝑟 = √169 O 5 x
∴ 𝑟𝑟 = 13
Solutions: (a) r = 5 (b) 19
𝑦𝑦 12
(b) sin θ = 𝑟𝑟
= 13
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

𝑦𝑦 2 12 2 144 19
(c) tan2 θ = �𝑥𝑥 � = � 5 � = 25
= 5 25
Signs Of Trigonometric Ratios In The Quadrants
The following diagram shows the signs of 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 and 𝑟𝑟 , We summarise this in the so-called CAST diagram
as well as the signs of the three trigonometric ratios in
each of the four quadrants.

The letters A, S, T and C indicate which ratio(s) are

positive in each quadrant.
• In quadrant I: All trig ratios are positive
• In quadrant II: Sin is positive and all other ratios are
negative
• In quadrant III: Tan is positive and all other ratios
are negative
• In quadrant IV: Cos is positive and all other ratios
are negative

The so- called CAST diagram; also referred to as:

All Stations To Capetown
Examples Solutions:
1. In which quadrant(s) are: 1 a. quadrants 1 and 3
a. tan θ positive b. quadrant 3
b. sin θ < 0 and cos θ < 0 c. quadrant 1
c. tanθ > 0 and sin θ > 0 d. quadrant 2
d. cos θ < 0 and 180° < θ < 0°
Trigonometric ratios in the different quadrants
1. If 5sin θ − 4 = 0 and θ ∈ [90°; 270°], determine, NOTE:
without using a calculator, the value of cos2 𝜃𝜃 Without using a calculator means: using a sketch!!

Solution: 5sin θ − 4 = 0 Write the trig equation in standard

4 𝑦𝑦 form:
∴ sin θ = + =
5 𝑟𝑟
Ask yourself:
Draw a sketch in quadrant 2 In which quadrants is sin θ positive (+)?
In quadrants 1 and 2
y Which quadrants are included in the given interval ?
⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 4 and 𝑟𝑟 = 5
Quadrants 2 and 3
5
4 θ So, angle θ has to be in quadrant 2, as it is the quadrant which
Using Pyth: 𝑟𝑟 2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 is in the specified interval as well as where sin is positive.
2 2 2
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟 – 𝑦𝑦
= 25 – 16 x O x
Can you do the following?
=9
∴x=±3
If 41 cos θ + 9 = 0 and 180° < θ < 360°, determine,
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = −3 since x is negative in quadr 2 without the use of a calculator the value of:
9 tan θ + 41 sin θ
𝑥𝑥 2 −3 2 9
∴cos 2 𝜃𝜃 = � � = � � = 25
𝑟𝑟 5
Solution: 80
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

CONSOLIDATION:
• Know how to use keys on the calculator to determine trig ratios and how to calculate the angles.
90
• The Cartesian plane are divided into 4 quadrants
with intervals of 90°. 2nd 1st quadrant
• We measure angles in an anti-clockwise way, 180
starting with 0° on the positive horizontal axis. 0°/ 360°
3rd 4th

270°
• In the Cartesian plane, we have: y
𝐨𝐨
sin θ = =
𝒚𝒚 R(x; y)
𝐡𝐡 𝒓𝒓
r y
𝐚𝐚 𝒙𝒙
cos θ = = θ
𝐡𝐡 𝒓𝒓
O x x
𝐨𝐨 𝒚𝒚
tan θ = =
𝐚𝐚 𝒙𝒙

• We determine the signs of the trig ratios in the quadrants by using the
so- called CAST diagram; also referred to as:
“All Stations To Capetown”
The letters A, S, T and C indicate which ratio(s) are positive in each
quadrant.
• To solve trig ratios/ equations in the quadrants (without using a calculator): ⇒ using a sketch
o Write the equation in standard form: trig ratio (angle) = number
o Determine in which quadrant the angle lies by using the CAST diagram
o Draw a sketch (right-angled triangle) in the quadrant and fill in the values for 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 and/or 𝑟𝑟
o Calculate the missing side using Pythagoras
o Determine the asked ratio(s)
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

QUESTION 1
1.1 Given 4 cot 𝜃𝜃 + 3 = 0 and 00 < 𝜃𝜃 < 180°.
1.1.1 Use a sketch to determine the value of the following. DO NOT use a calculator.
(a) cos 𝜃𝜃 (4)

(b)
3 sin 𝜃𝜃 sec 𝜃𝜃 (4)
tan 𝜃𝜃

1.1.2 Hence, show that sin2 𝜃𝜃 − 1 = − cos 2 𝜃𝜃 (3)

1.2 Simplify the following expression WITHOUT using a calculator:

cos 300 tan 600 + cosec 2 450 sin2 600 (3)

1.3 Solve for 𝜃𝜃 correct to TWO decimal places, if

4
sin 𝜃𝜃 = cos 370
3
And 00 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 900
(2)

QUESTION 2
2.1 A right-angled triangle has sides 𝑎𝑎 , 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑐𝑐 and the
angle 𝜃𝜃, as shown below.

2.1.1 Write the following in terms of 𝑎𝑎 , 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑐𝑐:

(a) cos 𝜃𝜃 (1)
(b) tan 𝜃𝜃 (1)
(c) si n(90° − 𝜃𝜃) (2)
2.1.2 If it is given that 𝑎𝑎 = 5 and 𝜃𝜃 = 500 , calculate the numerical value of 𝑏𝑏. (2)

2.2 Given that 𝐴𝐴̂ = 38,2° and 𝐵𝐵� = 146,40 .

Calculate the value of 2 cosec 𝐴𝐴 + cos 3𝐵𝐵 (3)

2.3 Simplify fully, WITHOUT the use of a calculator:

sin 450 . tan2 600
cos 450 (4)
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

2.4 Given that 5 cos 𝛽𝛽 − 3 = 0 and 00 < 𝛽𝛽 < 900 .

If 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = 900 and 00 < 𝛼𝛼 < 900 , calculate the value of cot 𝛼𝛼 . (4)

QUESTION 3
3.1 In the sketch below, ∆ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 is drawn having a
right angle at N and 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 15 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 . A is the
� 𝑁𝑁 = 21° .
midpoint of 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 and 𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑀

Calculate:
3.1.1 AN (3)
3.1.2 � 𝑁𝑁
𝑃𝑃𝑀𝑀 (3)
3.1.3 MP (3)
3.2 Calculate 𝜃𝜃 if 2 sin(𝜃𝜃 + 15°) = 1,462 and 0° ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 90° (3)

QUESTION 4
∆𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 and ∆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 are right-angled triangles
as shown in the diagram below.
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 26, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 24, 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 8, 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 10 and
𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅� 𝑄𝑄 = 𝜃𝜃.

4.1 Refer to the diagram above and, WITHOUT using a calculator, write down
the value of:
Calculate:
4.1.1 tan 𝑃𝑃� (1)
4.1.2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆𝑄𝑄� 𝑅𝑅 (1)
4.1.3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 (1)
4.1.4 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅� 𝑄𝑄 (1)
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

4.2 WITHOUT using a calculator, determine the value of (3)

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅� 𝑆𝑆
QUESTION 5
5.1 In the diagram below, 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥; 𝑦𝑦) is a point in the
third quadrant. 𝑅𝑅𝑃𝑃� 𝑃𝑃 = 𝛽𝛽 and
17 cos 𝛽𝛽 + 15 = 0 .

5.1.1 Write down the values of 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑦𝑦 and 𝑟𝑟 . (4)

5.1.2 WITHOUT using a calculator, determine the value of
(a) sin 𝛽𝛽 (1)
(b) cos2 30° . tan 𝛽𝛽 (3)
5.1.3 Calculate the size of 𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑂�𝑃𝑃 correct to TWO decimal places (2)

5.2 In each of the following equations, solve for 𝑥𝑥 where 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 90° . (3)
Give your answers correct to TWO decimal places.
5.2.1 tan 𝑥𝑥 = 2,22 (2)
5.2.2 sec(𝑥𝑥 + 10°) = 5,759 (3)
5.2.3 sin 𝑥𝑥
− 2 = 1,24 (3)
0,2

QUESTION 6
6.1 In the diagram below, ∆ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is right-angled at
B.

Complete the following statements:

6.1.1 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (1)
sin 𝐶𝐶 =
…..
6.1.2 … . . 𝐴𝐴 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (1)
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

6.2 Without using a calculator, determine the value of: (4)

sin 60° . tan 30°
sec 45°

6.3 In the diagram, P(-5 ; 12) is a point in the Cartesian plane and 𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑂�𝑃𝑃 = 𝜃𝜃 .

Determine the value of

6.3.1 cos 𝜃𝜃 (3)
6.3.2 cosec 2 𝜃𝜃 + 1 (3)

QUESTION 7
7.1 Solve for 𝑥𝑥, correct to one decimal place, in each of the following equations
where 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 90°.
Complete the following statements:
7.1.1 5 cos 𝑥𝑥 = 3 (2)
7.1.2 tan 2𝑥𝑥 = 1,19 (3)
7.1.3 4 sec 𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 5 (4)
 13

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
INTRODUCTION
Previously we looked at the ratio’s within the 4 quadrants. We realized the following:
CAST Diagram Important Facts: CAN You?
Use your calculator to
1. We measure all angles anti- determine the following:
+
S A clockwise starting from 0°. Therefore sin 50° =
370° is in the first quadrant. cos 70° =
T C 2. Negative angles are measured clock- tan 25° =
_
wise from 0°. Therefore −50° is in sin 89° =
the fourth quadrant. sin 90° =
Calculator Tips: It is very handy to use the Table option on the calculator if we need to complete a table.

1. Click on Mode; Select 3: Table

2. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = is on the display; Type the function: 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙;
3. Start? 0 End? 360 Step? 30

CONCEPTS AND SKILLS

1. Complete the table: [Use the method described above]

𝑥𝑥 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 0 0,5 0,87 0,5 -1 0
2. The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 for 𝑥𝑥 ∈ [0°; 360°] is drawn below. Write the coordinates of the point on this graph.

Let’s look at the main features of this graph.

Solution Meaning Example
Amplitude 1 Max height from the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.
Amplitude is always positive

Period 360° One complete cycle

Starts at 0° and ends at 360°

Range 𝑦𝑦 ∈ [-1;1] All possible 𝑦𝑦- values

Domain 𝑥𝑥 ∈ [−360°; 360°] All 𝑥𝑥-values for which the

graph was sketched.
 14

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

In a similar way the graphs for y = cos 𝜃𝜃 and 𝑦𝑦 = tan 𝜃𝜃 can be found.

𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝜃𝜃
Table:
𝑥𝑥 0° 45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥

Complete the following for the graph

Solution
Amplitude
Period
Range
Domain
𝑦𝑦 = tan 𝜃𝜃
Table
𝑥𝑥 0° 45° 90° 135° 180° 225° 270° 315° 360°
𝑦𝑦 = tan 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 = 90°
Asymptote

𝑥𝑥 = 270°
Asymptote

Complete the following for the graph Special facts regarding the 𝑦𝑦 = tan 𝑥𝑥
Solution
Amplitude Asymptotes at 𝑥𝑥 = 90° + 𝑘𝑘. 180° for 𝑘𝑘 an
Period integer
Range
Remember the tan graph repeats every 180°
Domain
CAN YOU?
Draw sketch graphs of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥; 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = tan 𝑥𝑥 for 𝑥𝑥 ∈ [−360°; 360°].
 15

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

Complete the table below.

𝑥𝑥 −360° −270° −180° −90° 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥
ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = tan 𝑥𝑥
Draw neat sketch graphs of the above functions on the grid provided.

The effect of 𝒂𝒂 on the function 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙.

Now that we have sketched the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥 , let’s explore how the function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑥𝑥 will look like.
Below are the graphs of : 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥𝑥; ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = − sin 𝑥𝑥

1. Complete the table below:

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) ℎ(𝑥𝑥)
Amplitude
Period
Range
Domain

We can therefore say that 𝑎𝑎 influences the …………….. of the graph

Complete the table below:

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) ℎ(𝑥𝑥)
𝑎𝑎
Amplitude
Period
Range
Domain
We can therefore say that 𝑎𝑎 influences the …………….. of the graph
 16

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

The effect of 𝒒𝒒 in 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒒𝒒

Study the three graphs below:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥 + 1
ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥 + 2

What are you able to conclude about 𝑞𝑞?

Example 1

Determine the values of 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑐𝑐 for the

following graphs:

• 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 =
• 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑏𝑏 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏 =
• ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 =

Example 2:
Sketch the following graphs
for 𝑥𝑥 ∈ [−360°; 360°] on
the accompanying grid.

• 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥
• 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥𝑥
• 𝑦𝑦 = −2 sin 𝑥𝑥
 17

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

Summary of the trigonometric functions

𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒒𝒒 and 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒒𝒒 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒒𝒒

𝒂𝒂  Vertical stretch  Vertical stretch from the 𝑥𝑥 −axis (ignore
 𝑎𝑎 is the amplitude (ignore signs) signs)
The critical points are
 If 𝑎𝑎 is negative, then there is a (45°; 𝑎𝑎); (135°; −𝑎𝑎); (225°; 𝑎𝑎) and
reflection in the 𝑥𝑥 −axis. (315°; −𝑎𝑎)

 If 𝑎𝑎 is negative, then there is a reflection in the

𝑥𝑥 −axis.

 The equations of the asymptotes are 𝑥𝑥 =

90° + 𝑘𝑘. 180° where 𝑘𝑘 represents integer
values.

𝒒𝒒 vertical shift vertical shift

Period 360° 180°

Remember:

• You need to know the basic graphs i.e 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 = tan 𝑥𝑥.
• The period of the tan graph is 180°. This graph has asymptotes.
• You need to start with the basic functions and apply the changes as mentioned in the question
• It is expected of you to be able to sketch a trigonometric graph without the use of a table.

QUESTION 1
Given 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥𝑥 for 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 270°.
1.1 Sketch on the grid provided in the ANSWER BOOK, the graph of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 for (6)
0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 270° .
1.2 Write down the following:
1.2.1 Amplitude of 𝑔𝑔 (1)
1.2.2 Range of 𝑓𝑓 (1)

1.3 Use the graph to determine the following:

1.3.1 Number of solutions to 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) in the interval 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 270° (1)
1.3.2 Value(s) of 𝑥𝑥 in the interval 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 180° for which (3)
sin 𝑥𝑥 = 2 + 2 cos 𝑥𝑥
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

QUESTION 2
The graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑥𝑥 and
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥 + 1 for 𝑥𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°].

2.1 Write down the value of 𝑎𝑎. (1)

2.2 Write down the period of 𝑓𝑓 (1)
2.3 Write down the range of 𝑔𝑔. (2)
2.4 For which values of 𝑥𝑥 for 𝑥𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°] will 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) > 0 ? (2)
2.5 The graph 𝑔𝑔 is reflected about the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 and then shifted 2 units upwards to (2)
obtain the graph ℎ. Write down the equation of ℎ.

QUESTION 3
In the diagram below, the graph of
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −2 cos 𝑥𝑥 is drawn for the
interval 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 360°.

3.1 Write down the amplitude of 𝑓𝑓. (1)

3.2 Write down the minimum value of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 3 (1)
3.3 On the same system of axes, draw the graph of 𝑔𝑔, where 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥 + 1 for (3)
the interval 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 360° .
3.4 Use the graph to determine the following:
3.4.1 The value of 𝑓𝑓(180°) − 𝑔𝑔(180°) (2)
3.4.2 For which value(s) of 𝑥𝑥 will 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥). 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) > 0 (2)
3.5 The graph 𝑓𝑓 is reflected about the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 and then moved 3 units
downwards to form the graph ℎ. Determine:
3.5.1 The equation of ℎ (2)
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

3.5.2 The range of ℎ for the interval 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 360°. (2)

QUESTION 4
4.1 Consider the function 𝑦𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑥𝑥 .
4.1.1 Make a neat sketch of 𝑦𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑥𝑥 for 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 360° on the axes provided (4)
on diagram sheet 1. Clearly indicate on your sketch the intercepts with the
axes and the asymptotes.

4.1.2 If the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑥𝑥 is reflected about the 𝑥𝑥- axis, write down (1)
the equation of the new graph obtained by this reflection.
4.2 The diagram below shows the graph of 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑥𝑥 for. 0° ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 360° .

4.2.1 Determine the value of 𝑎𝑎. (1)

4.2.2 If the graph of 𝑔𝑔 is translated 2 units upwards to obtain a new graph ℎ, (2)
write down the range of ℎ .
 20

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
y 2 − y1
GRADIENT OF A LINE m=
x 2 − x1
GRADIENT OF A LINE: Parallel and perpendicular lines
If two lines are parallel, their gradients will be equal. 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 ∥ 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪  ∴ 𝒎𝒎𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝒎𝒎𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪
If two lines are perpendicular, the product of their gradients will be equal to −1
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ⊥ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶  ∴ 𝒎𝒎𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 × 𝒎𝒎𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪 = −𝟏𝟏
Examples:
1.3) Prove that 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 ∥ 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪. Solution:
𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚 =
𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1

6−0 0 − (−4)
𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
0 − (−3) 2−0
6 4
𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
3 2
𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =2 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =2

𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
∴ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∥ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
1.4) Prove that 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 ⊥ 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪. Solution:

𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1

𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚 =
𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1

2−0 6−0
𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
0 − (−3) 0−4
2 6
𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
3 −4
3
𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = −
2
2 3
𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = × − = −1
3 2
∴ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ⊥ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

COLLINEAR POINTS
If three points are collinear (in a straight line) the gradients between the points will be the same.
If 𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑚𝑚𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴  A , B and C are in a straight line
Example:
Determine if 𝑬𝑬(𝟎𝟎; 𝟑𝟑) , 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1
𝑭𝑭(−𝟐𝟐; 𝟓𝟓) 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑮𝑮(𝟐𝟐; 𝟏𝟏) 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚 =
𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1
are
collinear or not. 5−3 5−1
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =
−2 − 0 −2 − 2
2 4
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =
−2 −4

= −1 = −1
𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
∴ 𝐸𝐸, 𝐹𝐹 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐺𝐺 are co−linear
(in a straight line)
 21

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

Quadrilateral Definition Sides Angles Diagonals Diagram
trapezium A quadrilateral with 1 pr of opp sides = Int ∠s sum to 360° Cut each other
one pair of opposite
sides parallel

kite A quadrilateral with 2 prs of adjacent sides = • 1 pr opp ∠s = • Diagonals intersect ⊥

two pairs of • Int ∠s sum to 360° • 1 diagonal bisects the other
adjacent sides equal • 1 diagonal bisects 2 opp int ∠s

parallelogram A quadrilateral with • Prs of opp sides = • Int ∠s sum to 360° • Diagonals bisect each other
two pairs opposite • Prs of opp sides // • Prs of opp ∠s = • Diagonal bisects the Area
sides parallel

rhombus A parallelogram • All sides = • Int ∠s sum to 360° • Diagonals bisect each other ⊥
with all sides equal • Prs of sides // • Prs of opp ∠s = • Diagonal bisects the opp int ∠s
• Diagonal bisects the Area

rectangle A parallelogram • Prs of opp sides = • All int ∠s = 90° • Diagonals bisect each other and
with two pairs of • Prs of opp sides // • Int ∠s sum to 360° are =
parallel sides and a • Diagonal bisects the Area
90° angle.

square A rectangle/ • All sides = • All int ∠s = 90° • Diagonals bisect each other ⊥
rhombus with all • Prs of sides // • Int ∠s sum to 360° and are =
sides equal and a • Diagonal bisects the int ∠s
90° angle. • Diagonal bisects the Area
 Vierhoek
Trapesium Vlieë

Parallelogram
Ruit

Reghoek Vierka

QUESTION 1

In the diagram below, P(7 ; 4), Q(6 ; 6),

R(0 ; 3) and S(𝑡𝑡 ; 𝑘𝑘) are the vertices of
quadrilateral PQRS.

1.1 Calculate the length of PQ. Leave your answer in surd form. (2)
1.2 7 7
If T(2 ; 2) is the midpoint of QS, determine the coordinates of S. (3)

1.3 If the coordinates of S are (1 ; 1), show that PR = QS. (2)

1.4 Show that 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 ⊥ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 . (4)
1.5 Hence, what type of special quadrilateral is PQRS? Motivate your answer. (2)
1.6 Calculate the size of 𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆̂𝑄𝑄 . (3)

QUESTION 2
2.1 Show that a triangle ABC, vertices A(1 ; 1); B(3 ; 6) and C(6 ; 3), is an isosceles (4)
triangle.
2.2 In die diagramis ADCB ‘n ruit met A(3 ; 5) (1)
en B(-1 ; -4). 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 en 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵. D is ‘n
punt sodat AD parallel met die 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is en
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 5 eenhede. CD is loodreg op die
𝑥𝑥 −as. Die hoeklyne sny by punt P.

2.2.1 Show that the coordinates of C are (8 ; 0). (2)

2.2.2 Write down the coordinates of point P. (2)
 24

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

2.2.3 Calculate the gradient of line BD. (2)

2.2.4 Calculate the length of line AC. (2)
2.2.5 Calculate the area of the kite ADCB. (3)

QUESTION 3

In the diagram, C is a point on the y-axis

such that A(0 ; 4), B(4 ; -4) , C and D(-4 ;
2) are vertices of parallelogram ABCD.
1
K is the point (0 ; −2 4) and L is a point

on AB such that 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 ∥ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶.

3.1 Calculate the length of diagonal DB (3)

3.2 Calculate the coordinates of M, the midpoint of DB. (3)
3.3 Calculate the gradient of AD. (3)
3.4 Prove that 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ⊥ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 . (3)
3.5 Give a reason why parallelogram ABCD is a rectangle. (1)
3.6 Determine the equation of KL in the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐. (2)
3.7 Write down, the reason, the coordinates of C. (3)

QUESTION 4
4.1 In the diagram below, D(-3 ; 3), E(3 ; -5) and F(-1 ; k) are three
points in the Cartesian plane.

4.1.1 Calculate the length of DE. (2)

4.1.2 Calculate the gradient of DE. (2)
4.1.3 Determine the value of 𝑘𝑘 if 𝐷𝐷𝐸𝐸� 𝐹𝐹 = 90°. (4)
4.1.4 If 𝑘𝑘 = −8, determine the coordinates of M, the midpoint of DF. (2)
4.1.5 Determine the coordinates of a point G such that the quadrilateral (4)
DEFG is a rectangle.
4.2 C is the point (1 ; -2). The point D lies in the second quadrant and has coordinates (4)
(𝑥𝑥 ; 5) . If the length of CD is √53 units, calculate the value of 𝑥𝑥 .
 25

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

Sequences and Series

Look at the following sequences. Determine the general term in each of the following.

Example 1. Example 2.
2; 4; 6; 8; . . . 3; 6; 9; 12; . . .

𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛 : general term 𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛 : general term

1 2 = 2(1) = 2 1 3 = 3(1) = 3
2 2+2 = 2(2) = 4 2 3+3 = 3(2) = 6
3 2+2+2 = 2(3) = 6 3 3+3+3 = 3(3) = 9
4 2+2+2+2 = 2(4) = 8 4 3+3+3+3 = 3(4) = 12
10 = 2(10) = 20 10 = 3(10) =30
100 = 2(100) = 200 100 = 3(100) = 300
𝑛𝑛 = 2(𝒏𝒏) 𝑛𝑛 =3(𝒏𝒏)
Multiples of 2 = 2(𝒏𝒏)
Even numbers Multiples of 3 = 3(𝒏𝒏)
Odd numbers = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏
Example 3. Example 4.
2; 4; 8; 16; . . . 1; 4; 9; 16; . . .

𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛 : general term 𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛 : general term

1 2 = 21 = 2 1 1 × 1 = 12
2 2×2 = 22 = 4 2 2 × 2 = 22 = 4
3 2×2×2 = 23 = 8 3 3 × 3 = 32 = 9
4 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 24 = 16 4 4 × 4 = 42 = 16
10 = 210 = 1024 10 = 102 = 100
100 = 2100 100 = 1002 = 10000
𝑛𝑛 = 𝟐𝟐𝒏𝒏 𝑛𝑛 = 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐

Powers of 2 = 𝟐𝟐𝒏𝒏 Squares of natural numbers= 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐

Cubes of natural numbers = 𝒏𝒏𝟑𝟑

 26

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

Linear Patterns:
An example of a linear pattern is one where there is a constant difference between consecutive terms. In other
words, the same number will be added to, or subtracted from each consecutive term.
Example 5. Consider the pattern/ sequence: 5; 9; 13; 17; 21; …
𝑇𝑇3 = the third term: 3 are the position of
the term in the sequence

𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇2 𝑇𝑇3 𝑇𝑇4 𝑇𝑇5

5 9 13 17 21
21 is the value of the
fifth term – 𝑇𝑇5 = 21

4 4 4 4
4 is the constant/common
difference(d) between two
consecutive terms
𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇

The sequence can be described in words as follows:

The 1st term is 5. Add 4 to the 1st term to obtain the 2nd term which is 9. Continue adding
4 to each term to obtain the next term.
• The constant difference is 4
• The next three terms is 25; 29; 33
• The value of 𝑇𝑇4 = 17 →17 is the term in the 4th position
• The 2nd term → 𝑇𝑇2 = 9 is the value of 2nd term

Example 6: Consider the pattern of squares. Determine the general term.

We can represent the pattern of squares on a table.

Constant difference 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑇1 = 9 − 5 = 𝟒𝟒

𝑛𝑛 Number of squares 𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛 : general term

1 5 =5 = 5+4(0)
2 5+ 4 =9 = 5+4(1)
3 5+4+4 = 13 = 5+4(2)
4 5+4+4+4 = 17 = 5+4(3)

𝑛𝑛 5+4+4+4+4+ … +4 = 5+4(𝑛𝑛 − 1)
 27

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

QUESTION 1
1.1 Consider the linear sequence: 5 ; 8 ; 11 ; 𝑏𝑏 ; 17 ; … …
1.1.1 Write down the value of 𝑏𝑏 . (2)
1.1.2 Determine the 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ term of the sequence. (2)
1.1.3 Calculate the value of the 15𝑡𝑡ℎ term of the sequence. (2)
1.1.4 Which term in the sequence is equal to 83? (2)

1.2 Consider the number pattern below created by using the numbers of the
sequence 2 ; 6 ; 10 ; 14 ; 18 ; ….

1.2.1 Calculate the sum of the numbers in the 8𝑡𝑡ℎ row. (3)
1.2.2 Determine the mean of the numbers in the 20𝑡𝑡ℎ row. (2)

QUESTION 2
Dark tiles(D) and light tiles (L) are used to create patterns on a floor. The first four
patterns are shown below. For the patterns that follows the tiles are arranged in a
similar manner.

2.1 How many dark tiles were used in pattern 5? (1)

2.2 How many light tiles were used in pattern 6? (1)
2.3 Write down the general term (𝐷𝐷𝑛𝑛 ) for the number of dark floor tiles used in (2)
each pattern.
2.4 Write down the general term (𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛 ) for the number of light floor tiles used in (2)
each pattern.
2.5 Which pattern will have exactly 64 light floor tiles? (3)
2.6 Each dark tile is 0,3m wide and 0,6 m long. Calculate the total area covered (3)
 28

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

by all the dark tiles in the first 100 patterns.

Question 3
3.1 Given the linear number patterns: 8 ; 3 ; −2 ; …
3.1.1 Write down the NEXT TWO terms of the pattern. (2)
3.1.2 Determine the 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ term of the pattern. (2)
3.1.3 Calculate 𝑇𝑇30 , the thirtieth term of the pattern. (2)
3.1.4 Which term of the pattern is equal to -492? (2)

3.2 The first four terms of PATTERN A and PATTERN B are shown in the (3)
table below:

3.2.1 Determine a general formula for the 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ term of the PATTERN A. (2)
3.2.2 Hence, or otherwise, determine a general formula for the 𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ term of (1)
PATTERN B.
3.2.3 Hence, determine a general formula for the pattern
0 ; -6 ; -20 ; -42….
Simplify your answer as far as possible. (4)

QUESTION 4
4.1 3𝑥𝑥 + 1 ; 2𝑥𝑥 ; 3𝑥𝑥 − 7 … .. are the first three terms of a linear number patterns
4.1.1 If the value of 𝑥𝑥 is three, write down the FIRST THREE terms. (3)
4.1.2 Determine the formula for 𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛 , the general term of the sequence. (2)
4.1.3 Which term in the sequence is the first to be less than -31? (3)
4.2 The multiple of three form the number pattern: 3 ; 6 ; 9 ; 12 ; … … .. (3)
Determine the 13𝑡𝑡ℎ number in this pattern that is even.
 29

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
PARABOLA A graph of a quadratic function i.e. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑞 where 𝑞𝑞 is a real
number and 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0 is called a parabola
Terminology:
Turning Point: The turning point of the parabola is the point where the parabola turns or change direction.
This point has an 𝑥𝑥-coordinate and a 𝑦𝑦-coordinate. This parabola has (0; 𝑞𝑞) has the coordinates of turning
point.
Axes of Symmetry: The axes of symmetry is the vertical line, that divides the parabola so that the one half is
a mirror image of the other. The axes of symmetry is the x-coordinate of the turning point. In Grade 10 you
will be working with the parabola of standard form 𝒚𝒚 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝒒𝒒 , this Parabola is symmetrical about the 𝒚𝒚 -
axis. The equation of the axes of symmetry of this form of the parabola, is 𝑥𝑥 = 0 .
Minimum/Maximum Value:
The minimum value (if 𝒂𝒂 > 𝟎𝟎) or maximum value (𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒂𝒂 < 0) is the 𝒚𝒚 -coordinate of the Turning Point.
x - intercept: This is where the graph intersects the x-axes.
y - intercept: This is where the graph intersects the y-axes.
Domain is the set of x-values for which the graph or function has been defined.
Range is the set of y-values for which the graph or function has been defined.
In the equation 𝒚𝒚 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝒒𝒒
If 𝒂𝒂 > 𝟎𝟎, i.e. if 𝑎𝑎 is positive If 𝒂𝒂 < 𝟎𝟎 , i.e. if 𝑎𝑎 is negative
The graph has a ‘smiley face the graph has a ‘sad face’.

If 𝒒𝒒 < 𝟎𝟎 , i.e. if 𝑞𝑞 is negative

If 𝒒𝒒 > 𝟎𝟎, i.e. if 𝑞𝑞 is positive Then 𝑞𝑞 is the number of units the function
Then 𝑞𝑞 is the number of units the function, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 is shifted down.
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 is shifted up.
How to sketch 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑞
Determine: a) the shape of the graph (up or down)
b) 𝑥𝑥-intercept if it has one
c) Turning point which is (0; 𝑞𝑞)
d) Now draw the sketch
How to determine the equation of the parabola: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑞
• You need two bits of information to determine "𝑎𝑎" and "𝑞𝑞". Thus, the coordinates of two points
should be given on the parabola. Each point is set, and then gives a comparison with "𝑎𝑎" and "𝑞𝑞"
as unknown. The two equations can then be solved simultaneously.
• If the y intercept was given, the value of "q" was given. The other given point is then used to
determine "𝑎𝑎".
 30

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

𝑎𝑎
Hyperbola This is a graph with Equation: 𝑦𝑦 = + 𝑞𝑞, Where 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑦𝑦 ≠ 𝑞𝑞
𝑥𝑥
The hyperbola has two Asymptotes, 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑞𝑞.
Asymptotes: These are lines that the graph approaches but never touches or intersect.

Characteristics

• Asymptotes: The Hyperbola has two asymptotes.

 𝑥𝑥 = 0 (this is the 𝑦𝑦-axes) and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑞𝑞 are the equations of
the two asymptotes

• Shape and Quadrant of the hyperbola

 If a is more than 0, the curves will be in the 1st and 3rd
quadrants.
 If a is less than 0, the curve will be in the 2nd and 4th
quadrant

• 𝑞𝑞 determines the number of units the hyperbola is shifted

above or below the 𝑥𝑥 – axes.
 If q is more than 0, then the hyperbola will be shifted q
units above the 𝑥𝑥 axis.
 If q is less than 0, then the hyperbola will be shifted q
units below the 𝑥𝑥 axis.
 If q = 0 then, the 𝑥𝑥- axes is the second asymptote.
• Lines of Symmetry: The hyperbola has two lines of
Symmetry.
 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞 and 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞
• Domain: 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑅𝑅 , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 0
• Range: 𝒚𝒚 ∈ 𝑅𝑅 , 𝑦𝑦 ≠ 𝒒𝒒

How to sketch the Hyperbola?

• Write the equation in standard form.

• Use 𝒂𝒂
• Sketch the motherfunction of the hyperbola, if “𝑎𝑎” is positive. The asymptotes is the 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 and 𝑥𝑥 −
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.
• If the value of “a” without considering the sign is more than one, then this transformation of the
hyperbola is more steep than the mother function. Sketch the transformation of the mother function
consoder the positive value of “𝑎𝑎”.
• If 𝑎𝑎 < 0 , reflect the transformation of the mother function about the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.

• Use 𝑞𝑞:
• The transformation of the mother function is skifted 𝑞𝑞 units up, if 𝑞𝑞 > 0 .
• The transformation of the mother function is skifted 𝑞𝑞 units down, if 𝑞𝑞 < 0 .
• Sketch the asymptote of the transformation of the mother function. Give the equation of the
asymptote.
 31

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

• Determine the 𝑥𝑥 – intercept. Indicate the 𝑥𝑥-intercept on the sketch.

𝑎𝑎
How to determine the equation of a Hyperbola, 𝑦𝑦 = + 𝑞𝑞
𝑥𝑥

• Two bits of information of the hyperbola is required to determine the value of “𝑎𝑎” and “𝑞𝑞” . Thus
the coordinates of two points on the hyperbola must be given. Each point must be substituted into
the equation with “𝑎𝑎” and “𝑞𝑞” as unknowns. The two equations can than be solved simultaneously.
• If the horizontal asymptote is given, then the value of “𝑞𝑞” is given. The coordinates of one other
point must be given to determine the value of “𝑎𝑎” .

Exponential This is a graph with equation 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎. 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞 where 𝑏𝑏 > 1 or 0 < 𝑏𝑏 < 1, and q is any real
number.
This graph as one asymptode, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑞𝑞
In the diagram: y

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑏𝑏 > 1 and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 , 0 < 𝑏𝑏 < 1

g f

In the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 :

• If 𝒃𝒃 > 𝟏𝟏, the graph is increasing

• If 𝟎𝟎 < 𝒃𝒃 < 𝟏𝟏, (a fraction) the graph is
decreasing
• 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎𝟎 is a horizontal asymptote to the
graph
• the y−intercept is 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏, since 𝑏𝑏 0 = 1
• there is no 𝒙𝒙 −intercept since there’s 1
nowhere where 𝑦𝑦 = 0 x
O

Impact of "𝑎𝑎" on the Exponential Function: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥

y
𝑓𝑓: 𝑦𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝑥

𝒈𝒈
𝑔𝑔: 𝑦𝑦 = 3 2𝑥𝑥
𝒇𝒇 • The graph of 𝑔𝑔 is steeper than 𝑓𝑓 – the
bigger the value of 𝒂𝒂, the steeper the
graph – that is the graph is more
2 stretch upwards
• The graphs 𝑓𝑓, 𝑔𝑔 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ℎ have 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎𝟎
(𝒒𝒒 = 𝟎𝟎) as horizontal asymptote
• 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = −2𝑥𝑥 are
reflections of each other about the
1
𝒙𝒙 −axes (horizontal asymptote: 𝑦𝑦 = 0)
x
O
ℎ: 𝑦𝑦 = −2 𝑥𝑥 −1

𝒉𝒉
 32

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

Impact of “𝑞𝑞” on the Exponential Function:𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 + 𝒒𝒒

Sketch 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 , 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 − 2 on the same system of axes.

What do we observe?
g f h
y
• The Mother function 𝑓𝑓 where 𝑞𝑞 = 0
(1; 5) intersects the 𝑦𝑦 −axes at 𝑦𝑦 = 1.
5

• 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 , is the function 𝑓𝑓

shifted two units up.
3 (1; 3)

2
• ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 − 2, is the function 𝑓𝑓
1 shifted two units down.
(1; 1)1
x
O 1

−1

−2

How to sketch the eksponential function (without using a table)

• Determine the value of 𝒃𝒃. If 𝒃𝒃 > 𝟏𝟏, the graph is increasing, if 𝟎𝟎 < 𝒃𝒃 < 𝟏𝟏, (a fraction) the
graph is decreasing. Draw the relevant mother function based on the value of 𝒃𝒃, which intersect
the 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 at 1. Determine the coordinates of another point on the mother function.
• Use 𝒂𝒂
 Ignore the sign of “ 𝑎𝑎”, and determine using the value of “𝑎𝑎” where the transformation of the
mother graph intersect the y-axes. Determine the coordinates of the other point.
 If 𝑎𝑎 < 0 the transformation of the mother graph must be reflected about the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Hence
determine the coordinates of the seconde point..
• Use 𝑞𝑞:
 Sketch the asymptote of the function, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑞𝑞.
 The transformation of the mother function after considering the value of 𝑎𝑎, is shifted 𝑞𝑞 units up
if 𝑞𝑞 > 0 .
 The transformation of the mother function after considering the value of 𝑎𝑎, is shifted 𝑞𝑞 units
down if 𝑞𝑞 < 0 .
 Hence determine the coordinates of the second point.

How to determine the equation of the exponential function: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞

• Determine the value of 𝑞𝑞 from the horizontal asymptote.
• Determine the value of 𝑎𝑎 by substituting q and the other point into the given equation..
• Generally 𝑏𝑏 is given. If 𝑏𝑏 is not given another point must be given on the sketch which you will also
 33

Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

substitute into the equation. You will now solve the two equations for 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑎𝑎 .

QUESTION 1
The diagram shows the graphs of
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑞 and
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑐𝑐. R and S(2 ; 0) and
the 𝑥𝑥- intercepts of 𝑔𝑔 and T(0 ; 8) is
the 𝑦𝑦- intercept of 𝑔𝑔. Graph 𝑓𝑓
passes through R and T.

1.1 Write down the range of 𝑔𝑔. (1)

1.2 Write down the 𝑥𝑥-coordinates of R. (1)
1.3 Calculate the values of 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑞𝑞. (3)
1.4 Determine the equation of 𝑓𝑓. (3)
1.5 Use the graphs to determine the value(s) of 𝑥𝑥 for which:
1.5.1 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) (2)
1.5.2 𝑥𝑥. 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) ≤ 0 (3)
1.6 The graph ℎ is obtained when 𝑔𝑔 is reflected along the line 𝑦𝑦 = 0. Write down (2)
the equation of ℎ in the form ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑝𝑝𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑘 .

QUESTION 2
2.1 The function 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞 is described by the following properties:
• 𝑘𝑘 > 0 ; 𝑘𝑘 ≠ 1
• 𝑥𝑥 – intercept at (2 ; 0)
• The horizontal asymptote is 𝑦𝑦 = −9
2.1.1 Write down the range of 𝑝𝑝. (1)
2.1.2 Determine the equation of 𝑝𝑝. (3)
2.1.3 Sketch the graph of 𝑝𝑝. Show clearly the intercepts with the axes and (3)
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

the asymptote.

2.2 𝑘𝑘
The sketch below shows the graphs of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑤𝑤 and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = −𝑥𝑥 − 1. The graph

of 𝑔𝑔 is an axis of symmetry of 𝑓𝑓. The graphs 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 intersect at P and Q.

2.2.1 Write down the value of 𝑤𝑤. (1)

2.2.2 The point (- 2 ; 7) lies on 𝑓𝑓. Calculate the value of 𝑘𝑘. (2)
2.2.3 Calculate the 𝑥𝑥 – coordinates of P and Q . (4)
2.2.4 Write down the values of 𝑥𝑥 for which −16
> −𝑥𝑥 (2)
𝑥𝑥

QUESTION 3
The graphs of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4 and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) =
−𝑥𝑥 + 2 are sketched below. A and B are the
𝑥𝑥 – intercepts of 𝑓𝑓. C and D are the y-intercepts
of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 respectively. K is a point on 𝑔𝑔 such
that BK ∥ 𝑥𝑥-axis. 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 intersect at A and E.

3.1 Write down the coordinates of C. (1)

3.2 Write down the coordinates of D. (1)
3.3 Determine the length of CD. (1)
3.4 Calculate the coordinates of B. (3)
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

3.5 Determine the coordinates of E, a point of intersection of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔. (4)

3.6 For which values of 𝑥𝑥 will:
3.6.1 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) < 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) (2)
3.6.2 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥). 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) ≥ 0 (2)
3.7 Calculate the length of AK. (4)
QUESTION 4
The graph of 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = −2𝑥𝑥 + 8 is sketched below. A and
B are the 𝑦𝑦 - and 𝑥𝑥 − intercepts respectively of 𝑔𝑔.

4.1 Write down the range of 𝑔𝑔. (1)

4.2 Determine the coordinates of B. (3)
4.3 If 𝑔𝑔 is reflected over the 𝑥𝑥 −axis to form a new graph ℎ, determine the (2)
equation of ℎ.

QUESTION 5
A hyperbola, ℎ, is described with the following characteristics:
• The equation of the vertical asymptote is 𝑥𝑥 = 0
• The range of ℎ is (−∞ ; 3 ) ∪ (3 ; ∞)
• The 𝑥𝑥- intercept of ℎ is (2 ; 0)
Determine the equation of ℎ. (4)

QUESTION 6
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −2𝑥𝑥 2 + 2 and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 are the defining equations of graphs 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔
respectively.
6.1 Write down an equation for the asymptote of 𝑔𝑔. (1)
6.2 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 on the same set of axes, clearly showing ALL (6)
intercepts with the axes, turning points and asymptotes.
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2

6.3 Write down the range of 𝑓𝑓. (1)

6.4 Determine the maximum value of ℎ if ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) . (2)
6.5 What transformation does the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) undergo in order to obtain (2)
the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 ?
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Mathematics revision booklet 2024 Grade 10 Term 2