TA CHUYÊ N NGÀ NH BUỔ I 2

I. Từ vựng
1. Immense (adj) /ɪˈmens/
- = enormous
- extremely large or great
- Eg: in an immense and complicated web of relationships.
2. Abiotic (adj) /ˌeɪbaɪˈɑːtɪk/
- not involving biology or living things
- Eg: abiotic factors
3. Precipitation (n) /prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃn/
- the amount of this that falls
- Eg: these include precipitation, temperature, wind, pH,
and chemical environment.
4. Focal (adj) /ˈfəʊkl/
- central; very important; connected with or providing a
focus
- Eg: focal topic
5. Photosynthesis (n) /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/
- the process by which green plants turn carbon
dioxide and water into food using energy obtained from
light from the sun
- eg:
6. herbivore (n) /ˈhɜːrbɪvɔːr/
- any animal that eats only plants
- herbivore (and omnivore) eat plants.
7. Omnivore (n) /ˈɑːmnɪvɔːr/
- An animal or a person that eats all types of food,
especially both plants and meat.
8. Carnivore (n) /ˈkɑːrnɪvɔːr/
- Any animal that eats meat
9. Reap (v) /riːp/
- reap something to obtain something, especially
something good, as a direct result of something that you
have done
- eg: they are now reaping the rewards of all their hard
work.
10. Pyramid (n) /ˈpɪrəmɪd/
- a large building with a square or triangular base and
sloping sides that meet in a point at the top. The ancient
Egyptians built stone pyramids as places to bury their
kings and queens.
- Ecological pyramids illustrate how ecosystems work
11. Wildebeest (n) /ˈwɪldəbiːst/
- a large antelope with curved horns
- linh dương đầu bò
12. antelope (n) /ˈæntɪləʊp/
- an African or Asian animal, like a deer, that runs very fast.
There are many types of antelope.
- Linh dương
13. Combustion (n) /kəmˈbʌstʃən/
- The process of burning
 - Eg: the heat released during combustion is measured to
determine the energy content of the organic material in
the sample.
14. Dissipate (v) /ˈdɪsɪpeɪt/
- to gradually become or make something become weaker
until it disappears
- eg: the most energy dissipates into the environment
when there is a transition from one trophic level to the
next.
15. Z
16. S
17. E
18.
II. Biological term
1. Ecology is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms,
including humans, and their physical environment
2. Biotic factor
- is a living organism that shapes its environment.
- There are five biotic factors in an ecosystem: producers, consumers, herbivores,
carnivores, and omnivores.
-
3. Abiotic factor
- nonliving physical and chemical aspects of an environment.
- sunlight levels, soil chemistry, and climate—shape healthy ecosystems.
4. Ecologist
- a person who studies the natural relationships between
the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc.
-
5. Ecosystem
 - all the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and
the environment:
6. Population ecology
- study of the processes that affect the distribution and abundance
of animal and plant populations.
7. Population dynamics
- is the changes of the numbers of individuals of a particular
species that are found in an area over time.
8. Community ecology
- is the description and analysis of patterns and
processes within the community.
- e.g. interactions among different populations within
communities.
9. Biosphere
- all of Earth’s communities
10. Energy flow
- The passage of energy in a one-way direction through
an ecosystem
11. Producer
- form the beginning of the food 40 chain by capturing
the sun’s energy through photosynthesis.
12. Food chains
- in which energy from food passes from one organism
to the next in a sequence.
13. Food web
- which is a complex of interconnected food chains in an
ecosystem.
14. Herbivore
- An animal that eats only plants
15. Omnivore
- an animal that is naturally able to eat both plants and meat
16. Carnivore
- An animal that eats meat.
17. Decomposer
- break down organic molecules in the remains
(carcasses and body wastes) of all members of the
food chain.
18. Trophic levels
- Food webs are divided into
- The five levels include: primary producers (plants), primary consumers
(herbivores), secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and detritivores
(decomposers).
19. Biogeochemical cycles
- they involve biological, geologic, and chemical
interactions.
20. Close system
- for all practical purposes, matter cannot escape
- from Earth’s boundaries.
21. Ecological pyramids
-
22. A pyramid of number
- shows the number of organisms at each trophic level in
a given ecosystem, with a larger area illustrating
greater number for that section of the pyramid.
23. A pyramid of biomass
- illustrates the total biomass at each successive trophic
level.
24. A pyramid of energy
 - indicates the energy content, often expressed as
kilocalories per square meter per year, of the biomass
of each trophic level.

25. F
26. G
27. T
28. E
III. Hệ thống
1. Biodiversity = biological diversity
- Genetic diversity = the genetic variety within a species, both
within a given population and among geographically separate
populations
- Ecosystem diversity = the variety of Earth’s ecosystems, such as
forests, lakes, deserts, and coral reefs.
- Species richness = the number of species of archaea, bacteria,
protists, plants, fungi, and animals
2. Structure of ecosystem
- Food chain = the series of organisms through which energy
flows in an ecosystem.
- food web = a complex interconnection of all of the food chains
in an ecosystem.
- Tropic levels
- Ecological pyramids illustrate how ecosystems work

3. Name for organisms, based on what they do in ecosystems

- Producers = autotrophic organisms, such as plants, algae
 - Consumers = organisms feeding on plants or animals, including
herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
- Herbivores = plant eaters
- Carnivores = meat eaters
- Omnivores = animal that eats a variety of plants and animals =
omnivorous animals
- Detritus feeders = animals
- Scavengers
- Decomposers
4. K
- J
- G
- U
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5.