PAPER

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES PART 1

Course : Intermediate Grammar

Lecturer : Drs. Syauki, M.Pd.

Created by:
1. Rival R Darmawan (11230140000111)
2. Tutsiruna Hifdzu Sakinah (11230140000093)
3. Mayza Tanaya (11230140000080)
4. Zayyina Musyarrofa (11230140000112)

Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan Jurusan

Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
 PREFACE

First of all, the writer wants to express thanks to Allah SWT, because of his blessings and
grace, the entitled paper can be finished on time. Peace and salutation be upon the prophet
Muhammad SAW, his family, his companion, and his adherence.
This paper is a requirement to fulfill the assignment from Drs. Syauki, M.Pd., our lecturer.
The writer also thanks to him for all the guidance to complete it. Incompleting this paper, the
writer faced many problems, but with the help of many people, all the problems could be
passed. May Allah SWT give the blessing for them.
It provides the intrinsic elements in the paper with detailed explanation. Although this paper
has many deficiencies in the arrangement and explanation, the writer hope that it can be used
as a reference to learn about the coordinating conjunctions.

Tangerang Selatan, 28 Maret 2024

The Writers

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 Table of Contents

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 CHAPTER 1
A. Background
In English some verbs are followed by infinitive, other verbs are followed by gerund
and there are also verbs followed by infinitive and gerund. Gerunds and infinitives combine
the action meaning of a verb with the grammatical function of a noun. They act as nouns
(subject and objects) in a sentence.

B. Formulation of Problems

1. What is the definition of gerunds and infinitives?

2. What is the formula of gerunds and infinitives?
3. What are the expressions of gerunds?

C. Purpose

1. Knowing the definition of gerunds and infinitives.

2. Knowing the formulas of gerunds and infinitives.
3. Knowing the expressions of gerunds.

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 CHAPTER II

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

1. Gerund

A gerund is a form of verb that functions as a noun and ends in ing. The gerund has
exactly the same form as the present participle. Running, speaking, working, etc. (Gontor
2022).

A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund is used in the same ways
as a noun, i.e., as a subject or as an object. In (a):Playing is a gerund. It is used as the subject
of the sentence. Playing tennis is a gerund phrase. In (b): Playing is a gerund used as the
object of the verb enjoy. In (c): Playing is a gerund used as the object of the preposition
about.(Betty Azar 2006).
Gerunds are frequently used as the object of a preposition, This rule applies to all
prepositions, including the one that are part of phrasal verbs. Gerunds are also commonly
used in the subject position.
Here are the positions of gerund.

Position Pattern Example

Subject of a sentence S = Ger Shopping is my favourite hobby

Following a Prep + Ger They are planning on going to the party tonight.
preposition

Object of a verb V + Ger My teacher suggested studying for the upcoming

quiz

Note : A verb can be in any tense. Progressive tenses use the -ing form, so it is possible to see

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two i-ing forms side by side (progressive verb + gerund).
● We are all quitting smoking next friday.
● Michalle was practicing juggling five oranges when I saw her.

Using Gerunds as the Objects of Preposition.

Gerunds can be the object of preposition. A preposition is a word or word phrase used
before nouns or noun phrases to describe qualities such as direction, location, time, or spatial
position. An object of preposition is the word that comes after the preposition and describes
the who, what, when, why, or how of the preposition.(Chegg 2020).

For another example :

1. Henry is excited about leaving for India.
2. I have no excuse for being late.
3. I believe in being honest at all times.
4. I am accustomed to having a big breakfast.
5. Fatimah had a good reason for not going to class yesterday.

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Common Preposition combinations followed by Gerunds
Like other nouns, a gerund often follows a preposition. It is used in all causes where
an action or state is being referred to.(Gontor 2022).

For the example:

1. I thanked my friend for lending me her book.
2. Nothing can stop me from going on vacation.
3. I’m interested in finding out about grammar.
4. Please forgive me for not writing your name in the attendance sheet.
5. It’s getting late. I’m worried about missing the train.

Gerunds as the object of preposition by + a gerund or gerund phrase to express how

something is done.
1. We show people we are happy by smiling.
2. Tony improved his listening comprehension by practicing diligently.
3. My dog shows me she is happy by jumping while barking.
4. We satisfy our hunger by eating a lot.
5. Alex caught my attention by singing with his nice voice.

Common verbs followed by a Gerund

Gerunds are the -ing forms of verbs that are functioning as nouns in a sentence. They
show action or a state of being. For example, action can be shown with the gerunds “hiking,”
“swimming,” or “studying”; state of being can similarly be demonstrated with gerunds like
“refreshing” or “amusing.”

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Verb + Gerunds
● enjoy ● postpone (put off)
● anticipate ● delay
● can’t help ● keep (keep on)
● deny ● consider
● resent ● discuss
● appreciate ● mention
● mind ● suggest
● quit (give up) ● practice
● finish (get through) ● miss
● stop** ● complete
● avoid ● advise
● recommend ● Risk
● imagine ● tolerate
● dislike ● quit
● dent ● understand
● admit ● recollect

*A phrasal verb consists of verbs and a practical (a small word such as a preposition) that
together have a special meaning. For example, put off means “postpone”.
**Stop can also be followed immediately by an infinitive of purpose (in order to)

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Go + Gerunds*
● 13. Go bowling ● Go sailing
● 14. Go boating ● Go shopping
● A. Go bowling ● Go sightseeing
● Go skating
● 15. Go camping
● Go skateboarding
● 16. Go kayaking ● Go skiing
● 17. Go dancing ● Go skinnydipping
● 18. Go fishing ● Go sledding
● 19. Go hiking ● Go snorkeling
● 20. Go hunting ● Go swimming
● 21. Go jogging ● Go tobogganing
● Go window shopping
● 22. Go mountain climbing
● 23. Go running

*Go is followed by a gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to express, for the most part,
recreational activities.

Special Expressions followed by -ing

have a good time had good time + -ing They had a good time
snorkeling.

have a hard time had a hard time + -ing She had a hard time
explaining the situation.

have an easy time had an easy time + -ing She had an easy time
selling the delicious cookies.

have fun had fun + -ing We had fun playing

volleyball

have difficulty had difficulty + -ing I had difficulty finding this

house

have trouble had trouble +-ing I had trouble finding this

book

have no difficulty had no difficulty + -ing They had no difficulty

finding a discount flight to
London.

have no problem had no problem + -ing Francis had no problem

getting from the airport to
the hotel.

● The verb “have” means “to experience” something

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 spend most spends + expression of Sam spends most of his time
time/money +-ing studying

spend one’s time spends + expression of He always spends his time

time/money +-ing working out at the gym.

waste a lot of wastes + expression of I waste a lot of time

time/money +-ing watching T V

waste one’s time wastes + expression of She always wastes her time
time/money +-ing playing video games.

sit sat + expression of place + - She sat at her desk writing a

ing letter
stand stood + expression of place I stood there wondering
+ -ing what todo
lie lying + expression of place He is lying in bed reading
+ -ing novel

find found + noun/pronoun +-ing I found him watching TV

catch caught +noun/pronoun + - When i walked into my

ing office, I caught a thief
looking through my desk
drawer

● Both find and catch mean “discover”. Catch often expresses anger or displeasure
● The -ing verbs in these expressions are labeled “gerunds” in some grammar texts. The
argument, however, for their being called present participles is strong. This text
chooses simply to call them “-ing forms.”

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 2. Infinitive

An infinitive is the to + the base form of a verb.

A. Kinds of infinitive

The infinitive is decided into four kinds:

1. Full infinitive : to + verb

2. Bare infinitive : root of verb/verb without to
3. Split infinitive : to / without to + adverb + verb
4. Uncompleted infinitive
B. Usage
1. Full infinitive
1. It is used as the subject of sentence:

Example:

a. To save money now is very important.

b. To obey the law is everyone’s duty.

2. It is used as after adjective

Example:

a. I am happy to meet you.

b. We are sorry to hear the news.

3. It is used as the object or complement of the verbs

Example:

a. I don’t care to see that show.

b. They agree to help us.

4. The infinitive used after the first, the second etc, the last, the only and sometimes
after superlative.

Example:

a. He is always the first to come and the last to leave.

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 b. It is the best play to be performed that year. (after superlative)

5. It is also used after too, enough, and so….as

Example:

a. He was too drunk to drive home.

b. She is old enough to get married.
c. He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.
6. It is also used after exclamatory sentence

Example:

a. How happy I was to go with him.

b. OMG! How beautiful you are to come to this party!

2. The bare infinitive (without to)

1. After modal verbs - can, may, needn’t, dare…
a. I can bring it.
b. He may take it.
c. You must buy it.
d. We needn’t open it.
e. He dared not tell me.

The verb dare and need can also be followed by infinitive with to. In such sentences we use
do to make questions and negatives.

- I dared not call you. >< i didn’t dare to call you.

These two sentences have the same meaning, only the form is different.

- You needn’t listen to him. (you don't have to listen to him.) >< you don’t need to
listen to him. (there is no need to listen.)

These two sentence are different in the form and meaning,too.

2. After modal verbs of senses - feel, hear, see, watch.

a. We aw you swim.
b. I heard her sing.

It is more common, however, to use -ing form in english after the verbs of sense.

- We saw you swimming. I heard her singing.

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But: in the passive voice the infinitive with to must be used after these verbs.

- She was seen to cry.

3. After some more expressions - let, make, would rather, had better, help.
a. Don’t let him go
b. She made me drive
c. I’d rather finish it.
d. You’d better start
e. I helped them carry it.

The verb help can also be followed by the infinitive with to.

- I helped them to carry it.

But the passive voice is followed by the infinitive with to.

- I was made to drive. He was let to go.

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Common verbs followed by Infinitives

The verbs that can only be followed by infinitive include the following:
Hope, ask, offer, promise, swear, affect, undertake, fail, manage, agree, arrange, consent,
long, determine, hesitate, prepare, presume, pretend, seek, tend, volunteer, vow, condescend,
desire, beg, expect, request, wish, etc. (Sayer, 2007)

Examples of the use of the infinitive with these verbs are the following:

1. I promise to tell the truth.

2. I long to return home.
3. I wish to see you.
4. I hope to pass the exam.
5. I swear to keep the secret.
6. I undertake to help you.

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 7. I agree to meet you soon.
8. I expect to win the prize.
9. I tend to be honest.
10. I desire to travel abroad.

Common verbs followed by either infinitive or gerunds

Some verbs can be followed by either infinitive or gerunds, sometimes with no difference in
meaning, and sometimes with a difference in meaning. When both infinitive and the gerund
are allowable in a sentence, it is the context which determines the choice between them.
Bosco et al. (2004) identify six categories of context which they believe fundamental in
understanding communicative intentions. Three of these categories pertain to the physical
world, which are:

1. Access: having access to the physical object to which the communicative act refers
(e.g. an object on which to carry out an action).
2. Space: the spatial distance between agents and objects of the physical world to which
the communicative act refers (e.g. the distance between the hearer and the object).
3. Ticme: the temporal sequence of the events to which the communicative act refers
(e.g. the order of the actions performed by the agents).

The other three categories pertain to the social world, which are:

1. Discourse: the information conveyed through discourse before the communicative act
was performed (e.g. what has previously said by the speaker).
2. Move: the moves performed by the agents while playing a behavior game (e.g. the
move actually performed by the actor).
3. Status: the social status of the agents (e.g. the status of the speaker is higher than the
status of the hearer).

The verbs that can be followed by both infinitive and gerund include:
Begin, cease, commence, continue, start, forget, remember, regret, choose, need, plan,
propose, disdain, scorn, venture, demand, refuse, claim, profess, afford, attempt, neglect, try,
decide, deserve, stop, dread, like, hate, love, loathe, prefer, intend, want, mean, etc.

example sentence:

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 1. I remembered to lock the door.
2. I remembered locking the door.
3. I forgot to post the letter.
4. I forgot posting the letter
5. I gave the porter a shilling to carry my luggage.
6. I gave the porter a shilling for carrying my luggage.

The examples above show the time difference between the use of verbs. The example 1, 3,
and 5 show that the actions are done before the events take place;
1) The subject remembered to lock the door and is going to lock it.
3) The subject haven't posted the letter yet..
5) The subject gave the porter a shilling before the porter carry his luggage.

The example 2, 4, and 6 show that the actions are done after the events take place;
2) The subject remembered that he had locked the door.
4) The subject remembered that he didn’t post the letter.
6) The subject gave the porter a shilling after the porter carried his luggage.

Reference list of Verbs followed by Gerunds

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Reference list of verbs followed by infinitive

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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