NURSING RESEARCH 7TH SEMESTER

Mcqs:

1) What is the term used to describe the ratio of risks to benefits in a research study?

A) Risk-benefit ratio C) Ratio of justice

B) Benefit-risk ratio D) Ratio of respect

2) Which of the following is NOT a basic ethical principle outlined in the Belmont Report?

A) Principle of beneficence C) Principle of anonymity

B) Principle of justice D) Principle of respect for human dignity

3) What is the primary purpose of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study conducted by the U.S. Public
Health Service?

A) To study the natural progression of C) To provide free healthcare to rural black

untreated syphilis men

B) To develop a new treatment for syphilis D) To promote racial equality in healthcare

4). Which principle of the Helsinki Guidelines emphasizes that participants must fully
understand the research before agreeing to participate?

a) Beneficence
b) Informed consent
c) Minimizing harm
d)Confidentiality

5. What is the meaning of knowledge according to the provided text?

a) Essential information acquired through various methods

b) Basic understanding of a subject

c) Traditional beliefs passed down through generations

d) Intuitive insights

6. Which of the following is not a common unstructured method of acquiring knowledge?

a) Tradition

b) Intuition
c) Research

d) Experience

7. What is the first step in the problem-solving method?

a) Implement the solution

b) Identify the problem

c) Analyze the solutions

d) Evaluate the problem

8. Who is considered the founder of professional nursing and the first nursing researcher?

a) Florence Nightingale

b) Newton

c) Burns and Grove

d) Polit and Beck

9. What does the acronym ANA stand for?

a) American Nursing Association

b) Agency for Nursing Administration

c) American Nursing Assessment

d) Association of Nursing Academics

10. What is the ultimate aim of research according to the text?

a) To develop and explore knowledge

b) To enforce tradition

c) To follow intuition

d) To maintain inherited beliefs

11. What does the term "data" refer to in research?

a) A piece of information collected during the study

b) Traditional beliefs
c) Inherited knowledge

d) Intuitive insights

12. What is the purpose of a pilot study?

a) To collect actual data

b) To summarize findings

c) To test a miniature trial version of the study

d) To rely on tradition

13. What does "informed consent" mean in research?

a) The subject agrees to participate in the study

b) The subject disagrees to participate in the study

c) The subject relies on tradition

d) The subject follows intuition

14. What does "empirical data" refer to?

a) Data gathered through the senses

b) Data based on intuition

c) Data based on tradition

d) Data inherited from previous studies

15. What is the focus of research utilization?

a) Implementation of findings from specific research studies

b) Relying on intuition

c) Following tradition

d) Disregarding inherited knowledge

16. What does "population" refer to in research?

a) The entire set of individuals selected for participation in a research study

b) Data gathered through the senses

c) Traditional beliefs

d) Intuitive insights

17. What is validity in research?

a) The degree of accuracy with which an instrument measures what it is intended to

measure

b) Traditional beliefs

c) Intuitive insights

d) Inherited knowledge

18. What is reliability in research?

a) The degree of consistency with which an instrument measures what it is designed to

measure

b) Traditional beliefs

c) Intuitive insights

d) Inherited knowledge

19. What is the significance of the term "evidence-based practice" in nursing?

a) It means nurses make clinical decisions based on research evidence

b) It relies solely on intuition

c) It follows tradition

d) It disregards inherited knowledge

20. What is the ultimate aim of research according to the text?

a) To develop and explore knowledge

b) To enforce tradition

c) To follow intuition

d) To maintain inherited beliefs

21.What is a limitation of nursing research according to the text?

a) Lack of intuition among researchers

b) Lack of tradition

c) Ethical restraints

d) Lack of inherited knowledge

22. What does "informed consent" mean in research?

a) The subject agrees to participate in the study

b) The subject disagrees to participate in the study

c) The subject relies on tradition

d) The subject follows intuition

23. What does "empirical data" refer to?

a) Data gathered through the senses

b) Data based on intuition

c) Data based on tradition

d) Data inherited from previous studies

24. What is the purpose of an abstract in a research study?

a) To provide a clear and concise summary of the study

b) To rely on tradition

c) To summarize inherited knowledge

d) To summarize intuitive insights

25. What are assumptions in research?

a) Basic principles accepted as true without evidence

b) Data gathered through the senses

c) Traditional beliefs

d) Inherited knowledge

26. What does "population" refer to in research?

a) The entire set of individuals selected for participation in a research study

b) Data gathered through the senses

c) Traditional beliefs

d) Intuitive insights

27. Which type of research is also known as pure or fundamental research?

a) Advanced research

b) Applied research

c) Basic research

d) Theoretical research

28. Which type of research aims to test hypotheses?

a) Quantitative research

b) Qualitative research

c) Both quantitative and qualitative research

d) Neither quantitative nor qualitative research

29. What is the primary aim of qualitative research?

a) To test hypotheses

b) To describe phenomena/behaviors that naturally occur

c) To manipulate variables

d) To generate numerical data

30. What are dependent variables?

a) Variables that are manipulated by the researcher

b) Variables that depend on other factors and are measured

c) Constants

d) Variables that are unmeasurable

31.What are demographic variables?

a) Variables that involve characteristics such as age, gender, educational status, etc.

b) Variables that are unrelated to the study

c) Variables that involve theoretical concepts

d) Variables that are unmeasurable

32. What are extraneous variables?

a) Variables that are essential to the study

b) Variables that are unrelated to the study but may affect the study's variables .

c) Constants

d) Variables that involve theoretical concepts

33. How many types of variables are studied in a multivariant research study?

a) One

b) Two

c) Three or more

d) It varies depending on the study

34. What is evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing?

a) A process of appraising and applying best evidence from the nursing and medical
literature to improve clinical nursing practice

b) A process of relying solely on intuition

c) A process of enforcing traditional practices

d) A process of disregarding research evidence

35.Which type of research aims to answer clinical questions and utilize knowledge generated
from basic research?

a) Basic research

b) Applied research

c) Quantitative research

d) Qualitative research

36. What are the two main types of research classified based on approaching variables?

a) Quantitative and qualitative research

b) Basic and applied research

c) Experimental and non-experimental research

d) Theoretical and practical research

37. Which type of research involves the collection of data in numerical form?

a) Quantitative research

b) Qualitative research

c) Both quantitative and qualitative research

d) Neither quantitative nor qualitative research

38. What is the main focus of qualitative research?

a) To test hypotheses

b) To describe phenomena/behaviors that naturally occur

c) To manipulate variables

d) To generate numerical data

39. Which type of research involves inductive reasoning?

a) Quantitative research

b) Qualitative research

c) Both quantitative and qualitative research

d) Neither quantitative nor qualitative research

40. What is the primary research design associated with qualitative research?

a) Experimental design

b) Grounded, ethnographic, historical research, etc.

c) Non-experimental design

d) Both experimental and non-experimental designs

41. What is the nature of data collected in qualitative research?

a) Numerical form

b) Narrative/descriptive form
c) Both numerical and narrative/descriptive forms

d) Neither numerical nor narrative/descriptive forms

42. Which type of variables are manipulated by the researcher?

a) Dependent variables

b) Independent variables

c) Demographic variables

d) Extraneous variables

43. What is the primary aim of quantitative research?

a) To describe phenomena/behaviors that naturally occur

b) To test hypotheses

c) To manipulate variables

d) To generate numerical data

44. What are the four types of variables mentioned in the text?

a) Independent, dependent, extraneous, and demographic variables

b) Qualitative, quantitative, independent, and dependent variables

c) Experimental, non-experimental, independent, and dependent variables

d) Numerical, narrative, independent, and dependent variables

45. What is the main focus of quantitative research?

a) To describe phenomena/behaviors that naturally occur

b) To test hypotheses

c) To manipulate variables

d) To generate narrative data

46. What is the main aim of univariant research?

a) To study one variable in a research study

b) To study two variables in a research study

c) To study more than two variables in a research study

d) To study variables in both quantitative and qualitative research

47. What is the key feature of probability sampling?

A) Samples are selected based on convenience

B) Every element has an equal chance of selection

C) Samples are chosen based on referrals from initial subjects

D) Sampling is done without considering the characteristics of the population

48. How is simple random sampling conducted?

A) By dividing the population into smaller groups and sampling from each group

B) By selecting samples based on convenience

C) By randomly choosing individuals from the population using a lottery system

or number generating software

D) By selecting samples based on referrals from initial subjects

49. What is the purpose of stratified random sampling?

A) To select samples based on accessibility

B) To ensure every element has an equal chance of selection

C) To divide the population into smaller groups and sample from each group
separately

D) To rely on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects

50. Which of the following is a disadvantage of non-probability sampling?

A) Results can't be generalized

B) Minimal bias and authentic results

C) Allows for estimation of sampling error

D) More authentic and economical

51. What is the primary purpose of probability sampling?

A) To ensure convenience in sample selection

B) To generalize results to the larger population

 C) To rely on referrals from initial subjects

D) To select samples based on predetermined quotas

52. What is the primary purpose of a research problem in a study?

A) To summarize the overall goal of the study

B) To gain an understanding of existing research and debates

C) To identify a question or issue that needs to be addressed

D) To critique previous literature in the field

53. What distinguishes a research problem from a research purpose?

A) The research problem is a broad statement of the overall goal, while the
purpose is a specific aim or goal of the study.

B) The research problem is focused on a single issue, while the purpose encompasses
multiple objectives.

C) The research problem is formulated before the purpose, while the purpose is
developed after the problem is identified.

D) The research problem is theoretical, while the purpose is practical.

54. How are research objectives different from research questions?

A) Objectives focus on the overall goal, while questions delve into specific
aspects of the research problem.

B) Objectives are broad statements, while questions are more specific and interrogative.

C) Objectives guide the study's direction, while questions guide data collection.

D) Objectives are formulated after the research questions.

55. In a directional hypothesis, what does it specify?

A) The expected relationship between variables

B) The nature of the association without indicating direction

C) The absence of a relationship

D) The significance level for statistical testing

56. What is the null hypothesis in research?

A) It predicts a relationship between variables.

 B) It specifies the expected direction of the relationship.

C) It states that there is no significant difference between specified populations.

D) It is the same as the research hypothesis.

57. What is the primary purpose of a literature review?

A) To summarize the findings of the research study

B) To identify gaps in the existing literature

C) To provide background information on the topic

D) To critique the research methodology

58. What is the process of conducting a literature review?

A) Summarizing the key points of each source

B) Identifying relevant sources, reading and critically evaluating them, and

synthesizing findings

C) Selecting sources randomly without a specific focus

D) Comparing and contrasting different research methodologies

59. How does a research question differ from a research objective?

A) A research question is broader than a research objective.

B) A research question is more specific than a research objective.

C) A research question guides the study's direction, while an objective guides data
collection.

D) A research question is theoretical, while an objective is practical.

60. What is the significance of identifying a research problem in a study?

A) It provides background information on the topic.

B) It summarizes the overall goal of the study.

C) It guides the direction of the research and justifies the need for the study.

D) It critiques previous literature in the field.

61. Which type of hypothesis does not predict the nature of the relationship between
variables?

A) Null hypothesis
 B) Simple hypothesis

C) Associative hypothesis

D) Directional hypothesis

62. What distinguishes constructs from concepts?

A) Constructs are concrete ideas, while concepts are high-level abstractions.

B) Constructs are directly observable, while concepts are not.

C) Constructs are deliberately invented by researchers, while concepts are not.

D) Constructs are manipulated in research, while concepts are not.

63. What is the primary function of an operational definition in quantitative research? A) To

summarize the overall goal of the study

B) To specify the theoretical meaning of concepts

C) To explain the relationship between variables

D) To indicate how variables will be measured and observed

64. In quantitative research, where does the conceptual framework fit within the study
process?

A) Before defining the research problem

B) After data collection and analysis

C) Alongside the literature review

D) At the beginning, providing the structure for the entire study

65. What distinguishes a theoretical framework from a conceptual framework?

A) Theoretical frameworks are more abstract than conceptual frameworks.

B) Theoretical frameworks focus on practical applications, while conceptual frameworks

focus on theoretical explanations.

C) Theoretical frameworks explain portions of a theory to be tested, while

conceptual frameworks provide the structure for the entire study.

D) Theoretical frameworks are based solely on personal experience, while conceptual

frameworks incorporate literature review findings.

66. What distinguishes independent variables from dependent variables in research?

 A) Independent variables are manipulated by the researcher, while dependent
variables are measured.

B) Independent variables are directly observable, while dependent variables are not.

C) Independent variables have a causal relationship with the research problem, while
dependent variables do not.

D) Independent variables are more concrete than dependent variables.

67. What is the primary purpose of measurement in a research study?

A) To summarize data systematically

B) To identify qualitative attributes of variables

C) To associate numbers or symbols with observations

D) To establish causal relationships between variables

68. What distinguishes an ordinal scale from other levels of measurement?

A) It involves measuring concrete attributes.

B) It has a true zero point value.

C) It allows for the ranking of items without equal intervals.

D) It is used to measure physical dimensions.

69. Which type of error is consistent and repeatable, often due to faulty equipment or
experimental design?

A) Systematic error

B) Random error

C) Measurement error

D) Operational error

70. What is the primary concern of reliability in measurement?

A) The degree of accuracy with which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure

B) The degree of consistency with which an instrument measures what it is designed to

measure
C) The extent to which an instrument measures abstract concepts

D) The extent to which an instrument measures observable phenomena

71. What is the main difference between primary data and secondary data?

A) Primary data is collected from original sources, while secondary data is not.

B) Secondary data is collected through observation, while primary data is not.

C) Secondary data is more reliable than primary data.

D) Primary data is more readily available than secondary data.

72. What are the five important questions to ask during the data collection process?

A) Who, What, Where, When, Why

B) What, How, Where, Who, When

C) Why, How, Who, Where, What

D) When, Where, What, Why, How

73. What distinguishes the in-vivo biophysiological method from the in-vitro biophysiological
method?

A) The in-vivo method involves measurements directly performed on organisms, while

the in-vitro method involves measurements outside the organism.

B) The in-vivo method is more accurate than the in-vitro method.

C) The in-vitro method is less expensive than the in-vivo method.

D) The in-vivo method requires specialized equipment, while the in-vitro method does not.

74. What is the primary concern of validity in measurement?

A) The degree of accuracy with which an instrument measures what it is intended to

measure

B) The degree of consistency with which an instrument measures what it is designed to

measure

C) The extent to which an instrument measures abstract concepts

D) The extent to which an instrument measures observable phenomena

75. What distinguishes a ratio scale from other levels of measurement?

A) It involves assigning numbers or symbols to events to label them.

B) It allows for the ranking of items without equal intervals.

C) It has a true zero point value.

D) It is used to measure non-numeric concepts.

76.What distinguishes direct measurement from indirect measurement?

A) Direct measurement involves concrete things, while indirect measurement involves

abstract concepts.

B) Direct measurement is more difficult than indirect measurement.

C) Direct measurement uses specialized equipment, while indirect measurement does not.

D) Direct measurement involves measuring non-numeric concepts.

77.What distinguishes an observational method from other data collection methods?

A) It involves questioning participants.

B) It involves measuring physical data from subjects.

C) It involves observing subjects without interfering with their behavior.

D) It involves interviewing subjects.

78. What is the primary purpose of measuring bio-physiological data?

A) To summarize data systematically

B) To identify the qualitative attributes of variables

C) To measure physical and biological status of subjects

D) To establish causal relationships between variables

79. Which question is NOT typically considered during the data collection process?

A) What data will be collected?

B) How will the data be collected?

C) Why is the data being collected?

D) Where will the data be collected?

80. What distinguishes the in-vitro biophysiological method from the in-vivo biophysiological
method?

A) The in-vitro method involves measurements directly performed on organisms, while

the in-vivo method involves measurements outside the organism.

B) The in-vitro method is more accurate than the in-vivo method.

C) The in-vivo method requires specialized equipment, while the in-vitro method does not.

D) The in-vitro method is less expensive than the in-vivo method.

81. What distinguishes primary data from secondary data?

A) Primary data is collected through observation, while secondary data is not.

B) Secondary data is collected from original sources, while primary data is not.

C) Primary data is more reliable than secondary data.

D) Primary data is collected directly by the researcher, while secondary data is not.

82. What is the primary purpose of measuring bio-physiological data?

A) To summarize data systematically

B) To identify the qualitative attributes of variables

C) To measure physical and biological status of subjects

D) To establish causal relationships between variables

83. In a study investigating the effects of a new medication on blood pressure, participants
are randomly assigned to either the experimental group receiving the medication or the
control group receiving a placebo. Which research design is being used?

A) Descriptive design

B) Correlational design

C) Experimental design

D) Quasi-experimental design

84. A researcher conducts interviews with cancer patients to explore their experiences with
chemotherapy. Which research design is being utilized?

A) Experimental design

B) Correlational design
 C) Descriptive design

D) Quasi-experimental design

85. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research design?

A) Focuses on quantifiable data

B) Utilizes statistical analysis

C) Seeks to understand phenomena in-depth

D) Involves manipulation of variables

86. Which research design involves the collection and analysis of numerical data for the
purpose of describing or predicting outcomes?

A) Experimental design

B) Correlational design

C) Descriptive design

D) Qualitative design

87. A researcher is conducting a study to explore the lived experiences of caregivers of

Alzheimer's patients. Which research design is most suitable?

A) Experimental design

B) Correlational design

C) Descriptive design

D) Quasi-experimental design

88. Which of the following is a limitation of experimental research design?

A) Difficulty in establishing cause-and-effect relationships

B) Limited control over variables

C) Inability to generalize findings to a larger population

D) Reliance on statistical analyses

89. In which research design does the researcher manipulate an independent variable to
observe its effect on a dependent variable? A) Descriptive design

B) Correlational design

C) Experimental design
 D) Qualitative design

90. Which research design is characterized by the researcher's direct involvement with the
participants and the collection of rich, detailed data?

A) Experimental design

B) Correlational design

C) Descriptive design

D) Qualitative design

91. A researcher wants to investigate the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
Which research design is most suitable?

A) Experimental design

B) Correlational design

C) Descriptive design

D) Quasi-experimental design

92. Which research design involves the manipulation of variables and random assignment of
participants to groups?
A) Descriptive design
B) Correlational design
C) Experimental design
D) Qualitative design

93. A nurse researcher conducts a study to explore the experiences of patients undergoing
chemotherapy. Which research design is being used?

A) Experimental design

B) Correlational design

C) Descriptive design

D) Quasi-experimental design

94. In which research design does the researcher investigate the relationship between two
or more variables without manipulating them?

A) Experimental design

B) Correlational design

C) Descriptive design
 D) Quasi-experimental design

95. A researcher conducts a study to examine the effectiveness of a new pain management
intervention in a hospital setting. Participants are assigned to either the intervention
group or the control group using random assignment. What type of research design is
being used?

A) Descriptive design

B) Correlational design

C) Experimental design

D) Quasi-experimental design

96. Which research design emphasizes the exploration of human experiences, perceptions,
and meanings?

A) Experimental design

B) Correlational design

C) Descriptive design

D) Qualitative design

97. In which experimental research design is the independent variable manipulated, and
participants are only measured on the dependent variable after the manipulation?

A) Pre-experimental design

B) Posttest-only design

C) Solomon four-group design

D) Randomized controlled trial (RCT)

98. What type of experimental research design involves randomly assigning participants to
either the experimental or control group and only measuring the dependent variable after
the manipulation?

A) Pre-experimental design

B) Posttest-only design

C) Solomon four-group design

D) Randomized controlled trial (RCT)