Purdue University

ME
ME 587
587
Engineering
Engineering Optics
Optics
Lecture
Lecture 3:
3: Geometrical
Geometrical Optics
Optics IIII

Prof. Robert P. Lucht

Room 86, Mechanical Engineering Building
School of Mechanical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Lucht@purdue.edu, 765-494-5623 (Phone)

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August 25, 2005
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Geometrical
Geometrical Optics
Optics
Last lecture: Introduction, reflection from spherical
surfaces, image formation for spherical mirrors

This lecture
• Index of refraction for transparent optical materials
• Refraction by spherical surfaces
• The thin lens appoximation
• Imaging by thin lenses
• Magnification factors for thin lenses
• Two-lens systems

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Optical
Optical Materials
Materials

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Source: Catalog, CVI Laser Optics and Coatings.
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Optical
Optical Materials
Materials

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Source: Catalog, CVI Laser Optics and Coatings.
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Optical
Optical Materials
Materials

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Source: Catalog, CVI Laser Optics and Coatings.
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Optical
Optical Materials
Materials

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Source: Catalog, CVI Laser Optics and Coatings.
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Refractive
Refractive
Index
Indexof
of
Optical
Optical
Materials
Materials

Source:
Catalog, CVI
Laser Optics
and Coatings.

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Refractive
Refractive Index
Index of
of Optical
Optical Materials
Materials

Source:
Catalog, CVI
Laser Optics
and Coatings.
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Refraction
Refraction by
by Spherical
Spherical Surfaces
Surfaces
At point P we apply the law of
refraction to obtain
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
Using the small angle
approximation we obtain
n1θ1 = n2 θ 2
Substituting for the angles θ1 and
θ2 we obtain

n1 (α − ϕ ) = n2 (α ′ − ϕ )
Neglecting the distance QV and
writing tangents for the angles gives

 hTemplate
Patterned Border h 9  h h
n2 > n1 n1  −  = n2  − 
 s R  s′ R 
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Refraction
Refraction by
by Spherical
Spherical Surfaces
Surfaces IIII
Rearranging the equation we
obtain

n1 n2 n1 − n2
− =
s s′ R

Using the same sign convention as

for mirrors we obtain

n1 n2 n2 − n1
+ =
s s′ R

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n2 > n1

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Refraction
Refraction at
at Spherical
Spherical Surfaces
Surfaces III
III

O'

θ1 I

O V C θ2
I'

s = 7 cm R = + 8 cm n1 = 1.0 n2 = 4.23
n1 n n − n1
+ 2 = 2 Patterned
⇒ Border Template 11
s s′ R

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The
The Thin
Thin Lens
Lens Equation
Equation II

n1 n1
n2

O'

C1

O C2 V1 V2

For surface 1:
n1 n n −n
+ 2 = 2 1
s1 s1′ R1

s1
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s'1

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The
The Thin
Thin Lens
Lens Equation
Equation IIII
For surface 1: For surface 2:
n1 n2 n2 − n1 n2 n1 n1 − n2
+ = + =
s1 s1′ R1 s2 s2′ R2

Object for surface 2 is virtual, with s2 given by:

s2 = t − s1′
For a thin lens:

t s2 , s1′ ⇒ s2 = − s1′
Substituting this expression we obtain:

n1 n2 n2 n1 n1 Border n2 − n1 13 n1 − n2
n1 Template
+ − + =
Patterned + = +
s1 s1′ s1′ s2′ s1 s2′ R1 R2

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The
The Thin
Thin Lens
Lens Equation
Equation III
III
Simplifying this expression we obtain:

1
+
1
=
( n2 − n1 )  1
−
1 
 
s1 s2′ n1 R
 1 R2 

For the thin lens:

s = s1 s′ = s2′ ⇒
1
+
1
=
( n2 − n1 )  1
−
1 
 
s s′ n1 R
 1 R2 

The focal length for the thin lens is found by setting s = ∞:

s=∞
1 1 (
= Border
n2 − n1 )  1
= Template
1 
⇒ Patterned  14− 
s′ f n1 R
 1 R2 

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The
The Thin
Thin Lens
Lens Equation
Equation IV
IV
In terms of the focal length f the thin lens equation becomes:

1 1 1
+ =
s s′ f

The focal length of a thin lens is >0 for a convex lens and <0 a
concave lens.

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Image
Image Formation
Formation by
by Thin
Thin Lenses
Lenses

Convex
Lens

s′
m = −
s

Concave
Lens

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Image
Image Formation
Formation by
by Convex
Convex Lens
Lens
Convex Lens, focal length = 5 cm:

ho F RI

F
hi

1 1 1
= − f = + 5 cm s = + 9 cm ⇒ s′ =
s′ f s
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m = − s′ s =

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Image
Image Formation
Formation by
by Concave
Concave Lens
Lens
Concave Lens, focal length = -5 cm:

ho
hi

F VI F

1 1 1
= − f = − 5 cm s = + 9 cm ⇒ s′ =
s′ f s
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m = − s′ s =

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Image
Image Formation
Formation Summary
Summary Table
Table

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Image
Image Formation
Formation Summary
Summary Figure
Figure

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Image
Image Formation:
Formation: Two-Lens
Two-Lens System
System II

60 cm

1 1 1 s −f
= − = 1 1 f1 = + 15 cm s1 = + 25 cm ⇒ s1′ =
s1′ f1 s1 s1 f1
1 1 1
= − f 2 = − 15 cm s2 = ⇒ s2′ =
s2′ f 2 s2
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m = m1 m2 =

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Image
Image Formation:
Formation: Two-Lens
Two-Lens System
System IIII

7 cm

1 1 1
= − f1 = + 3.5 cm s1 = + 5.2 cm ⇒ s1′ =
s1′ f1 s1
1 1 1
= − f 2 = + 1.8 cm s2 = ⇒ s2′ =
s2′ f 2 s2
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m = m1 m2 =

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