Purdue University

ME
ME 587
587
Engineering
Engineering Optics
Optics
Lecture
Lecture 8:
8: Apertures
Apertures and
and Field
Field Stops
Stops

Prof. Robert P. Lucht

Room 86, Mechanical Engineering Building
School of Mechanical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Lucht@purdue.edu, 765-494-5623 (Phone)

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September 15, 2005
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Aperture
Aperture and
and Field
Field Stops
Stops
Last Lecture
• Astigmatism
• Distortion
• Curvature of Field
• Chromatic Aberrations

This Lecture
• Aperture Stops
• Entrance and Exit Pupils
• Field Stops
• Depth of Field and Depth of Focus
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Aperture
Aperture Stops
Stops
An aperture stop is a fixed or adjustable opening or the edge of an
optic such as a lens that limits the amount of light that passes through
the optical system. The aperture stop also is used to control the depth
of field and depth of focus for an optical system, and to reduce the
effect of optical aberrations.

There is always one limiting aperture stop for an optical system.

The entrance pupil is the image of the aperture stop formed by the
optical elements that precede it in the optical system. The exit pupil is
the image of the aperture stop formed by the optical elements that
come after it in the optical system.

Field stops are used to control the field of view (the extent of the object
plane that is imaged in the image plane) and to control aberrations.
The entrance and exit windows are the images of the field stop formed
by the optics preceding and following, respectively, the field stop. The
simplest field stop is an Patterned
aperture placed
BorderjustTemplate
in front of 3the image plane,
as shown on the next page.

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Aperture
Aperture Stops
Stops
Optics, E. Hecht, p. 149

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Aperture
Aperture Stops
Stops
Optics, E. Hecht, p. 150

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Here is an aperture stop (AS) is formed by an aperture after a single lens.

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Aperture
Aperture Stops
Stops
Optics, E. Hecht, p. 150

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Here is an aperture stop (AS) is formed by an aperture before a single lens.

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Aperture
Aperture Stops
Stops

Here is an aperture stop (AS) formed by an aperture between two lenses.

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Aperture
Aperture Stops
Stops
Optics, E. Hecht, p. 151

Here is an aperture stop Patterned

(AS) in a three-lens system. Ray
Border Template 8 traces are
shown for the chief ray from an object point at the top of the bulb and for a
marginal ray from an axial object point.
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The
The Chief
Chief Ray
Ray
The chief ray is directed from the object point to the center of the
entrance pupil. The chief ray will thus always pass through the center
of the AS.

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W. Stevenson notes

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The
The f-number
f-number
The f/# or f-number is the ratio of the lens focal length to the diameter
of the aperture stop: f/# = f/D.

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Optics, E. Hecht, p. 152

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Depth
Depth of
of Field
Field
Consider a fixed image plane. The distance in the object space over
which object points are in acceptable focus at the image plane is
termed the depth of field.

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W. Stevenson notes

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Depth
Depth of
of Field
Field
W. Stevenson notes

For a point located to the left For a point located to the

of the object plane: right of the object plane:

d1 P1 d1 + P y1 P
= = ⇒ d1 = d2 P − d2 y2 P
y1 r r r − y1 = ⇒ d2 =
y2 r r + y2

y1′ y1′ P Patterned Border Template 12

y1 = ⇒ d1 = y2′ y2′ P
m mr − y1′ y2 = ⇒ d2 =
m mr + y2′

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Depth
Depth of
of Field
Field
W. Stevenson notes

Let the acceptable radius of the blur circle in the image plane be y ′ = y1′ = y2′ . Then :
 1 1   mr 
Depth of field = d1 + d 2 = P y ′  +  = 2 Py ′  2
− ′ + ′  ( mr ) − ( y ) 
′
2
 mr y mr y 

Usually , y ′ mr and we find

2 Py ′
Depth of Field ≅
mr
Depth of field is inversely proPatterned
portional to Border Template
the diameter 13 pupil.
of the entrance

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Depth
Depth of
of Focus
Focus
Consider a fixed object plane. The distance in image space over which
object points are in acceptable focus at the image plane is termed the
depth of focus.

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W. Stevenson notes

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Depth
Depth of
of Focus
Focus
W. Stevenson notes

Let the acceptable radius of the blur circle in the image plane be y ′. Then :

y′ r′
=
d ′ P′
2 P′ y ′
Depth of focus = 2d ′ =
r′
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Depth of focus is inversely proportional to the diameter of the exit pupil.

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