MODULE 7: RELATIVE CLAUSES

A. RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO,
WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.
Danh từ đứng trước Chủ ngữ (Subject) Tân ngữ Sở hữu cách
(Antecedent) (Object) (Possesive Case)
Người (person) Who/That Whom/That Whose
Vật (Thing) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose
1. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)
a. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.
→ I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.
- The woman is standing over there. She is my sister.
→The woman who is standing over there is my sister.
b. WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
→ I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him.
→ The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
c. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars
→ She works for a company which makes cars.
- The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.
→ The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.
- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó
Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.
He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)
d. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH xác định
Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.
- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.
- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.
* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:
- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:
Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much ....
Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
All that is mine is yours.
- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last
Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
- You are the only person that can help us.
- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
(Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)
* Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:
- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không xác định.
Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- Sau giới từ
 Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.
e. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).
Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.
→ John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.
- This is the student. I borrowed his book.
→This is the student whose book I borrowed.
f. OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.
→ Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.
→ He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
g. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)
Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night.
→ The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.
- The house is for sale. I was born in it.
→ The house in which I was born is for sale.
* LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.
2. Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)
a. WHERE (in/ on/ at ... which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
→ The movie theater is the place where we can see films.
b. WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian
Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.
→ Do you remember the day when we first met?
c. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do
Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.
→ Tell me the reason why you are so sad.

CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:

RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Restrictive Relative Clauses (mệnh đề quan hệ xác định):
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ
nghĩa.
Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.
→ I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
* LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ trong
MĐQH xác định.
II. Non-restritive Relative Clauses (mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định):
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm), nếu bỏ
đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa.
- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.
- Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định khi:
+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…
+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.
→ My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
- Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
→ Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- The sun made the traveller thirsty. It was hot at midday.
→ The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty
- The boys in the next room are my students. They are making noise.
 → The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students.
* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không xác định.
EXERCISE 1 : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.
1. The girl is my cousin. She chatted with you yesterday.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
2. The man is very kind. He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
4. The young boy is naughty. He rides an expensive motorbike.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
5. I’m reading the book. I bought it in 1996.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
6. Do you know the man? He is sharing the flat with me.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
7. The young man is Ba’s brother. He is talking to our teacher.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
8. We visited the monument. It was built a hundred years ago.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
9. The boys are interested in the game. It is a popular game all over the world.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
10. You have no need to tell me the reason. You are often late for work for that reason.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
11. We visited the people. They are homeless after the flood.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
12. I don’t like the films. They have unhappy ending.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
13. I know the man. His son broke your windows.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
14. The girl is very kind. Her parents work with me.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
15. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
16. She hasn’t eat anything. This makes her parents worried.
→………………………………………………….……………………………..
17. The student is from China. He sits next to me.
→…………………………………………………………………………………………
18. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me.
→ …………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Mr. Pike is excellent. I am taking his course.
→…………………………………………………………………………………………
20. Shakespeare wrote plays . People have enjoyed them for four centuries.
→…………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2 : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.
1. The first girl has just come. She knows the truth.
=>
2. I don't remember the woman. You said you met her at the park last week.
=>
3. The only thing is how to get there quickly. It makes me worried.
=>
4. The most beautiful girl loves dancing. I like her blue eyes so much.
=>
5. He was John. I met him at the supermarket last night.
=>
6. The children often go swimming on Fridays. They usually have a lot of free time then.
=>
7. They are looking for the boy and his dog. They have lost their way in the dark forest.
=>
8. That tree has beautiful flowers. The tree stands near the gate of his house.
=>
9. My wife wants Jean to come to dinner. She is a doctor.
=>
10. The last woman has just returned from the office. I want to talk to her at once.
=>
11. The team will be awarded tomorrow. Their reports are pretty good.
=>
12. The book is an interesting horror story. I was reading it last night.
=>
13. The scientist will never forget the day. He found a strange object on that day.
=>
14. Someone is trying to contact you. She looked for your address two hours ago.
=>
15. The man works for my brother's company. His daughter is fond of drawing.
=>

EXERCISE 3: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:

1. That’s my friend,_______________ comes from Japan.
A. which B. who C. whom D. where.
2. The plants which______________ in the living room need a lot of water.
A. are B. be C. is D. was
3. She’s the woman_______________ sister looks after the baby for us.
A. who B. which C. that’s D. whose
4. That’s the doctor for________________ Cliff works.
A. that B. which C. whom D. whose
5. Marie,______________ I met at the party, called me last night.
A. that B. whom C. which D. whose
6. I remember Alice,______________ rode the bus to school with.
A. I B. whom I C. which I D. who
7. I used to enjoy the summer, ______________ we had a big family picnic.
A. where B. when C. which D. that
8. Tell me about the city ______________ you grew up.
A. that B. where C. which D. ø
9. Anna found the book that ________________ wanted at the bookshop.
A. ø B. where C. she D. which
10. Please remember to take back to the library all the books ________ are due this week.
A. ø B. that C. when D. they
11. He likes the dress. Huong is wearing it
A. He likes the dress which Huong is wearing it
B. He likes the dress Huong is wearing it
C. He likes the dress who Huong is wearing
D. He likes the dress Huong is wearing
12. Most of the classmates couldn't come. He invited them to the birthday party
 A. Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
B. Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
C. Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come.
D. Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
13. What was the name of the man? You met and talked to him this morning.
A. What was the name of the man who you met and talked to him this morning?
B. What was the name of the man you met and talked to this morning?
C. What was the name of the man you met and talked to whom this morning?
D. What was the name of the man whose you met and talked to this morning?
14. The church is over 500 years old. Our class visited it last summer.
A. The church which our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
B. The church that our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
C. The church which our class visited last summer is over 500 years old.
D. The church our class visit last summer is over 500 years old.
15. The song says about the love of two young stdents. She is singing the song.
A. The song which she is singing it says about the love of two young stdents.
B. The song she is singing says about the love of two young stdents.
C. The song says about the love of two young stdents which she is singing.
D. The song says about the love of two young stdents that she is singing it.

EXERCISE 4: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:

1. I have two sisters , ________________are doctors.
A. both of which B. who both C. both of whom D. whom both
2. Do you remember the day ? I first met you on that day.
A. Do you remember the day where I first met you ?
B. Do you remember the day when I first meet you ?
C. Do you remember the day on which I first met you ?
D. B and C are correct.
3. Mexico City ,_____ is the fastest growing city in the world , has a population of over 10 million.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
4. We visited the church _____________ in the 18th century.
A. was built B. which built C. building D. which was built
5. Ms Young, to ______ many of her students are writing, is living happily and
peacefully in Canada.
A. who B. whom C. that D. whose
6. She is the woman ____________ sister looks after the baby for us.
A. who B. whom C. that D. whose
7. Mr Smith, ______is a retired teacher, does volunteer work at the hospital.
A. that B. whom C. who D. is
8. I want to know the reason________ he told you last night.
A. Why B. which C. where D. when
10. I like the teacher. I learnt English with her in high school.
A.I like the teacher with whom I learnt English in high school.
B. I like the teacher whom I learnt English with in high school.
C.I like the teacher that I learnt English with in high school.
D.all are correct.
11.The banker to________ I gave my check was quite friendly.
A. who B. that C. whom D. which
12.All of us are waiting for the man ___________ son was lost.
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
13.The girl ______ is our neighbor.
A. talks to the lady over there C. was talking to the lady over there
B. is talking to the lady over there D. talking to the lady over there
14. My computer, _________ mouse doesn't work, cannot be used now.
A. while B. because C. whose D. which
15. What’s the name of the man_________car you borrowed?
A. who B. which C. that D. whose
16. The young woman who lives next door is very kind to my family.
A.The young woman to live next door is very kind to my family.
B.The young woman he lives next door is very kind to my family.
C.The young woman living next door is very kind to my family.
D.The young woman lived next door is very kind to my family.
17. She didn’t tell me the reason _______ she came late.
A. when B. for which C. why D.both B and C
18. This is the best play ________ I have ever seen.
A. which B. what C. whom D. that
19. I know a nearby restaurant _____ has seafood.
A. that B. who C. where D. whose
20. Taj Mahal, _____ by Shah Janhan for his wife, is thought to be one of the great architectural wonders
of the world.
A. being built B. was built C.which was built D.been built
21. Mr.Jones, ______I was working, was generous about overtime payments.
A. he B. for whom C. for him D. whom
22. Is this the address to ____________ you want the package sent ?
A. where B. which C. that D. whom
23. London is the city ________I have visited several times.
A. in which B. where C. in that D. which
24. One of the girls________in that company caused an accident
A. worked B. who worked C. whom worked D. whose worked
25. The computer, _____ hard disk has just been upgraded, is among the
latest generations.
A. thatB. whose C. of which D.which of
26. The girl ________me this gift is my best friend.
A. presented B. was presenting C. presenting D. be presenting
27. He lent me many picture-books, most of________I had read.
A. whom B. who C. whose D. which
28. Don't drink too much beer, ________will make us fat.
A. which B. when C. who D. whom
29. The friend to ________ he was talking on the phone is English.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
30. Why do you always believe in everything________ he says?
A. who B. which C. when D.that
31. There are a lot of people at my friend's wedding party, only a few of ________I had met before.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which
32. Aberdeen, ________ my brother lives, is a town in Scotland.
A. where B. which C. who D. when
33. My parents live in the same house ________ they bought 50 years ago.
A. that B. which C. where D. A and B
34. August is the month______I always give my birthday parties.
A. which B. in which C. what D. why
35. The people to_______she was speaking didn't know German.
 A. who B. whose C. that D. whom
36. Sunday is the day_________ most of the Christians usually go to church.
A. in which B. when C. that D. at which
37. Joyce Bews,________ was born and grew up in Portsmouth on the south coast of England,
________she still lives, was 100 last year.
A. that / in which B. who / where C. that / where D. whom / where
38. According to the research, the time at______ most road accidents happen is early evening.
A. when B. which C. whose D. that
39. The girls and the flowers _____he painted were vivid.
A. who B. which C. whose D. that
40. We go to school regularly,__________________ .
A. that makes our teacher happy B. which makes our teacher happily
C.it makes our teacher happy D. which makes our teacher happy
41. The letter _________ grandma was kept carefully in a box.
A. you wrote B. which you wrote to
C. to whom wrote D. which wrote
42. Sue lives in the house. The house is opposite my house.
A.Sue lives in the house which is opposite my house.
B.Sue lives in the house who is opposite my house.
C.Sue lives in the house where is opposite my house.
D.Sue lives in the house and which is opposite my house
43. Computers cannot operate without the programmes,________ are often called software.
A. which B. that C. in which D. with which
44) This is the result of our work ____ I’m pleased with.
A. that B. whose C. which D. A & C are correct
45) The problem in ____ we are very interested has been discussed in class.
A. that B. whom C. which D. A & C are correct
46) The boy ____ you made fun of yesterday is my cousin.
A. who B. whom C. that D. All are correct
47)Ann, ____ lives next door, is very friendly.
A. who B. whom C. that D. All are correct
48) We went to Sandra’s party, ____ we enjoyed very much.
A. which B. whom C. that D. who
49) John, ____ I have known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends.
A. whose B. whom C. that D. B & C are correct
50) Sheila, ____ job involves a lot of travelling, is away from home a lot.
A. whose B. whom C. that D. which
51. No one present noticed anything strange.
A. The people who were there didn’t notice anything strange.
B. The people who were there didn’t notice anything usual.
C. The people were there didn’t notice anything strange.
D. The people who were there didn’t notice something strange.
52. Jane refused to attend his birthday party, which made him feel sad.
A. Jane’s refusal to attend his birthday party made him feel sad.
B. He felt sad not to be able to attend his birthday party.
C. Jane made him sad despite her refusal to attend his birthday party.
D. Jane refused to attend his birthday party because it made him feel sad.
53. The plants may develop differently. They grow on that island.
A. The plants which grows on that island may develop differently.
 B. The plants which grow on that island may develop differently.
C. The plants grow on that island may develop differently.
D. The plants which grow that island may develop differently.
54. John Smith is a farmer. I bought his land.
A. John Smith, whose land I bought, is a farmer.
B. John Smith, who is a farmer, whose land I bought.
C. John Smith, whom I bought his land, is a farmer.
D. John Smith, a farmer, bought his land.

EXERCISE 5: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER

1. My wife, _________ is a doctor, works at Community Hospital.
A. who B. which C. whom D. that
2. Only one of the people _________ work in the company is qualified.
A. what B. which C. who D. where
3. She is the one _________ I told you about.
A. what B. which C. whose D. who
4. Those _________ had studied hard passed their exams.
A. what B. which C. who D. whose
5. The magazine _________ you lent me is interesting.
A. what B. which C. whom D. whose
6. The man _________ is resting is very tired.
A. what B. which C. whom D. who
7. The boy _________ sat next to you is my friend.
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
8. We are using books _________ were printed last year.
A. what B. who C. which D. whose
9. The painting_________Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.
A. whom B. whose C. which D. where
10. The homeless people_____story appeared in the paper last week have now found a place to live.
A. who B. whomC. that D. whose
11. __________ is your favourite sport, swimming or running.
A. When B. Which C. Whom D.
Whose
12. Were the Wright brothers the ones __________built the first aeroplane?
A. which B. whom C. whose D. that
13. I don't like stories________ have unhappy endings.
A. where B. which C. they D. who
14. The periodic table contains all the elements, ________ has a particular atomic weight and atomic
number.
A. which of each B. each of which C. which each D. each
15. Ansel Adams was a landscape photographer ________ photographs of the western United States
show nature on a grand scale.
A. whose B. of whom C. of his D. his
16. Jan didn't check she had enough petrol before she left, ________ was careless of her.
A. what B. it C. that D. which
17. This is a town ________ many people live.
A. in which B. which C. at which D. on
which
18. He was killed by a man ________ friends we know.
A. whose B. which C. whom D. that
19. He spoke to the messengers with ________ you were leaving.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. that
20. We captured a town ________ is in Spain.
A. whom B. where C. which D. it
21. The farmers ________ we saw were in the field.
A. whose B. which C. they D. whom
22. I know a boy ________ name is John.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. that
23. The man ________ you sent to the general has reported the victory.
A. whose B. which C. whom D. he
24. She sends me the book________ she________ two years ago.
A. whom / writes B. whose /wrote C. which/ writes D. which /
wrote
25. The man ________ spoke to John is my brother.
A. whom B. who C. whose D. which
26. I must thank the man from _____ I got the present.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
27. It is a car ______ I bought last year.
A. whom B. who C. which D. whose
28. He is the man _______ son is a doctor
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
29. I come from a city _______ is located in the southern part of the country.
A. who B. whom C. that D. whose
30. The film about _____ they are talking is fantastic.
A. who B. which C. whom D. that
31. That ’s the woman to _______ Jim used to be married.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
32. I met a lot of new people at the party ________ names I can’t remember.
A. whose B. which C. who D. whom
33. I talked to a woman __________ car had broken down on the way to the party.
A. which B. who C. whose D. whom
34. Vicky, __________ name was missed off the list, wasn’t very pleased.
A. which B. whose C. who D. whom
35. The picture was painted by Laura, ____________ is being shown in an exhibition.
A. which B. whose C. who D. whom
36. The concert ___________ we are looking forward is next Saturday.
A. which B. that C. whom D. A & B
37. I’ll see you near the post office ___________ we met the other day.
A. which B. where C. when D. why
38. The success of shared holidays depends on __________ you shared it with.
A. whose B. who C. whom D. which
39. The sun, ____ is one of millions of stars in the universe, provides us with heat an light.
A. which B. that C. who D. A & B
40. Tom made a number of suggestions, most of ____ were very helpful.
A. them B. which C. that D. B & C
41. Alaska, __________ my brother lives, is the largest state in the United States.
A. which B. where C. who D. All are correct
42. Tell me the reason ____________ you were absent yesterday.
A. where B. when C. why D. that
43. There was a time __________ dinosaurs dominated the earth.
A. which B. when C. that D. A & B
44. The house in ________ I was born and grew up was destroyed in an earthquake ten years ago.
A. which B. where C. that D. All are correct
45. Summer is the time of the year _________ the weather is the hottest.
A. when B. which C. that D. B & C
46. He is the singer about ____ I often tell you.
A. that B. who C. whom D. him
47. The concert ____ I listened last weekend was boring.
A. to that B. to which C. about which D. for which
48. That’s the girl to ____ my brother got engaged.
A. which B. who C. whom D. her
49. I like the village ____ I used to live.
A. in that B. in where C. which D. in which
50. The little girl ____ I borrowed this pen has gone.
A. at whom B. for whom C. to whom D. from whom
51. The speech ___ we listened last night was information.
A. to which B. which to C. to that D. that
52. The boy to ____ I lent some money is poor.
A. that B. who C. whom D. B and C
53. The company____ employs five hundred people makes video recorders
A. who B. that C. whom D. whose
54. My boss____ work takes him to a lot of different countries, has decided he needs an assistant in
London.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
55. Stop him. He’s the man____ stole my wallet.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
56. I was introduced to a man____ brother is my teacher.
A. which B. whose C. that D. whom
57. Swimming is the sport ______ you move through water in a horizontal position using the arms and
legs.
A. which B. who C. that D. A&C
58. The United States consists of fifty states, ______ has its own government.
A. they each B. each of which C. hence each D. each
of that
59. Hoa and her dog______________ are standing over there go to the park.
A. that B. who C. whom D. which
60. My father will fly to Ha Noi,____________is the capital city of Vietnam.
A. who B. whom C. which D. where