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Variance Sol
Variance Sol
Variance Sol
10.1 RECONCILE
A company makes a single product and uses standard absorption costing. The
standard cost per unit is as follows:
Rs. per unit
Direct materials 8
Direct labour 6
Fixed production overheads 12
26
Budgeted production is 14,000 units per month. Last month, actual production was
14,800 units, and actual costs were as follows:
Total costs Rs.
Direct materials 125,000
Direct labour 92,000
Fixed production overheads 170,000
387,000
Required
Prepare a statement for the month that reconciles budgeted costs, standard costs
and actual costs
Required
Calculate the direct labour rate and efficiency variances for the month.
(b) Company J uses a standard costing system and has the following data
relating to one of its products:
Rs. Rs.
per per
unit unit
Selling price 9.00
Variable cost 4.00
Fixed cost 3.00
7.00
Profit 2.00
The budgeted sales for October Year 5 were 800 units, but the actual sales
were 850 units. The revenue earned from these sales was Rs.7,480.
Required
Calculate the sales price and sales volume variances for October using:
standard absorption costing
standard marginal costing.
(c) The budget was to produce 15,000 units. The standard fixed production cost
of a product is Rs.20, which is 4 hours at a rate of Rs.5 per direct labour hour.
Actual production was 14,600 units and actual fixed production overhead
expenditure was Rs.325,000. The production output was manufactured in
58,000 hours of work.
Required
Calculate:
the fixed production overhead total cost variance
the fixed production overhead expenditure variance and volume
variance
the fixed production overhead efficiency variance and capacity variance
The budgeted production and sales volume for Product Q was 12,000 units. Budget
for 2,400 direct labour hours (12,000 units):
5 units to be produced per hour
Standard labour cost is Rs.3.20 per hour
Standard material cost is Rs.1.50 per kilogram and each unit requires 2 kilos
Budgeted fixed overheads Rs.2,400
Budgeted variable overhead cost per direct labour hour = Rs.0.80.
Actual results for the same period:
11,500 units were manufactured
2,320 direct labour hours were worked, and cost Rs.7,540
25,000 kilos of direct material were purchased (and used) at a cost of Rs.1.48
per kilogram.
Other information:
Inventory is valued at standard cost of production.
Actual variable overheads were Rs.1,750
Actual fixed overheads were Rs.2,462
10,000 units were sold for Rs.62,600.
Required
Prepare operating statements for the period using:
(a) standard absorption costing and
(b) standard marginal costing.
To prepare the absorption costing operating statement, you should show the
variable overhead expenditure and efficiency variances, and the fixed overhead
expenditure and volume variances.
Required
(a) Calculate the budgeted absorption rate per direct labour hour.
(b) Calculate the budgeted overhead expenditure.
(c) Calculate the overhead expenditure and overhead volume variances in the
period.
10.7 LETTUCE
Lettuce makes a product – the vegetable guard. It is the organic alternative to slug
pellets and chemical sprays.
For the forthcoming period budgeted fixed costs were Rs.6,000 and budgeted
production and sales were 1,300 units.
The vegetable guard has the following standard cost:
Rs.
Selling price 50
Materials 5kg Rs.4/kg 20
Labour 3hrs Rs.4/hr 12
Variable overheads 3hrs Rs.3/hr 9
10.8 MOONGAZER
MoonGazer produces a product – the telescope. Actual results for the period were:
430 units made and sold, earning revenue of Rs.47,300.
Materials: 1,075 kg were used.
1,200 kg of materials were purchased at a cost of Rs.17,700
Direct labour: 1,700 hours were worked at a cost of Rs.14,637
Fixed production overheads expenditure: Rs.2,400.
Variable production overheads expenditure: Rs.3,870.
The standard cost card for the product is as follows:
Rs.
Direct material 2 kg Rs.15 30
Direct labour 4hrs Rs.8.50 34
Variable overhead 4hrs Rs.2.00 8
Fixed production overhead per unit 5
77
The standard unit selling price is Rs.100. The cost card is based on production and
sales of 450 units in each period.
The company values its inventories at standard cost.
Required
Produce an operating statement to reconcile budgeted and actual gross profit. (14)
10.9 BRK
BRK operates an absorption costing system and sells three products, B, R and K
which are substitutes for each other. The following standard selling price and cost
data relate to these three products:
Selling
price per
Product unit Direct material per unit Direct labour per unit
B Rs. 14·00 3·00 kg at Rs. 1·80 per kg 0·5 hrs at Rs. 6·50 per hour
R Rs. 15·00 1·25 kg at Rs. 3·28 per kg 0·8 hrs at Rs. 6·50 per hour
K Rs. 18·00 1·94 kg at Rs. 2·50 per kg 0·7 hrs at Rs. 6·50 per hour
Budgeted fixed production overhead for the last period was Rs. 81,000. This was
absorbed on a machine hour basis. The standard machine hours for each product
and the budgeted levels of production and sales for each product for the last period
are as follows:
Product B R K
Standard machine hours per unit 0·3 hrs 0·6 hrs 0·8 hrs
Budgeted production and sales (units) 10,000 13,000 9,000
Actual volumes and selling prices for the three products in the last period were as
follows:
Product B R K
Actual selling price per unit Rs. 14·50 Rs. 15·50 Rs. 19·00
Actual production and sales (units) 9,500 13,500 8,500
Required
Calculate the following variances for overall sales for the last period:
(i) sales price variance;
(ii) sales volume profit variance; (10)
10.10 CARAT
Carat plc, a premium food manufacturer, is reviewing operations for a three-month
period. The company operates a standard marginal costing system and
manufactures one product, ZP, for which the following standard revenue and cost
data per unit of product is available:
Selling price Rs. 12.00
Direct material A 2.5 kg at Rs. 1.70 per kg
Direct material B 1.5 kg at Rs. 1.20 per kg
Direct labour 0.45 hrs at Rs. 6.00 per
hour
Fixed production overheads for the three-month period were expected to be Rs.
62,500.
Actual data for the three-month period was as follows:
Sales and production 48,000 units of ZP were produced and sold for Rs.
580,800
Direct material A 121,951 kg were used at a cost of Rs. 200,000
Direct material B 67,200 kg were used at a cost of Rs. 84,000
Direct labour Employees worked for 18,900 hours, but 19,200
hours were paid at a cost of Rs. 117,120
Fixed production overheads Rs. 64,000
Budgeted sales for the three-month period were 50,000 units of Product ZP.
Required
(a) Calculate the following variances:
(i) sales volume contribution and sales price variances;
(ii) price, mix and yield variances for each material;
(iii) labour rate, labour efficiency and idle time variances. (15)
(b) Prepare an operating statement that reconciles budgeted gross profit to
actual gross profit with each variance clearly shown. (5)
(c) Suggest possible explanations for the following variances:
(i) material price, mix and yield variances for material A;
(ii) labour rate, labour efficiency and idle time variances. (5)
(25)
Required
Calculate the following from the given data:
(a) Budgeted output in units
(b) Actual number of units purchased
(c) Actual units produced
(d) Actual hours worked
(e) Actual wage rate per hour (15)
(b) State any two possible causes of favorable material price variance,
unfavourable material quantity variance, favorable labour efficiency variance
and unfavourable labour rate variance. (04)
Required
(a) Prepare a quantity and equivalent production schedules for material and
conversion costs.
(b) Calculate material, labour and variable overhead variances. (Assume that the
material price variance is calculated as materials are used rather than as they
are purchased).
(c) Calculate the over(under) absorption of fixed production overhead and
analyse it into expenditure variance and volume variance.
(d) Analyse the fixed production overhead volume variance into efficiency and
capacity variances. (20)
Required
(a) Actual purchases of each type of raw materials.
(b) Labour rate and efficiency variances, variable overhead rate and efficiency
variances and fixed overhead expenditure variance. (20)
Required
Present a standard product cost sheet for one unit of Product XY, showing how the
standard marginal production cost of the product is made up.
10.1 RECONCILE
Reconciliation statement
Rs.
Budgeted costs for the month (14,000 units Rs.26)
364,000
Extra standard costs of additional production (800 units 20,800
Rs.26)
Standard costs of actual production (14,800 units Rs.26) 384,800
Cost variances
Direct materials total cost variance 6,600 (A)
Direct labour total cost variance 3,200 (A)
Fixed overheads expenditure variance 2,000 (A)
Fixed overheads volume variance 9,600 (F)
Actual total costs in the month 387,000
Workings
Direct materials total cost variance
Rs.
14,800 units should cost ( Rs.8) 118,400
They did cost 125,000
Direct materials total cost variance 6,600 (A)
Note: The fixed overhead total cost variance can be divided into:
(a) an expenditure variance
(b) a volume variance
Fixed production overheads expenditure variance
Rs.
Budgeted fixed overhead expenditure (14,000 Rs.12)
168,000
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 170,000
Fixed production overheads expenditure variance 2,000 (A)
(b)
Sales price variance Rs.
850 units should sell for (× Rs.9) 7,650
They did sell for 7,480
Sales price variance 170 (A)
(c)
(i)
Fixed production overhead total cost variance
Rs.
Standard fixed overhead cost of 14,600 units ( Rs.20) 292,000
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 325,000
Fixed overhead total cost variance (under-absorption) 33,000 (A)
(ii)
Fixed production overhead expenditure variance
Rs.
Budgeted fixed overhead expenditure (15,000 Rs.20) 300,000
Actual fixed overhead expenditure 325,000
Fixed overhead expenditure variance 25,000 (A)
(iii)
Fixed production overhead efficiency variance
hours
14,600 units should take 4 hours) 58,400
They did take 58,000
Efficiency variance in hours 400 (F)
Summary
Variance Favourable Adverse
Rs. Rs.
Material price 105,000
Material usage 120,000
Direct labour rate 500,000
Direct labour idle time 40,000
Direct labour efficiency 360,000
Variable overhead cost 10,000
Fixed overhead expenditure 400,000
Fixed overhead volume 500,000
410,000 1,625,000
Manufacturing cost total variance Rs.1,215,000 (A)
The material price variance and the material usage variance add up to the
material total cost variance.
Direct labour rate variance
Rs.
2,320 hours should cost ( Rs.3.20) 7,424
They did cost 7,540
Labour rate variance 116 (A)
Note: The difference in profit is accounted for by the difference in the increase in
closing inventory (1,500 units × Rs.0.20 per unit fixed overhead in inventory,
absorption costing = Rs.300).
(b)
hours
Actual hours worked 48,000
This was less than budget by 2,000
Budgeted hours 50,000
(c)
Volume variance in hours 2,000 hours Adverse
Absorption rate per hour Rs.13.20
Volume variance in Rs. Rs.26,400 Adverse
Rs.
Actual overhead expenditure 680,000
Budgeted overhead expenditure 660,000
Expenditure variance 20,000 Adverse
10.7 LETTUCE
(a) Materials price variance: based on quantities purchased since
inventories are valued at standard cost
Rs.
6,600 kg of materials should cost ( Rs.4) 26,400
They did cost 29,700
Material price variance 3,300 (A)
Materials usage variance
kg
1,100 units produced should use ( 5kg) 5,500
They did use 6,300
Usage variance in kg 800 (A)
Standard price per kg Rs.4
Usage variance in Rs. Rs.3,200(A)
Labour rate variance
Rs.
3,600 hours of labour should cost ( Rs.4) 14,400
They did cost 14,220
Labour rate variance 180 (F)
Labour efficiency variance
hours
1,100 units produced should take ( 3 hours) 3,300
They did take 3,600
Efficiency variance in hours 300 (A)
Standard rate per hour Rs.4
Efficiency variance in Rs. Rs.1,200(A)
Fixed overhead expenditure variance
Rs.
Budgeted fixed overhead costs 6,000
Actual fixed overhead costs 4,000
Fixed overhead expenditure variance 2,000 (F)
Variable overhead expenditure variance
Rs.
3,600 hours should cost ( Rs.3) 10,800
They did cost 11,700
Variable overhead expenditure variance 900 (A)
Variable overhead efficiency variance
300 hours (A) Rs.3 per hour = Rs.900 (A).
Sales price variance
Rs.
1,100 units should sell for ( Rs.50) 55,000
They did sell for 57,200
Sales price variance 2,200 (F)
10.8 MOONGAZER
(a) Tutorial note
A good place to start with an operating statement is to calculate the budgeted
and actual profits for the period and then from this to calculate variances.
Budgeted profit
Budgeted gross profit = (Rs.100 – Rs.77) 450 = Rs.10,350.
Actual gross profit
Rs. Rs.
Sales 47,300
Materials 17,700
Less closing inventory (125 Rs.15) (1,875)
15,825
Labour 14,637
Variable overheads 3,870
Fixed costs 2,400
Cost of sales 36,732
Actual profit 10,568
Operating statement
Rs.
Budgeted gross profit 10,350
Sales volume 460 (A)
9,890
Sales price 4,300 (F)
Actual sales less standard cost of sales 14,190
Cost variances F A
Rs. Rs.
Materials price 300
Materials usage 3,225
Labour rate 187
Labour efficiency 170
Variable overhead expenditure 470
Variable overhead efficiency 40
Fixed overhead expenditure 150
Fixed overhead volume 100
Total 510 4,132 3,622 (A)
Actual gross profit: 10,568
10.9 BRK
a) Variances
Before sales volume variances can be calculated standard profits have to be
determined.
Calculation of standard profit
Budgeted machine hours:
(10,000 × 0·3) + (13,000 × 0·6) + (9,000 × 0·8) = 18,000 hours
Overhead absorption rate
81,000
/18,000 = Rs. 4·50 per machine hour
Product B (Rs.) R (Rs.) K (Rs.) Total
Direct material
3 × 1·80 5·40
1·25 × 3·28 4·10
1·94 × 2·50 4·85
Direct labour
0·5 × 6·50 3·25
0·8 × 6·50 5·20
0·7 × 6·50 4·55
Fixed production
overhead
0·3 × 4·50 1·35
0·6 × 4·50 2·70
0·8 × 4·50 3·60
Standard cost 10·00 12·00 13·00
Selling price 14·00 15·00 18·00
Standard profit per unit 4·00 3·00 5·00
Budgeted sales volume 10,000 13,000 9,000 32,000
Rs.
40,000 39,000 45,000 124,000
Sales volume
B R K
Actual sales 31,500 9,500 13,500 8,500
Budgeted sales 32,000 10,000 13,000 9,000
(500) 500 (500)
Standard profit per 4 3 5
unit
(2,000) 1,500 (2,500) (3,000) (A)
10.10 CARAT
(a) Sales volume contribution per unit
Rs. /unit Rs. /unit
Standard sales price 12·00
Material A (Rs. 1·70 × 2·5) 4·25
Material B (Rs. 1·20 × 1·5) 1·80
Labour (Rs. 6·00 × 0·45) 2·70
8·75
Standard contribution 3·25
Material mix
Actual Standard Standard Mix Standard Mix
mix ratio mix variance cost per variance
(kg) kg (Rs. )
A 121,951 2.5 118,220 3,731 1.7 6,343 (A)
B 67,200 1.5 70,931 (3,731) 1.2 (4,477) (F)
189,151 189,151 1,866 (A)
Material yield variance
Units
189,151 did yield 48,000
189,151 should have yielded (÷ 4kg) 47,288
Extra yield 712
Standard cost of a unit Rs. 6.05
Yield variance Rs. 4,309 (F)
Alternative calculation
AQ AM SC
A 121,951 × Rs. 1.7/kg 207,317
B 67,200 × Rs. 1.2/kg 80,640
189,151 287,957
MIX
(1,866)
(A)
AQ SM SC
189,151 × Rs. 6.05/4kg 286,091
YIELD
4,309 (F)
SQ SM SC
192,000 × Rs. 6.05/4kg 290,400
48,000 × 4kg
Labour variances
Labour rate Rs.
Actual hrs × actual rate 117,120
Actual hrs × standard rate (19,200 × Rs. 6) 115,200
Rate: 1,920 (A)
(b) Budgeted profit: (50,000 units x Rs. 3.25) - Rs. 62,500 Rs. 100,000
Actual profit Rs. 580,800 – (Rs. 200,000 + Rs. 84,000 + Rs. 117,120 + Rs.
64,000) = Rs. 115,680
Rs. Rs. Rs.
Budgeted gross profit (50,000 units x Rs. 3.25) - Rs. 62,500 100,000
Sales volume contribution variance (6,500)
(A)
Sales price variance (F) 4,800
98,300
Cost variances F A
Materials price A 7,317
Materials price B 3,360
Material mix 1,866
Material yield 4,309
Labour rate 1,920
Labour idle time 1,800
Labour efficiency 16,200
Fixed overhead expenditure 1,500
Total 27,827 10,446 17,380
Actual profit Rs. 580,800 – (Rs. 200,000 + Rs. 84,000 + Rs.
117,120 + Rs. 64,000) 115,680
(c) The favourable material A price variance indicates that the actual price per
kilogram was less than standard. Possible explanations include buying lower
quality material, buying larger quantities of material A and thereby gaining bulk
purchase discounts, a change of supplier, and using an out-of-date standard.
The adverse material A mix variance indicates that more of this material was
used in the actual input than indicated by the standard mix. The favourable
material price variance suggests this may be due to the use of poorer quality
material (hence more was needed than in the standard mix), or it might be that
more material A was used because it was cheaper than expected.
The favourable material A yield variance indicates that more output was
produced from the quantity of material used than expected by the standard. This
increase in yield is unlikely to be due to the use of poorer quality material: it is
more likely to be the result of employing more skilled labour, or introducing more
efficient working practices.
It is only appropriate to calculate and interpret material mix and yield variances if
quantities in the standard mix can be varied. It has also been argued that
calculating yield variances for each material is not useful, as yield is related to
output overall rather than to particular materials in the input mix. A further
complication is that mix variances for individual materials are inter-related and so
an explanation of the increased use of one material cannot be separated from an
explanation of the decreased use of another.
The unfavourable labour rate variance indicates that the actual hourly rate paid
was higher than standard. Possible explanations for this include hiring staff with
more experience and paying them more (this is consistent with the favourable
overall direct material variance), or implementing an unexpected pay increase.
The favourable labour efficiency variance shows that fewer hours were worked
than standard. Possible explanations include the effect of staff training, the use of
better quality material (possibly on Material B rather than on Material A),
employees gaining experience of the production process, and introducing more
efficient production methods. The adverse idle time variance may be due to
machine breakdowns; or a higher rate of production arising from more efficient
working (assuming employees are paid a fixed number of hours per week).
(v) Actual Wages / Actual Hours = Rs. 308,480 / 50,160 = Rs. 6.15
Operating statement
Rs.000
Budgeted gross profit 107,500
Sales volume (4,300) (A)
103,200
Sales price 7,000 (F)
Actual sales less standard cost of sales 110,200
Cost variances F A
Rs.000 Rs.000
Materials price 7,500
Materials usage 12,500
Labour rate 6,000
Labour efficiency 3,000
Variable overhead expenditure 1,250
Variable overhead efficiency 750
Fixed overhead expenditure 100
Fixed overhead volume 200
Total 12,500 18,800 (6,300) (A)
Actual gross profit: 103,900
Budgeted profit
Per unit . Rs.
Sales price 600
Direct material 2.5 kg per unit at Rs. 50 per kg 125
Direct labour 2.0 hrs per unit at Rs. 100 per hr 200
Variable overheads 2.0 hrs per unit at Rs. 25 per hr 50
Fixed overheads Rs. 10 per unit 10
Cost of sales 385
Budgeted profit 215
Budgeted sales (units) 500,000
Budgeted profit (Rs. 000) 107,500
Tutorial note: This problem tests your understanding of the formulae for calculating
variances. Here, you are given the actual costs and the variances, and have to work
back to calculate the standard cost. The answer can be found by filling in the
balancing figures for each variance calculation.
Workings
Materials price variance
Rs.
150,000 kilos of materials did cost 210,000
Material price variance 15,000 (F)
150,000 kilos of materials should cost 225,000
(The variance is favourable, so the materials did cost less to buy than they should
have cost.)
Therefore the standard price for materials is Rs.225,000/150,000 kilograms =
Rs.1.50 per kilo.