THE VALLEY OF GUNS & ROSES

THE ANATOMY
 JAMMU / KASHMIR / GILGIT / BALTISTAN / LADDAKH / LEH ruled by MUSLIM / MUGHALS /
AFGHAN / SIKH / BRITISH / HINDU
 PRE-1000 A.D.-GONANDITYA / KARKOTA / LOHARA DYNASTIES RULED UNDER HINDUISM AND
BUDDHISM PATRONAGE.
 1339 A.D.-SHAH MIR ESTABLISHED MUSLIM RULE & MIR DYNASTY

5
 1587A.D.-MUGHAL EMPEROR AKBAR CONQUERED KASHMIR

05
 NOTE- KASHMIR WAS INTEGRAL PART OF INDIA DURING MUGHALS.
 1752-AHMED SHAH ABDALI OF AFGHAN’S DURRANI DYNASTY ANNEXED IT.
 1819-MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH OF SIKH EMPIRE ANNEXED IT IN 1819 AFTER JAMMU IN 1808
WITH HELP OF ABLEST COMMANDER GULAB SINGH.GULAB SINGH WAS APPOINTED TO RULE


KASHMIR AS VASSAL OF LAHORE.

00
1846-FIRST ANGLO SIKH WAR YIELDED IN TREATY OF AMRITSAR AND DOGRA DYNASTY
UNDER MAHARAJA GULAB SINGH BEGINS TO RULE AS CONDITIONAL SOVEREIGN
THE RESSURECTION
31
 MAHARAJA GULAB SINGH PAID 75 LAKH NANAKSHAHI RUPEES TO GAIN AUTONOMUS RULE
OF JAMMU & KASHMIR FROM BRITISHERS.
 ZORAWAR SINGH (ABLEST COMMAMDER) LEAD FURTHER EXPEDITIONS TO LEH / LADDAKH /
GILGIT / BALTISTAN.NOTE-WILL DISCUSS IN SINO-INDIAN BORDER DISPUTE
1

THE ROYAL DISSENT

 INDIA INDEPENDENCE ACT 1947-GAVE PRINCELY ESTATES (565) RIGHT TO
20

 MERGER / ACCESSION OR INDEPENDENCE.

1. TRAVANCORE
2. JODHPUR
3. BHOPAL
4. HYDERABAD
5. JUNAGARH (CLAIMED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF PAKISTAN IN LATEST MAP)
6. JAMMU & KASHMIR
MOUNTBATTEN’S CONDITION OF ACCESSION
1. CONTIGUOUS BOUNDARY WITH EITHER DOMINIONS
2. DEMOGRAPHIC RELIGIOUS MAJORITY
DOGRA’S DILLEMA
 ACCESSION TO ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN WILL LEAD TO POLITICO-RELIGIOUS COUP
DE’ TAT.
 ACCESSION TO DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF INDIA MEANS END OF MONARCHY.
 EITHER WAYS DOGRA RULE ENDS.
 INDEPENDENCE IS NECESSARY FOR SUSTENNANCE OF MONARCHY BUT VULNERABILITY
FROM INDIA / PAKISTAN / AFGHANISTAN / CHINA IS EMINENT.
 12TH AUGUST 1947-STAND STILL AGREEMENT PRODUCED BY MAHARAJA TO INDIA & PAKISTAN
TO MAINTAIN STATUS-QUO IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL AFFAIRS.

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 PAKISTAN HEEDED BUT INDIA STALLED BY CALLING ANY ABLE MINISTER IN MAHARAJA’S
AUTHORITY TO NEGOTIATE AGREEMENT IN DELHI.
 PAKISTAN APPRISED OF THE SCHEMES BEGAN BORDER RAIDS DESPITE KASHMIR GOVT’S
REQUEST FOR RESPECTING STANDSTILL AGREEMENT
KASHMIRI PEOPLE ASPIRATIONS IN 1947
 KASHMIRI PEOPLE PREFERRED DEMOCRACY OVER MONARCHY AND TYRANNY OF DOGRA
RULE & BRITISH PARAMOUNTACY.
 TOOK EXTENSIVE PARTICIPATION IN INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT.

5
 INDIA WAS CONFIDENT OF WINNING KASHMIR THROUGH PLEBISCITE AS POPULAR MASS
SUPPORT LEADER SHEIKH ABDULLAH WAS DEMANDING IDENTICAL RIGHTS AS INDIAN

05
NATIONAL SENTIMENTS.
 INDIA WON JUNAGARH THROUGH PLEBISCITE WITH 91% VOTES IN FAVOUR OF INDIA.
 HOWEVER TRIBAL INVASION FROM PAKISTAN MUZAFARABAD ON 20 TH OCTOBER 1947
SPOILED THE SCHEME OF THINGS.
THE ACCESSION
00
1 31
20

THE MAHARAJA HARI SINGH SIGNED INSTRUMENT OF ACCESSION ON 26 TH OCTOBER 1947 WHILE
MOUNTBATTEN RATIFIED IT ON 27TH OCTOBER 1947.
THE KHAP
AS PER UNSC RESOLUTION 47
 PAKISTAN HAS AGRESSED IN J&K.
 PAKISTAN SHALL VACATE ALL COMBAT & NON COMBATANT FORCES FROM THE STATE
 INDIA SHALL REDUCE ARMED FORCES PRESENCE IN THE STATE.
 PLEBISCITE TO BE CONDUCTED UNDER UN SUPRVISION
WHY NO PLEBISCITE YET?
 PAKISTAN NEVER VACATED ITS FORCES FROM STAE BEHINND CEASE FIRE LINE(POK).

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SHER-e-KASHMIR
 1925-SHEIKH ABDULLAH PRESIDENCY BEGAN IN MUSLIM CONFERENCE (FIRST POLITICAL
PARTY OF KASHMIR.
 1938-MUSLIM COFERENCE RENAMED AS NATIONAL CONFERENCE.
 1946-QUIT KASHMIR MOVEMENT LAUNCHED RESULTING IN IMPRISONMENT OF SHEIKH ABDULLAH.
 MARCH 1948- SHEIKH ABDULLAH BECAME PRIME MINISTER OF J&K.
SPECIAL 21
WHAT SO SPECIAL ABOUT IT?

5
 ARTICLE 370 GAVE GREATER AUTONOMY TO J&K WITH RESPECT TO ANY OTHER STATE

05
 J&K HAD IT’S OWN CONSTITUTION
 PARTIAL APLLICATION OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION AND UNION LAWS ON STATE.
 PARLIAMENTARY LEGISLATION NOT APPLICABLE WITHOUT STATE CONSENT
 NON-RESIDENTS OF STATE CAN’T CLAIM BENEFITS OF ARTICLE 35-A
 DIVISIVE OPINION
REPEAL ARTICLE 370!

00
EQUALITY OF STATUS / OPPORTUNITY / DEVELOPMENT / TREATMENT IS ABRIDGED
31
ARTICLE 370 NOT ENOUGH!!
 GREATER AUTONOMY NEEDED AS PROMISED.
MAJOR GRIEVANCES OF KASHMIRIS:
KASHMIRIS HAVE THREE PROMINENT GRIEVANCES
1

 PLEBISCITE AT EARLIEST
 PROCEDURAL LAPSE IN FUNCTIONING OF ARTICLE 370 HAS ERODED NOTION OF AUTONOMY
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GRADUALLY OVER THE YEARS.

 LACK OF INSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY COMPARABLE TO OTHER STATES IN INDIA
CHESS BOARD SINCE 1948
 SHEIKH ABDULLAH TOOK VARIOUS LAND REFORMS & OTHER DEVELOPMENT MEASURES IN
THE STATE.
 THE EVER INCREASING DEMAND OF GREATER AUTONOMY FOR KASHMIR LEAD TO HIS
DISMISSAL ON 8TH AUGUST 1953.
 BAKSHI GHULAM MOHAMMED SUCCEEDED HIM.
 8TH AUGUST 1953 –DISMISSED AS PM BY DR. KARAN SINGH(SADAR-I-RIYASAT) CITING LOSS
OF CONFIDENCE IN CABINET.
 ARRESTED FOR ANTI NATIONAL ACTIVITIES SAME YEAR.
 MIRZA AFZAL BEG FORMED PLEBISCITE FRONT ON 9TH AUGUST 1955.
 SHEIKH ABDULLAH WAS RELEASED BUT SOON AFTER AGAIN IMPRISONED IN “KASHMIR
CONSPIRACY CASE” IN 1958 TILL 1964.
 NEHRU REQUESTED ABDULLAH TO NEGOTIATE WITH AYUB KHAN TO SETTLE KASHMIR
DISPUTE BUT DEATH OF NEHRU ON 27TH MAY 1964 CEASED ALL THOSE EFFORTS.
 ABDULLAH WAS AGAIN DETAINED FROM 1965-1968.
 AGAIN EXILED FOR 18 MONTHS DURING 1971-72(DURING INDO PAK WAR)
 INDIRA- SHEIKH ACCORD 1974 – ABDULLAH GAVE UP PLEBISCITE DEMAND.
 ASSUMED AS CHIEF MINISTER

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The revival of National Conference (1977)
 He revived the National Conference which was elected with a majority in the assembly elections held in 1977.
 Sheikh Abdullah died in 1982 and the leadership of the National Conference went to his son, Farooq
Abdullah, who became the Chief Minister.
 But he was soon dismissed by the Governor and a breakaway faction of the National Conference came to
power for a brief period.
 The dismissal of Farooq Abdullah’s government due to the intervention of the Centre generated a feeling
of resentment in Kashmir. The confidence that Kashmiris had developed in the democratic processes
after the accord between Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Abdullah, received a setback.

5
 The feeling that the Centre was intervening in politics of the State was further strengthened when the
National Conference in 1986 agreed to have an electoral alliance with the Congress, the ruling party in the

05
Centre.
THE UNELECTION
 PREVALENT ALLEGATIONS OF CORRUPTIONS & ABUSE OF POWER ON FAROOQUE ABDULLAH
GOVERNMENT




NATIONAL CONFERENCE – 36 SEATS
CONGRESS(I) -24 SEATS
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ALL SOCIO-RELIGIOUS GROUPS UNITED POLITICALLY UNDER MUSLIM UNITED FRONT TO
CONTEST ELECTIONS.
31
 MASSIVE VICTORY OF FAROOQUE ABDULLAH STIMULISED THE ALLEGATIONS OF RIGGED
ELECTIONS.
 ALL THE POPULAR MUF LEADERS WERE DETAINED UNDER ALLEGATIONS OF ANTI-NATIONAL
ACTIVITIES.
 ABDUL GANI
1

 GULAM QADIR WANI

 GHULAM MOHAMMED BUTT
20

 MOHAMMED YUSUF SHAH

 RISE OF SYED SALAHUDDIN CHIEF OF HIZB-UL-MUJAHIDEEN
 ABDUL HAMID SHEIKH / ASHFAQ MAJID WANI / JAVED AHMED MIR / MOHAMMED YASIN
MALIK FORMED HAJY CORE GROUP IN JKLF.
INDIA’S STAND POINT
 KASMIR IS AN INTERNAL MATTER OF INDIA SO NO MEDIATION NEEDED.
 SIMLA AGREEMENT TO BE BASIS OF BILATERAL TALKS BETWEEN INDIA PAKISTAN FOR
KASHMIR DISPUTE
 NO PLEBISCITE UNTIL PRE 22ND OCTOBER 1947 SITUATION ACCEPTED BY PAKISTAN.
CRAVING WOLVES
SEPARATIST POLITICS HAS TRANSITIONED FROM 1989 ONWARDS
 A SECTION DEMANDS FOR INDEPENDENCE
 A SECTION DEMANDS FOR MERGER WITH PAKISTAN
 REST DEMAND GREATER AUTONOMUS POWERS WITHIN INDIA FEDERALISM.
INTRA STATE AUTONOMY
Even though the name of the state is Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), it comprises three social and political
regions: Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.
 PEOPLE OF JAMMU DEMAND INTEGRATION WITH INDIA.
 PEOPLE OF LADAKH(KARGIL+LEH) DEMAND INTEGRATION WITH INDIA.
 PEOPLE KASHMIR VALLEY DEMAND MORE AUTONOMOUS POWERS.

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