reported speech :

- to report we go back one step back in tenses

m
- every verb in the sentence needs a reported verb which are alwaysssssssssss in the PAST
- usually sentences in reported speech start with X said :

ia
example : he said : he is leaving and was bringing bread with him
- he said that he was leaving and he promised that he had been bringing bread with him

ar
- to report we must apply some changes

m
1. pronouns changes
i/ he or she

ui
you( plural) /us you (singular)/ me
we/ they

ao
your/ my
my / his or her

ss
these/ those
i will bring you your book => he said that he would bring me my book

ou
2. time expressions :
- now / then
- today / that day
m
- tomorrow / the next day
- yesterday / the day before
er

- 2 days ago/ 2 days before or the day before yesterday

- next / following
ch

- last / previous
- ago / before
a
te
 3. modal verbs : are divided 2 groups

m
group 1 changeable group 2 changed into reported verbs

ia
will / would could :

ar
can / could ( possibility / ability) should: my mom said you should not smoke at home
must / had to - my mom forbade me not to smoke / me from smoking

m
shall / should - the doctor said that you should sleep 8 hours
may / might - the doctor advised me to sleep 8 hours
- my friend told me you should not to talk to him again

ui
- my friend persuaded me not to talk to him again
need to : he said that i need to bring my parents next week

ao
- he ordered me to bring my parents
ought to:
would :

ss
thought/ believed/ advised/ suggested/ agreed/ required/
requested/ demand/ forbade/ ordered / persuaded/ promised/

ou
recommended / asked ‘
(are always followed-by) + me + inft
4. changes of tenses
rm
tense reported tense
he

present simple i live simple past he /she lived

past sple you slept past perfect they had slept
ac

presnt continuous he is cooking past continuous he was cooking

past continous he was trying past perfect continuous he had been trying
present perfect he has traveled past perfect he had traveled
te

present perfect cont he has been running past perfect continuous he had been running
past perfect he had admitted past perfect he had admitted
past perfect cont past perfect continuous

m
other reported verbs:

ia
told/ continued/ answered/ replied/ added/ mentioned/ remarked/ followed it by / decided/ imagined/ begged/ urged/ informed/
assisted/ insisted/ asserted/ supported/ confirmed/ admitted “____________________”

ar
question form in reported speech: he said are you happy?

m
choose one of these forms:
- he asked me if i was happy.

ui
- he wanted to know if/ whether i was happy
- he wondered if i was happy

ao
can you close the door?

ss
he asked me to close the door
he requested me to ….;

ou
i can cook 5 dishes a day / he declared that he could cook ……

“i am wrong, i am sorry” : he admitted he was wrong, and he apologized by he was sorry”

rm
when we must not report
he

1. reported verb in the present

2. sentences like “ he wishes he was younger / i wish /i would rather = we report the reported verb only
he wished he was younger
ac

3. when we have time expressions like when while if before after

4. when we have scientific facts (general knowledge)
te