LES10A200 Engineering Mathematics I

Topics: volume of washer, different integration techniques,

integration by parts

File:EMI-L2W6-11102023.tex,14:46

1/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Volume of washer

2/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 The volume V may be found by subtracting the volume of the
solid generated by the smaller region from the volume of the solid
generated by the larger region. This can be obtained by using
Definition 1
Z b Z b Z b
2 2
V = π[f (x )] dx − π[g(x )] dx = π{[f (x )]2 − [g(x )]2 } dx ,
a a a

equivalently,
Z b
V = π{[f (x )]2 − [g(x )]2 } dx . (1)
a

In other words, above formula can be written as

Volume of the washer = π (outer radius)2 − (inner radius)2 ·(thickness)

 

(2)

3/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example
Find the volume of the solid, which is obtained by revolving the
region bounded by the graphs of the equations
x 2 = y − 2, 2y − x − 2 = 0, x = 0, and x = 1 about the x -axis.

4/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Solution
We obtain y = x 2 + 2 and y = 21 x + 1 by solving the first two
equations for y in terms of x . Using formula (1) we obtain
Z 1 "  2 #
1
V = π (x 2 + 2)2 − x +1 dx
0 2
Z 1 
4 15 2
= π x + x − x + 3 dx
0 4
 1
1 5 5 3 1 2
= π x + x − x + 3x
5 4 2 0
79π
= ≈ 12.41 units.
20
□

5/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example
If the the line of revolution is y = 3. Find the volume of the solid,
which is obtained by revolving the region bounded by the graphs of
the equations x 2 = y − 2, 2y − x − 2 = 0, x = 0, and x = 1.

6/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Solution. As we know that the line of revolution is y = 3.
Therefore the radii of this washer are as follows:
Inner radius = 3 − (x 2 + 2)
= 1 − x 2
Outer radius = 3 − 12 x + 1 = 2 − 12 x .
Utilizing the formula (1) we obtain
Z 1 " #
1 2

2 2
V = π 2− x − (1 − x ) dx
0 2
Z 1   
1 2 2 4
= π 4 − 2x + x − (1 − 2x + x ) dx
0 4
Z 1 
9 2 4
= π 3 − 2x + x − x dx
0 4

7/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

  1
3 1
= π 3x − x 2 + x 3 − x 4
4 5 0
 
3 1
= π 3−1+ −
4 5
51π
= ≈ 8.01 units.
20
□

8/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example
The region in the first quadrant bounded by the graphs of y = 81 x 3
and y = 2x is revolved about the y-axis. Find the volume of the
resulting solid.

Solution. Since we need to integrate with respect to y, we solve

the given equations for x in terms of y, and obtain
1
x= y and x = 2y 1/3 .
2

9/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Using Definition 2 by considering that the axis of revolution is y,
so we integrate with respect to y, which gives
8
1 3 8
Z    
2/3 1 2 12 5/3
V = π 4y − y dy = π y − y
0 4 5 12 0
 
12 5/3 1 3
= π (8) − (8)
5 12
512π
= ≈ 107.20 units.
15
□

10/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Techniques of integration

11/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 So far we have evaluated the basic form of the integrals, listed
below

Z Z
1 dx = x + C sin x dx = − cos x + C
Z
x n+1
Z
x n dx = +C cos x dx = sin x + C
n +1 Z
Z
1 tanx dx = ln | sec x | + C
dx = ln |x | + C
x

Z
Z
f ′ (x ) cotx dx = ln | sin x | + C
dx = ln |f (x )| + C
f (x )
Z
Z sec2 x dx = tan x + C
x x
e dx = e + C Z
cosec2 x dx = −cotx + C
ax
Z
x
a dx = +C
ln a
12/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6
 Z
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
Z
cosecx cotx dx = −cosecx + C
Z
1 x 
√ dx = arcsin +C
a2 − x 2 a
Z
1 1 x 
2 2
dx = arctan +C
a +x a a
Z
1 1 x 
√ dx = arcsec +C
x x 2 − a2 a a
Z
1 1 x 
√ dx = arcsec +C
x x 2 − a2 a a

13/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Different techniques

We need to rewrite an integral to match it to a standard formula.

Example (Simplifying substitution)
Evaluate
2x − 9
Z
√ dx .
x2− 9x + 1

14/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Simplifying substitution)
Evaluate
2x − 9
Z
√ dx .
x2− 9x + 1

Solution
Let u = x 2 − 9x + 1, then du = (2x − 9)dx . We obtain

2x − 9
Z Z Z
1
√ dx = √ du = u −1/2 du
2
x − 9x + 1 u

u −1/2+1 √ p
+ C = 2 u + C = 2 x 2 − 9x + 1 + C .
−1/2 + 1
□

15/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Simplifying substitution)
Evaluate
2x − 9
Z
√ dx .
x2− 9x + 1

Solution
Let u = x 2 − 9x + 1, then du = (2x − 9)dx . We obtain

2x − 9
Z Z Z
1
√ dx = √ du = u −1/2 du
2
x − 9x + 1 u

u −1/2+1 √ p
+ C = 2 u + C = 2 x 2 − 9x + 1 + C .
−1/2 + 1
□

15/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Completing square)
Evaluate Z
1
√ dx .
8x − x 2

Solution. We make the radicand in the complete square form

Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
8x − x 2 −(x 2 − 8x )
Z
1
= p dx
2
−(x − 8x + 16 − 16)
Z
1
= p dx .
4 − (x − 4)2
2

16/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Completing square)
Evaluate Z
1
√ dx .
8x − x 2

Solution. We make the radicand in the complete square form

Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
8x − x 2 −(x 2 − 8x )
Z
1
= p dx
2
−(x − 8x + 16 − 16)
Z
1
= p dx .
4 − (x − 4)2
2

16/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Now we may use the following formula
Z
1 x 
√ dx = arcsin + C,
a2 − x 2 a

and obtain
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx
8x − x 2 42 − (x − 4)2
 
x −4
= arcsin + C.
4

17/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Task (Using trigonometric identity)
Evaluate Z
(sec x + tan x )2 dx .

Hint. First expand the integrand, then and utilize the identity
tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.

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 Task
Evaluate Z
(sec x + tan x )2 dx .

Solution.
Z Z
(sec x + tan x )2 dx = (sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x ) dx
Z
= (sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + sec2 x − 1) dx
Z
= (2 sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x − 1) dx
= 2 tan x + 2 sec x − x + C .

19/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Task
Evaluate Z
(sec x + tan x )2 dx .

Solution.
Z Z
(sec x + tan x )2 dx = (sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x ) dx
Z
= (sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + sec2 x − 1) dx
Z
= (2 sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x − 1) dx
= 2 tan x + 2 sec x − x + C .

19/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Eliminating a square root)
Evaluate Z p
1 + cos(4x ) dx .

Solution. We use the identity

2 cos2 θ = 1 + cos(2θ).

With θ = 2x , this becomes

2 cos2 (2x ) = 1 + cos(4x ).

20/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Eliminating a square root)
Evaluate Z p
1 + cos(4x ) dx .

Solution. We use the identity

2 cos2 θ = 1 + cos(2θ).

With θ = 2x , this becomes

2 cos2 (2x ) = 1 + cos(4x ).

20/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Hence
Z p Z p
1 + cos(4x ) dx = 2 cos2 (2x ) dx
√ Z p √ Z
= 2 2
cos (2x ) dx = 2 cos(2x ) dx
√
2 sin(2x ) sin(2x )
= +C = √ + C.
2 2
□

21/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Reducing an improper fraction)
Evaluate
3x 2 − 7x
Z
dx .
3x + 2

22/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Reducing an improper fraction)
Evaluate
3x 2 − 7x
Z
dx .
3x + 2

Solution. The integrand is an improper fraction. By division we

get a proper fraction

3x 2 − 7x 6
=x −3+ .
3x + 2 3x + 2
Hence
3x 2 − 7x
Z Z  
6
dx = x −3+ dx
3x + 2 3x + 2
x2
= − 3x + 2 ln |3x + 2| + C .
2
□
23/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6
 Example (Reducing an improper fraction)
Evaluate
3x 2 − 7x
Z
dx .
3x + 2

Solution. The integrand is an improper fraction. By division we

get a proper fraction

3x 2 − 7x 6
=x −3+ .
3x + 2 3x + 2
Hence
3x 2 − 7x
Z Z  
6
dx = x −3+ dx
3x + 2 3x + 2
x2
= − 3x + 2 ln |3x + 2| + C .
2
□
23/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6
 Example (Separating a fraction)
Evaluate Z
3x + 2
√ dx .
1 − x2

Solution By separating the integrand we obtain

Z Z Z
3x + 2 x 1
√ dx = 3 √ dx + 2 √ dx .
1−x 2 1−x 2 1 − x2
p
= −3 1 − x 2 + 2arcsin x + C .

24/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Separating a fraction)
Evaluate Z
3x + 2
√ dx .
1 − x2

Solution By separating the integrand we obtain

Z Z Z
3x + 2 x 1
√ dx = 3 √ dx + 2 √ dx .
1−x 2 1−x 2 1 − x2
p
= −3 1 − x 2 + 2arcsin x + C .

24/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Multiplying by a form of 1)
Evaluate Z
sec x dx .

25/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Multiplying by a form of 1)
Evaluate Z
sec x dx .

Solution. Multiplying and dividing by sec x + tan x we get

Z Z Z
sec x + tan x
sec x dx = sec x · 1 dx = sec x · dx
sec x + tan x
sec2 x + sec x tan x
Z
= dx = ln | sec x + tan x | + C .
sec x + tan x
□

26/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Multiplying by a form of 1)
Evaluate Z
sec x dx .

Solution. Multiplying and dividing by sec x + tan x we get

Z Z Z
sec x + tan x
sec x dx = sec x · 1 dx = sec x · dx
sec x + tan x
sec2 x + sec x tan x
Z
= dx = ln | sec x + tan x | + C .
sec x + tan x
□

26/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 The integral formula for cosecant may be obtained similarly. The
secant and cosecant integrals are
Z
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x | + C .
Z
cosec x dx = ln |cosec x − cot x | + C .

27/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Integration by parts

28/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Integration by parts is a technique for simplifying integrals of the
form Z
f (x )g(x ) dx .

The fomula for the integration by parts can be deriven from the
Product rule of derivative
d dw du
(uw ) = u +w .
dx dx dx
If we integrate the above formula with respect to x we get
Z Z  
dw du
uw = u dx + w dx .
dx dx

29/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 dw
R
Letting v = dx or
v dx = w in above equation, we get
Z Z Z Z 
du
u v dx = uv dx + v dx · dx ,
dx

which is equal to write

Z Z Z  Z 
du
uv dx = u v dx − v dx dx . (3)
dx

30/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Applications of integration by parts)
Evaluate Z
ln x dx .

Solution
Let u = ln x and v = 1. Utilizing formula (3) we get
Z Z Z Z  Z 
d (ln x )
ln x dx = ln x · 1 dx = ln x 1 dx − 1 dx dx
dx
Z
1
= ln x · x − · x dx = x ln x − x + C .
x
□

31/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example (Applications of integration by parts)
Evaluate Z
ln x dx .

Solution
Let u = ln x and v = 1. Utilizing formula (3) we get
Z Z Z Z  Z 
d (ln x )
ln x dx = ln x · 1 dx = ln x 1 dx − 1 dx dx
dx
Z
1
= ln x · x − · x dx = x ln x − x + C .
x
□

31/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Task
Evaluate Z
arcsin x dx .

32/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example
Evaluate Z
x 2 e x dx .

Solution. Let u = x 2 and v = e x . Utilizing formula (3) we get

Z Z Z  Z 
2 x 2 x d 2 x
x e dx = = x e dx − (x ) e dx dx
dx
Z Z
= x e − 2x · e dx = x + e − 2 x · e x dx
2 x x 2 x

33/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 Example
Evaluate Z
x 2 e x dx .

Solution. Let u = x 2 and v = e x . Utilizing formula (3) we get

Z Z Z  Z 
2 x 2 x d 2 x
x e dx = = x e dx − (x ) e dx dx
dx
Z Z
= x e − 2x · e dx = x + e − 2 x · e x dx
2 x x 2 x

33/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

  Z Z  Z  
2 x x d x
= x e − 2 x e dx − (x ) e dx dx
dx
 Z 
2 x x x
= x e − 2 xe − 1 · e dx

= x 2 e x − 2xe x + 2e x + C .

34/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 See you in next lecture!

35/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 References

[AS] M. Abramowitz and I. Stegun, eds.: Handbook of

mathematical functions with formulas, graphs and
mathematical tables. National Bureau of Standards, 1964
(Russian translation, Nauka 1979).
[AVV1] G. D. Anderson, M. K. Vamanamurthy, and M.
Vuorinen: Conformal invariants, inequalities and
quasiconformal maps. J. Wiley, 1997, 505 pp.
[CDH] A. Croft, R. Davison, M. Hargreaves, and J. Flint:
Engineering mathematics: A foundation for electronics,
Electrical, communication and system engineers, Pearson Ed.,
2013, 961 pp.
[AR] Robert A. Adams: Calculus: A complete course,
Pearson Education Canada, Inc. 2010.

36/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6

 References

[L] Serge Lang: A first course in calculus, Viking Press,

Inc. 1971.
[St] George B. Stroud and D.J. Booth: Engineering
mathematics, 5th ed. Industrial Press, Inc. New York, 2001.
[Sw] Earl W. Swokowski: Calculus with analytic geometry,
PWS Publishers, Wadsworth, Inc. 1983.
[T] George B. Thomas: Calculus and analytic geometry,
Addison -Wesley, Inc. 1996.

37/ 37 Barkat Bhayo 2nd lecture of week 6