the difference between "ser" and "estar"

the difference between "ser" and "estar" to an English speaker involves highlighting the
nuanced uses of the Portuguese equivalents to the English verb "to be". Here’s how you
might explain it:

Ser: This verb is used to describe the essence or identity of something or someone,
permanent characteristics, professions, nationalities, and the time of day. Think of it as
describing inherent qualities or things that do not change (or change very slowly over
time). Examples include:

Eu sou brasileiro. (I am Brazilian.) — nationality

Ela é médica. (She is a doctor.) — profession

Eles são altos. (They are tall.) — permanent physical characteristic

Estar: This verb is used for temporary states, locations, weather conditions, and emotions.
It’s about states or conditions that can change from one moment to the next. Examples
include:

Eu estou cansado. (I am tired.) — temporary physical/emotional state

Nós estamos na escola. (We are at school.) — location

O tempo está frio. (The weather is cold.) — weather condition

For an English speaker, think about how "to be" is used in English in contexts that imply
either permanence or temporariness. For instance, "I am tall" suggests a permanent trait,
similar to how "ser" is used. Meanwhile, "I am tired" describes a temporary state, more in
line with "estar".

Another way to think about it is to associate "estar" with states or locations that are
explicitly temporary or changeable, while "ser" is for talking about something more definite
or permanent about the identity or nature of a person, place, or thing.

Remember, though, there are exceptions and idiomatic uses in both languages that don’t
always follow these rules, which can be part of the learning and cultural adaptation
process.