1.

the study of the development of cities and towns and the

people in them.URBAN GEOGRAPHY
2. It is a collection of people, services, and infrastructure that
can be a center for economy, politics, and culture.CITIES
3. It refers to both central cities and surrounding suburban
areas. URBAN
4. It is the process of towns and cities growing.URBANIZATION
5. Urban areas that serve as economic anchors for their
surrounding regions typically located in or outside. GATEWAY
CITIES
6. The country’s main gateway, offers a wealth of wonders that
are very accessible for day trips. MANILA
7. is the international gateway at the northernmost province of
Ilocos Norte in Luzon. LAOAG
8. It is the most recent addition to the country's list of
international ports, offers both rest and recreation adventure.
SUBIC
9. The country's first capital and dubbed as the "Queen City of
the South," offers diverse attractions and facilities to cater
to every tourist preference. CEBU
10. It offers an array of colors, shapes, tastes and textures that
manifests a fusion of indigenous Filipino and Malay culture.
DAVAO
11. It is defined by the United Nations as a city which has a
population of 10 million or more people. MEGACITIES
12. A very large city or urban area that consists of several towns
and cities. MEGALOPOLIS
13. It is the actual location of a settlement on the Earth, and the
term includes the physical characteristics of the landscape
specific to the area. SITE FACTOR
14. The external factors that affect a situation, such as weather,
social norms, or authority.SITUATION FACTOR
15. It is the process by which an increasing proportion of a
population migrates from rural areas to cities, leading to the
growth and expansion of urban areas.URBANIZATION
16. Refers to a way of life where people or communities move from
one place to another rather than settling permanently in one
location. NOMADIC LIFESTYLE
17. Urbanization involves the movement of people from rural areas,
small towns, and villages to urban centers in search of
employment, education, healthcare, and other opportunities.
POPULATION MOVEMENT
18. Cities attract diverse economic activities, including
manufacturing, commerce, finance, services, and technology.
ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION
19. Essential for managing the complexities of urbanization,
addressing urban challenges, and promoting inclusive and
sustainable development. GOVERNANCE AND PLANNING
20. Urbanization influences the resilience of cities to natural
disasters, socioeconomic shocks, and environmental changes.
RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION
21. Urbanization is interconnected with processes of
________________, including international trade, investment,
migration, and cultural exchange. GLOBALIZATION
22. It serve as nodes in global networks, facilitating flows of
capital, knowledge, and innovation across borders. GLOBAL
CITIES
23. Also known as agrarian villages or farming villages, are human
settlements primarily characterized by agricultural activities
as the main source of livelihood. AGRECULTURAL VILLAGES
24. The primary economic activity in agricultural villages is
farming. ECONOMIC FOCUS
25. Many agricultural villages practice subsistence agriculture,
where farmers produce enough food to meet the needs of their
families and communities.SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
26. Life in agricultural villages revolves around the rhythms of
the agricultural calendar. COMMUNITY LIFE
27. Agricultural villages often adhere to traditional farming
techniques and knowledge passed down through generations.
TRADITIONAL PRACTICES
28. Places where people live and work mainly by farming crops and
raising animals. AGRICULTURAL VILLAGES
29. Communities where social, economic, and political resources are
distributed relatively equally among members, regardless of
factors like wealth or status. EGALITARIAN VILLAGES
30. Egalitarian villages prioritize the fair distribution of
resources such as land, food, and goods among community
members, aiming to minimize disparities in wealth and access.
EQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES
31. Social relations in egalitarian villages are characterized by a
sense of equality and mutual respect among residents,
regardless of factors like age, gender, or socioeconomic
status. SOCIAL EQUALITY
32. Egalitarian villages often have a deep respect for the natural
world and prioritize sustainable living practices that minimize
environmental impact. RESPECT FOR NATURE
33. In egalitarian villages, wealth disparities are typically
minimal, as resources are shared collectively rather than being
concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or families.
MINIMAL WEALTH DISPARITIES
34. It embody principles of social justice, cooperation, and
exclusivity, striving to create communities where all members
can thrive and contribute to the common good. EGALITARIAN
VILLAGES
35. The development of agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution
(around 10,000 BCE) allowed humans to produce more food than
was necessary for immediate consumption. AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS
36. Agricultural surplus led to the concentration of resources,
such as food, labor, and wealth, in specific locations. RSOURCE
CONCENTRATION
37. The availability of fertile land, water sources (, and
favorable climate conditions played crucial roles in the
location and growth of early urban centers. ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
38. Advances in agricultural techniques, such as irrigation systems
and domestication of plants and animals, increased agricultural
productivity and allowed for more intensive land use.
TECHNOLOGICAL INOVATIONS
39. Urban centers became hubs of trade and exchange, serving as
marketplaces where goods, resources, and ideas were bought,
sold, and circulated. TRADE AND EXCHANGE
40. Urbanization led to the construction of defensive
fortifications and organized military forces to protect urban
populations and resources from external threats, such as
invasion or raids. SECURITY AND DEFENSE
41. Some early urban centers served as religious or political
capitals, attracting people for religious pilgrimages,
governance, and administration. RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL CENTERS
42. Urbanization fostered cultural diversity and intellectual
exchange, as people from different backgrounds and regions
converged in urban centers. CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL EXCHANGE
43. It also referred to as the Agricultural Revolution. NEOLITHIC
REVOLUTION
44. During this period hunter-gatherers roamed the natural world, foraging for
their food. But then a dramatic shift occurred. NEOLITHIC PERIOD
45. The First Agricultural Revolution almost exclusively in _______. SUMER
46. The first regions of independent urbanism. MESOPOTAMIA
47. It is thought to have happened first in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East,
where multiple groups of people developed the practice independently .
FARMING
48. It was likely a series of revolutions that occurred at different times in
different places. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
49. The land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers was the eastern part of the
_______. FERTILE CRESCENT
50. It coincided with the end of the last ice age and the beginning of the current
geological epoch. HOLOCENE

ENUMERATION:

1-5 Philippine International Gateway

 Manila
 Laoag
 Subic
 Cebu
 Davao

1-2 Feudal Cities

 Megacities
 Megapolis
1-5 Key Features of Urbanization

 Population Movement
 Economic Diversification
 Governance and Planning
 Resilience and Adaptation
 Globalization

1-2 Type of Villages

 Agricultural Village
 Egalitarian Village

1-4 Kinds of Agricultural Villages

 Economic Focus
 Subsistence Agriculture
 Community Life
 Traditional Practices

1-4 Kinds of Egalitarian Villages

 Equal Distribution of Resources

 Social Equality
 Respect for Nature
 Minimal Wealth Disparities

1-8 Key Factors of Urbanization

 Agricultural Surplus
 Resource Concentration
 Environmental Factors
 Technological Innovations
 Trade and Exchange
 Security and Defense
 Religious and Political Centers
 Cultural and Intellectual Exchange

1-3 Factors of Settle Down during Neolithic Revolution

 Population Growth
 Humans have learned to depend on plants
 Plants have become dependent on humans

1-3 Why humans choose to settle

 Changing Environment- more hospitable environment

 Growing Population
 Increasing sphistication of stone tools

1-10 Impact of the First Agricultural revolution to History

 The ability for large number of people to live in one place alongside the
other
 Availability of large amount of food with little effort
 Population Growth
 Culture
 Social and Political structure
 Arts
 Economy
 Knowledge
 Technology
 Social inequality

1-5 hearths of Urbanization

 Mesopotamia
 Egypt (both parts of the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia),
 Indus Valley
 Northern China
 Mesoamerica

51. the study of the development of cities and towns and the
people in them.
52. It is a collection of people, services, and infrastructure that
can be a center for economy, politics, and culture.
53. It refers to both central cities and surrounding suburban
areas. It is the process of towns and cities growing.
54. Urban areas that serve as economic anchors for their
surrounding regions typically located in or outside. The
country’s main gateway, offers a wealth of wonders that are
very accessible for day trips.
55. is the international gateway at the northernmost province of
Ilocos Norte in Luzon.
56. It is the most recent addition to the country's list of
international ports, offers both rest and recreation adventure.
57. The country's first capital and dubbed as the "Queen City of
the South," offers diverse attractions and facilities to cater
to every tourist preference.
58. It offers an array of colors, shapes, tastes and textures that
manifests a fusion of indigenous Filipino and Malay culture.

59. It is defined by the United Nations as a city which has a

population of 10 million or more people.
60. A very large city or urban area that consists of several towns
and cities.
61. It is the actual location of a settlement on the Earth, and the
term includes the physical characteristics of the landscape
specific to the area.
62. The external factors that affect a situation, such as weather,
social norms, or authority.
63. It is the process by which an increasing proportion of a
population migrates from rural areas to cities, leading to the
growth and expansion of urban areas.
64. Refers to a way of life where people or communities move from
one place to another rather than settling permanently in one
location
65. Urbanization involves the movement of people from rural areas,
small towns, and villages to urban centers in search of
employment, education, healthcare, and other opportunities.
66. Cities attract diverse economic activities, including
manufacturing, commerce, finance, services, and technology.
67. Essential for managing the complexities of urbanization,
addressing urban challenges, and promoting inclusive and
sustainable development.
68. Urbanization influences the resilience of cities to natural
disasters, socioeconomic shocks, and environmental changes.
69. Urbanization is interconnected with processes of
________________, including international trade, investment,
migration, and cultural exchange.
70. It serve as nodes in global networks, facilitating flows of
capital, knowledge, and innovation across borders.
71. Also known as agrarian villages or farming villages, are human
settlements primarily characterized by agricultural activities
as the main source of livelihood
72. The primary economic activity in agricultural villages is
farming.
73. Many agricultural villages practice subsistence agriculture,
where farmers produce enough food to meet the needs of their
families and communities.
74. Life in agricultural villages revolves around the rhythms of
the agricultural calendar.
75. Agricultural villages often adhere to traditional farming
techniques and knowledge passed down through generations.
76. Places where people live and work mainly by farming crops and
raising animals.
77. Communities where social, economic, and political resources are
distributed relatively equally among members, regardless of
factors like wealth or status.
78. Egalitarian villages prioritize the fair distribution of
resources such as land, food, and goods among community
members, aiming to minimize disparities in wealth and access.
79. Social relations in egalitarian villages are characterized by a
sense of equality and mutual respect among residents,
regardless of factors like age, gender, or socioeconomic
status.
80. Egalitarian villages often have a deep respect for the natural
world and prioritize sustainable living practices that minimize
environmental impact.
81. In egalitarian villages, wealth disparities are typically
minimal, as resources are shared collectively rather than being
concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or families.

82. It embody principles of social justice, cooperation, and

exclusivity, striving to create communities where all members
can thrive and contribute to the common good.

83. The development of agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution

(around 10,000 BCE) allowed humans to produce more food than
was necessary for immediate consumption.
84. Agricultural surplus led to the concentration of resources,
such as food, labor, and wealth, in specific locations.
85. The availability of fertile land, water sources (, and
favorable climate conditions played crucial roles in the
location and growth of early urban centers.
86. Advances in agricultural techniques, such as irrigation systems
and domestication of plants and animals, increased agricultural
productivity and allowed for more intensive land use.
87. Urban centers became hubs of trade and exchange, serving as
marketplaces where goods, resources, and ideas were bought,
sold, and circulated.
88. Urbanization led to the construction of defensive
fortifications and organized military forces to protect urban
populations and resources from external threats, such as
invasion or raids.
89. Some early urban centers served as religious or political
capitals, attracting people for religious pilgrimages,
governance, and administration.
90. Urbanization fostered cultural diversity and intellectual
exchange, as people from different backgrounds and regions
converged in urban centers
91. It also referred to as the Agricultural Revolution.
92. During this period hunter-gatherers roamed the natural world, foraging for
their food. But then a dramatic shift occurred.
93. The First Agricultural Revolution almost exclusively in _______.
94. The first regions of independent urbanism

95. It is thought to have happened first in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East,
where multiple groups of people developed the practice independently
96. It was likely a series of revolutions that occurred at different times in
different places.
97. The land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers was the eastern part of the
_______.
98. It coincided with the end of the last ice age and the beginning of the current
geological epoch.

ENUMERATION:

1-5 Philippine International Gateway

1-2 Feudal Cities

1-5 Key Features of Urbanization

1-2 Type of Villages

1-4 Kinds of Agricultural Villages

1-4 Kinds of Egalitarian Villages

1-8 Key Factors of Urbanization

1-3 Factors of Settle Down during Neolithic Revolution

1-3 Why humans choose to settle

1-10 Impact of the First Agricultural revolution to History

1-5 hearths of Urbanization

1.
2. _____a major branch of geography that studies people and their interaction with
the earth and with their organization of space on the earth's surface.
3. ____examine the distribution of production and distribution of goods, the
distribution of wealth, and the spatial structure of economic conditions
4. geography is often equated with demography but population geography is more
than just patterns of birth, death, and mar r iage
5. This branch of geography studies the geographic distribution of religious groups,
their cultures, and built environments.
6. study the geographic distribution of disease (including epidemics and pandemics),
illness, death and health care.
7. The study of leisure-time activities and their impact on local environments. As
tourism is one of the world's largest industries, it involves a great number of
people making very temporary migrations and is thus of great interest to
geographers.
8. Practitioners of military geography are most often found in the military but the
branch looks not only at the geographic distribution of military facilities and troops
but also utilizes geographic tools to develop military solutions
9. investigates all aspects of boundaries, country, state, and national development,
international organizations, diplomacy, internal country subdivisions, voting, and
more.
10. t hi s branch study agriculture and rural settlement, the distribution of agr icul
ture and the g e o g r a p h i c mo v e me n t and access to agricultural products, and
land use in rural areas.
11. research transportation networks (both private and public) and the use of those
networks for moving people and goods.
12. The branch of urban geography investigates the location, structure, development,
and growth of cities — from tiny village to huge megalopolis.
13. is another major branch of geography. It is concerned with the natural features on
or near the surface of the earth.
14. study the geographic distribution of plants and animals on the earth in the subject
known as biogeography
15. Geographers working in the water resources branch of geography look at the
distribution and use of water across the planet within the hydrologic cycle and of
human-developed systems for water storage, distribution, and use.
16. The g e o g r aph e r s investi gate the distribution of long-term weather patterns
and activities of the earth's atmosphere.
17. researching global change explore the long-term changes occurring to planet Earth
based on human impacts on the environment.
18. study the landforms of the planet, from their development to their disappearance
through erosion and other processes
19. As with many branches of geography, hazards combine work in physical and human
geography. Hazard geographers research extreme events known as hazards or
disaster and explore the human interaction and response to these unusual natural
or technological events
20. Mo u n t a i n g e o g r a p her s l ook at the development of mountain systems and
at the humans who live in higher altitudes and their adaptations to these
environments
21. geography explores the ice of the earth, especially glaciers and ice sheets.
Geographers look at the past distribution of ice on the planet and ice-cause
features from glaciers and ice sheets.

22. studying arid regions examine the deserts and dry surfaces of the planet. The
explore how humans, animals, and plants make their home in dry or arid regions
and the use of resources in these regions.
23. Within coastal and marine geography, there are geographers researching the
coastal environments of the planet and how humans, coastal life, and coastal
physical features interac
24. study the upper layer of the lithosphere, the soil, of the earth and its categorization
and patterns of distribution.
25. geographers use geographic knowledge, skills, and techniques to solve problems in
everyday society. Applied geographers are often employed outside of academic
environment and work for private firms or governmental agencies
26. It has often been said that geography is a n y t h i n g t h a t c a n b e ma pped. Whi l
e all geographers know how to display their research on maps, the branch
of cartography focuses on improving and developing technologies in map-making.
Cartographers work to create useful high-quality maps to show geographic
information in the most useful format possible.
27. is the branch of geography that develops databases of geographic information and
systems to display geographic data in a maplike format. They can provide
geographic solutions or sophisticated maps with the press of a few keys.
28. wo r k i ng i n the field of geographic education seek to give teachers the skills,
knowledge, and tools they need to help combat geographic illiteracy and to
develop future generations of geographers.
29. geographers research the human and physical geography of the past
30. utilizes satellites and sensors to examine features on or near the earth's surface
from a distance. Geographers in remote sensing analyze data from remote sources
to develop information about a place where direct observation is not possible or
practical.

31. The name Aztec is derived from _________

32. They were also called
33. the spoken language of the Aztec empire, as well as by their modern descendants
34. speaking language of Aztec
35. Aztec people also called________
36. Centre city of Aztec
37. Aztec tradition holds that the god __________instructed them to depart again in
search of a permanent home,
38. The Aztec empire was still expanding, and its society still evolving, when its
progress was halted in 1519 by the appearance of Spanish explorers
39. ninth emperor of Aztec Empire , __________ (reigned 1502–20), who died in
Spanish custody.
40. agriculture featured intensive cultivation of all available land, as well
as elaborate systems of irrigation and reclamation of swampland through the use of
raised fields known_______
41. _______is the spoken language of the Aztec empire, as well as by their modern
descendants.
42. three agricultural revolutions
43. two primary methods of farming in the world
44. model of agricultural land use focuses on transportation
45. is becoming more industrialized and more specialized than ever
46. The methodical cultivation of plants and/or animals
47. The first way humans obtained food. Nomadic groups around the world depended
on migratory animals, wild fruit, berries, and roots for sustenance.
48. The raising of animals or the growing of crops on tended land to obtain food for
primary consumption by a farmer’s family or for sale off the farm
49. The slow change from hunter and gather societies to more agriculturally based ones
through the gradual understanding of seeds, watering, and plant care.
50. The period of the year when temperature and rainfall allow for successful farming.
51. The process by which wild plants are cultivated into productive crops, often with
more desirable traits.
52. The process by which wild animals are cultivated into a resource supply for humans,
often resulting in physical and behavioral changes (e.g., modern-day dogs having
descended from domesticated wolves).
53. Coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution used
the increased technology from the Industrial Revolution as a means to increase farm
productivity through mechanization. This caused exponential population increase.
54. This transformation began in the latter half of the twentieth century and
corresponded with exponential population growth around the world. Hybridization,
pesticides, and chemical fertilizers were key aspects.
55. The introduction of man-made chemicals and practices that, at times, have drastic
effects on native soil and vegetation
56. Any substance that kills pests, especially insects. Can be natural or artificial in
origin. Used on farms to protect the crop yield.
57. A system of agriculture built on economic and regulatory practices that are global in
scope and organization.
58. The mass production of agricultural products; a form of large-scale commercial
agriculture.
59. : A precise science that involves altering the DNA of agricultural products to
increase productivity, which has been extremely successful for the most part.
Biotech is developed mainly in laboratories and is then tested on farm fields
worldwide.
60. The modification of organisms by directly altering their genetic material.
61. Plants and animals that have been genetically engineered in some way.
62. The growing of two crops per growing season to double the harvest. The Green
Revolution popularized fast- growing, high-yield rice strains that made double-
cropping more viable.
63. The growing of three crops per growing season to triple the harvest
64. Farming that uses natural processes and seeds that are not genetically altered. To be
certified as organic in the United States, farmers must demonstrate organic methods
on a number of different measures.
65. A movement in which food is both grown and sold locally, and fertilizers and
pesticides are minimized or eliminated in favor of pure organic farming.

66. ________is 1st cultivated in America

67. Becomes the great ceremonial centre of Olmec civilization

68. ______________civilization flourishes in America?

69. Evidence of the surgical procedure of _________ found in Mesoamerica

70. The centre of San Lorenzo is detroyed and monuments are defaced. -
__________ becomes the Olmec capital

71. ______________civilization flourishes in America after the 1st one

72. _________ becomes the capital of the Zapotec in the Oaxaca Valley of Mexico

73. ______is at its peak in the Valley of Mexico and constructs a large circular
temple pyramid
74. First recorded settlement at _______
75. Cuicuilco in the Valley of Mexico is destroyed by a _______
 76. The Pyramid of the Sun is built at ________

77. The Classic Maya Period which saw the height of the Maya Civilization in
cities such as ___________, __________, _______, _______ and ________.
78. Reign of the first named Copan ruler ______________.
79. Teotihuacan is deliberately destroyed by ______ Xochicalco in the highlands
of central Mexico is founded

80. _________ in the highlands of central Mexico is founded

81. The Pyramid of the Niches is completed at ________.
82. El Tajin flourishes ______________
83. The ______________3rd civilization flourishes in Mesoamerica after Mayan
84. ___________ the legendary leader of the Toltecs was born
85. The remaining Toltecs led by ______ flee Tollan and re-settle at Chapultepec
on the west banks of Lake Texcoco.
86. ______prospers as a trading centre under the influence of Mayapan.

87. The _______civilization flourishes in Mesoamerica after Toltec

88. The _________ flourishes in Mesoamerica after Aztec

DROPPING EXTRA INFRO GEO3 MESOAMERICA

1.CHINAMPAS- Aztecs floating gardens

2. NAHUATL- Means good sound

3. NAHUATL- Lingua franca for all MESOAMERICA

4.EMPEROR MONTEZUMA II- Suspected Hernan Cortez as a returning God

5. TULA- a spectacular urban centre that featured pyramids, temples, public buildings, and
statuary.

6. MOON LAKE- mystical name for Lake Texcoco

I. FILL IN THE BLANK

DIRECTION:Provide the missing information.

1. __________is first cultivated in Mesoamerica.

2. San Lorenzo becomes the great ceremonial centre of the Olmec civilization.
3. The _____________ civilization springs from the grouping of ancient villages along the
coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
4. Evidence of the surgical procedure of __________________ found in Mesoamerica.
5. The Pyramid of the Sun is built at ______________.
6. The Classic Maya Period which saw the height of the Maya Civilization in cities such
as _________________, ___________________, Tikal, Copan and _____________.
7. Reign of the first named Copan ruler ___________________Mo.
8. ________________________the legendary leader of the Toltecs was born.
9. The _____________________ is first settled by migrating tribes (Chichimecs, Tepanecs,
Mexica and Acolhua).
10. The Triple Alliance is formed between ______________, Texcoco and ____________.
11. 1431 CE, __________officially becomes tlatoani or leader of Texcoco.
12. The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan falls into the hands of Spanish forces led by
_____________________.
13. CE is an abbreviation for _______________.
14. BCE is short for_____________.
15. Many of the world’s crop products are dictated by the__________ of the regios where
they are grown.
16. There is no year _______ in the calendar.
17. Aztec tradition holds that the god______________ instructed them to depart again in
search of a permanent home.
18. Nomadic groups around the world depended on migratory __________, wild_________,
______________, and roots for sustenance.

IDENTIFICATION

DIRECTION: Identify the following.

1. It is a solar calendar based on a 365-day common year divided into 12 months of

irregular lengths.
2. Powerful city of the Aztecs.
3. suspected that Cortés was a returning god
4. this term translates as after creation.
5. Where it is said, elder members of the people spotted the eagle, the cactus, and the
serpent.
6. stands for the time before year 1.
7. Used by the Jewish community to measure time in the Hebrew calendar.
8. The most widely used calendar in the world today. It is the calendar used in the
international standard for Representation of dates and times:
9. The Day marked as the Beginning of the week in the Philippine Calendar
10. Used to describe a period of time in relation to Muhammad's migration from Mecca
to Yathrib.
11. represents the time from year 1 and onward.
12. The Day marked as the end of the week in the Philippine Calendar
13. means the year Christ was born.
14. A system used by paleontologists and geologists, often when dealing with vast
periods of time.
15. Latin and translates as in the year of the Lord.
16. Agriculural revolution which involve hybridization and genetic engineering of
products and increase the use of pesticides.
17. A method of Farming involves producing agricultural products for use of the farm
family.
18.
19. The transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining.
20. Increase the productivity of farming through mechanization
21. A method of farming which Involves the sale of agricultural products of the farm.
22. The methodical cultivation of plants/ animals.
23. The first way humans obtained food.
24. The raising of animals or growing of crops on tended land to obtain food for primary
consumption by farmers family or for sale.
25. The period of the year when temperature and rainfall allow for successful farming.
26. The process by which wild plants are cultivated into productive crops.
27. The process by which wild animals are cultivated into resource supply for humans,
often resulting to physical and behavioral changes.
28. The introduction of man made chemicals and practices that, at times have drastic
effects on native soil and vegetation.
29. Any substance that kills pest, especially insects.
30. The mass production of agricultural products.
31. A precise science involves altering the DNA of agricultural products to increase
productivity, which has extremely successful for the most part.
32. The modification of organism by directly altering their genetic material.
33. Plants and nimals that have been genetically engineered in some way.
34. The growing of two crops per growing season.
35. The growing of three crops per growing season.
II. ENUMERATION:
DIRECTION: Provide the information needed below.

 4 Lesser known dating systems

First-World Country
This term was first used during the Cold War to describe nations who sided
with the Allied Powers of the United States and NATO. A first-world
country originally was one that allied themselves with the United States
during the Cold War.

GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
Capitalism and Democracy

THE COLD WAR

The Cold War directly followed World War II and lasted until the fall of the
Soviet Union in 1991. While no direct fighting happened between the two
major world powers during this time, the United States and the Soviet
Union, tensions were very high and the world feared nuclear warfare. The
United States did not want their rivals to spread their form of government,
communism, to other nations and attempted to slow communism's spread.

NATO( North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

They allied with other nations who supported democracy and capitalism
through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), where the law said
that an attack on any member nation of this organization would be
considered an attack on all member nations.
What are first, second, and third world countries?
First-world countries were originally those who supported the United
States and NATO during the Cold War. Modernly, they are developed and
industrialized nations with stable governments and economies.

Second-world countries are rarely heard of today, but during the Cold War
they were nations who supported the Soviet Union and communism.

Third-world countries during the war were neutral and supported neither
capitalism or communism. Today, a third-world country is one which does
not have a stable government or economy; generally they are referred to as
"developing nations."

How many countries are considered first world countries?

NATO lists 31 countries that are considered part of the first world. These are
the nations with strong and developed governments and economies, and they
are usually industrialized. Most often, these nations are found in North
America, Europe.

Gross National Income

One of the largest determining factors for a nation to be considered a first-
world country is its Gross National Income. This refers to the dollar value of
each country and their total earnings at the end of each year, divided by
population, in relation to other countries.

What is Second World?

The outdated term "second world" included countries that were once controlled by the Soviet Union.
Second world countries were centrally planned economies and one-party states. Notably, the use of
the term "second world" to refer to Soviet countries largely fell out of use in the early 1990s, shortly
after the end of the Cold War.

But the term second world has also been used to cover countries that are more stable and more
developed than offensive term "third-world" countries but less-stable and less-developed than first
world countries. Investors sometimes refer to second world countries that appear to be headed
toward first world status as "emerging markets" .

What makes a Second World country?

Today, a Second World country is one that falls in between the poverty of developing nations and the
prosperity of developed nations. These countries (Turkey, Thailand, and South Africa for example) are
growing economically but aren't quite to the level of developed countries in North America and Europe.

What were the Second World countries?

The Second World countries were the communist nations around the world during the Cold War. These
included:

 Russia
 Armenia
 Azerbaijan
 Belarus
 Estonia
 Georgia
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Latvia
 Lithuania
 Moldova
 Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan
 Ukraine
 Uzbekistan
 China
 North Korea
 Vietnam
 Laos
  Mongolia
 Cambodia
 Cuba
 Albania
 Bulgaria
 Czechoslovakia
 East Germany
 Poland
 Romania

KEY TAKEAWAYS

 The term "second world" was initially used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries of the
communist bloc.
 It has subsequently been revised to refer to nations that fall between first and third world
countries in terms of their development status and economic indicators.

 Many second world countries have transitional or developing political systems, often moving
away from authoritarian rule.
 Second world countries are dynamic and diverse, with unique economic, political, and social
characteristics. As they continue to navigate the challenges and opportunities of development,
their contributions to the global landscape will become increasingly significant.
 There is a rapid growth in areas like e-commerce, digital payments, and mobile communication
technologies.

3rd world countries" is a term that was used during the Cold War to categorize countries based
on their economic and political alignments. The term has evolved and is now considered
outdated and offensive. It's more appropriate to refer to these countries as "developing
countries" or "low-income countries" to avoid any negative connotations. These countries often
face challenges in terms of economic development, infrastructure, and social services.

What Is the Third World?

Certain nations were categorized as Third World countries in the last half of the 20th century. This is
now considered an outdated and derogatory phrase used to describe nations that were economically
underdeveloped and had little or no affiliation with major world powers.

The Third World countries occupied one of four segments that identified nations by their relative
economic standing. Roughly, the major world powers and their economic and political allies were
First World countries, allies of the Soviet Union were Second World countries, underdeveloped
nations were Third World countries, and nations that were entirely isolated from global politics and
economics were the Fourth World.

Today, the preferred terminology categorizes a nation as a developing country, an underdeveloped

country, or a low- and middle-income country (LMIC) .
KEY TAKEAWAYS

 "Third World" is an outdated and offensive Cold War-era term.

 Currently accepted terms include "developing" and "lower-middle or low-income." The
poorest and least industrialized nations are sometimes termed "frontier" or "least developed"
countries.
 Whatever the terminology, the terms are intended to characterize a nation's place in the
global economy.

Defining Developing Nations

Classifying countries as First, Second, Third, and Fourth World was a concept that was created soon
after the end of World War II in 1945 and used until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Nations are often characterized by their economic status and key economic metrics like gross
domestic product (GDP), GDP growth, GDP per capita, employment growth, and unemployment rate.
In developing countries, low production rates and struggling labor market characteristics are usually
paired with relatively low levels of education, poor infrastructure, lack of sanitation, limited access to
health care, and lower costs of living.

Developing nations are closely watched by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World
Bank, which provide grants and loans that help struggling nations improve their infrastructure and
economic systems.1

Both organizations refer to these countries as lower-middle or low-income countries.

Developing nations, or LMICs, are of particular interest to investors seeking to identify growth
opportunities. Both their risks and their returns are relatively high. Developing countries are generally
characterized as economic underperformers, but innovation and industrial breakthroughs can lead to
substantial improvements in a short amount of time.

History of Developing Nations Classifications

The classification of nations as First World or Third World emerged during the Cold War. First-world
countries were known as highly industrialized nations whose views aligned with the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization and capitalism.

Second-world countries had communist systems and most were allied with the Soviet Union. These
included the Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe and some Asia nations.

Third-world countries included nations in Asia and Africa that were not aligned with either the United
States or the Soviet Union.

Now, in part because the Soviet Union no longer exists, the definition of Third World is outdated and
may be considered offensive.

Alfred Sauvy Coined the Term

Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer, anthropologist, and historian, is credited with coining the term
Third World during the Cold War. Sauvy observed a group of countries, many of them former
colonies, that did not share the ideological views of Western capitalism or Soviet socialism.

"Three worlds, one planet," wrote Sauvy in a 1952 article published in L'Observateur.2
Dividing the World
Most nations today fall into one of three general categories that some refer to as developed,
emerging, and frontier. The former world segmentations have been fit into these categories for the
most part.

The developed countries are the most industrialized with the strongest economic characteristics. The
emerging countries demonstrate significant strides in various economic growth areas though their
metrics are not as stable. The frontier markets often closely mirror the old Third-World classification
and often show the lowest economic indicators.

Frontier Markets List

MSCI’s Frontier Markets Index can serve as a list of developing countries. 3 The index includes the
following countries:

 Croatia
 Estonia
 Iceland
 Lithuania
 Kazakhstan
 Romania
 Serbia
 Slovenia
 Kenya
 Mauritius
 Morocco
 Nigeria
 Tunisia
 WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union)
 Bahrain
 Jordan
 Oman
 Bangladesh
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
 Vietnam4

Other Definitions of Developing Nations

The World Trade Organization provides another point of reference. The WTO divides countries into
two classes: developing and least developed. There are no criteria for these classifications so
countries self-nominate, though their statuses can be contested by other nations. 5

Each WTO segregation comes with certain opportunities for the nations. WTO projects are designed
to increase trading opportunities and improve infrastructure.

The Least Developed Countries List

As an offshoot of the WTO, the Human Development Index (HDI) is another economic status metric
developed by the United Nations to assess the social and economic development levels of countries.
The HDI measures and then ranks a country based on education, life expectancy, and gross national
income per capita.
The World Health Organization and the United Nations use Least Developed Countries (LDC) to
describe a set of 48 countries with low socioeconomic developmental indicators. This list is
reassessed every few years.

The indicators are a combination of gross national income, human assets (nutrition, life expectancy,
secondary school education, adult literacy), and economic vulnerability (population size, remoteness,
merchandise export concentration, agriculture, exports, and natural disaster preparedness).

 Afghanistan
 Angola
 Bangladesh
 Benin
 Burkina Faso
 Burundi
 Cambodia
 Central African Republic
 Chad
 Comoros
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Djibouti
 Eritrea
 Ethiopia
 Gambia
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Haiti
 Kiribati
 Lao People's Democratic Republic
 Lesotho
 Liberia
 Madagascar
 Malawi
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Mozambique
 Myanmar
 Nepal
 Niger
 Rwanda
 Sao Tome and Principe
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Solomon Islands
 Somalia
 South Sudan
 Sudan
 Timor-Leste
 Togo
 Tuvalu
 Uganda
 United Republic of Tanzania
 Yemen
 Zambia
What Is the Third World?
The phrase Third World was used to characterize nations that existed outside the economic and
political ties that bind the industrialized countries around the world. Many are former colonies of
European nations.

The term Third World is today considered pejorative. A nation might now be considered developing or
frontier. A developing nation is intent on improving the infrastructure, education system, health
system, and trade ties that are necessary to improve living standards. A frontier nation might be just
beginning that process.

There also are the nations that the United Nations terms the "least developed." Formerly termed the
Fourth World nations, they remain isolated from the rest of the world's economic systems,
technology, and politics.
  Countries that were once considered part of the Second or the Third World
may have moved up into the First World, while some first-world countries
may have been demoted to a lower tier.
 Many of the countries that were originally labeled First World and Second
World countries are now included in the First World industrialized group.
 Modern journalists using the term First World countries are typically
describing the most industrialized nations.
 This includes all of the major actors on both sides of the Cold War: the
United States, Russia, China, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain,
Australia, and more.
 Many of the countries made rich by extracting oil reserves since the end of
the Cold War, like Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar,
and others are now also considered economically developed First World
countries.

SUMMARY
 First-world countries are now often referred to as "developed nations,"
meaning that they have a stable government and economy.
 The First World was the allied powers of western Europe and North
America, and their allies.
 The major players in this capitalist and democratic alliance included France,
the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Australia, and West
Germany.
 The Second World was for the Cold War enemies of these countries: the
communist/socialist countries of USSR, China, and their allies.
  Modern definition of First world countries is the most industrialized nations.
Today, there are some countries that now considered First world countries like
Saudi Arabia, UAE and Qatar

The Philippine Administrative System

The Philippine administrative system is a complex and multilayered structure that governs the
country's operations at the national, regional, and local levels. It encompasses the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches, as well as various government agencies and local government
units

National Government

The national government consists of three co-equal branches: the Executive, the Legislative, and
the Judicial.

Local Government Units

The Philippines is divided into administrative regions, provinces, cities, municipalities, and
barangays, each with its own set of elected officials and responsibilities.

Government Agencies

Various government agencies, from the Office of the President to specialized departments,
implement policies and deliver public services.

The Executive Branch: Roles and Responsibilities

President

The President is the head of the executive branch and the commander-in-chief of the armed
forces.

Vice President

The Vice President assumes the presidency in case of the president's incapacity, resignation, or
removal from office.

Cabinet
The Cabinet, composed of department secretaries, advises the President and oversees the
implementation of policies.

The Legislative Branch: Composition and Functions

Senate

The Senate is the upper house of the Philippine Congress, composed of 24 elected senators.

House of Representatives

The House of Representatives is the lower house, with members elected from congressional
districts and party-list groups.

Legislative Functions

The legislative branch enacts laws, approves the national budget, and performs oversight over
the executive branch.

The Judicial Branch: Hierarchy and Powers

Supreme Court

The Supreme Court is the highest court in the Philippines, with the power of judicial review over
laws and executive actions.

Lower Courts

The judiciary includes lower courts such as the Regional Trial Courts, Metropolitan Trial Courts,
and Municipal Trial Courts.

Judicial Powers

The judicial branch interprets the law, adjudicates disputes, and ensures the separation of powers
between the branches of government.

Local Government Units: Provinces, Cities, and Municipalities

Provinces

The Philippines is divided into 81 provinces, each with an elected governor and provincial
legislature.
Cities

There are 146 chartered cities in the Philippines, with their own elected mayors and city
councils.

Municipalities

Municipalities are the smallest local government units, with elected mayors and municipal
councils.

Class 1 Cities: Highly Urbanized Cities

Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) are the most developed and populous cities in the Philippines.
They have a minimum population of 200,000 and an annual income of at least ₱50 million.
HUCs enjoy greater autonomy and access to resources, enabling them to provide more
comprehensive services to their residents.Examples: Metro Manila,Davao,

Class 2 Cities: Independent Component Cities

Autonomy

Independent Component Cities (ICCs) are highly urbanized cities that are independent from their
parent provinces. They have their own local government and enjoy greater autonomy in decision-
making.

Population

ICCs have a minimum population of 150,000 and an annual income of at least ₱40 million. They
are responsible for providing essential services and infrastructure to their residents.

Examples

Notable examples of ICCs include Lapu-Lapu City, Mandaue City, and Tacloban City,
(Naga),Santiago (Isabela), Ormoc, (Leyte), Cotabato City(Maguindanao),Dagupan(Pangasinan)

Class 3 Cities: Component Cities

Criteria

Component Cities are urban centers that have a population of at least 150,000 and an annual
income of ₱20 million or more.
Autonomy

Component Cities are not independent from their parent provinces and operate within the
administrative structure of the provincial government.

Examples

Examples of Component Cities include Talisay City, Puerto Princesa City, and Tagaytay City.

Factors Determining City Classification

Population

The total number of residents living within the city's boundaries.

Income

The annual income generated by the city, which reflects its economic development.

Infrastructure

The quality and availability of essential public services and facilities.

Autonomy

The level of self-governance and decision-making power of the city government.

Population Thresholds for Each Class

City Class Minimum Population
Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) 200,000
Independent Component Cities (ICCs) 150,000
Component Cities 150,000

Economic and Infrastructure Criteria

Income

HUCs and ICCs must have an annual income of at least ₱50 million and ₱40 million,
respectively, while Component Cities require ₱20 million.

Infrastructure
Cities must have well-developed public services, transportation networks, and other essential
infrastructure to meet the needs of their growing populations.

Autonomy

HUCs and ICCs enjoy greater autonomy in decision-making and resource allocation, while
Component Cities operate within the provincial government structure.

Understanding the Importance of the Liturgical Calendar

The Catholic Church is rich in tradition, and one of our most profound
expressions of faith can be found in the Liturgical Calendar. This sacred
calendar not only guides the spiritual life of millions of Catholics worldwide but
also serves as a beautiful tapestry, weaving together the life of Christ, the
teachings of the Church, and the rhythm of our journey through time. Keep
reading to gain a better understanding of the Liturgical Calendar and how it is
key to living out your faith.

1. Structuring the Worship and Liturgy:

The liturgical calendar provides a structured framework for the celebration of
Mass and other liturgical rites. It ensures that the Church commemorates
essential events in the life of Christ and the saints, allowing us to unite in
worship and prayer around common themes no matter where we are in the
world.

2. Commemorating the Life of Christ:

The liturgical year follows the life of Christ, from His incarnation and birth at
Christmas to His passion, death, and resurrection at Easter. This continuous
remembrance fosters a deeper spiritual connection with Christ, nurturing an
understanding of His divine mission and inspiring us to walk in His footsteps
with renewed faith and devotion.

3. Facilitating Spiritual Growth:

Each liturgical season presents unique spiritual themes and opportunities for
growth. For example, Advent calls for preparation and hope, Lent emphasizes
penance and renewal, and Easter celebrates the joy of Christ's resurrection.
The liturgical calendar encourages personal and communal spiritual
development throughout the year.
4. Forming a Eucharistic Community:
The liturgical calendar fosters a sense of unity and communion among
Catholics worldwide. As we celebrate the same feasts and seasons, we become
part of a global Eucharistic community, expressing our shared faith and
devotion.

5. Deepening Scriptural Understanding:

Feasts and seasons in the liturgical calendar are based on scriptural events
and teachings. By observing these celebrations, you can gain a deeper
understanding of the Bible and how God's plan of salvation unfolds through
history.

6. Nurturing Traditions and Culture:

The liturgical calendar influences various customs, devotions, and cultural
expressions within our community. Local traditions, music, art, and rituals are
intertwined with the liturgical year, enriching the faith experience and
connecting believers to their heritage.

7. Encouraging Reflection and Contemplation:

Each liturgical season offers an opportunity for reflection and contemplation on
specific aspects of the faith. Through these periods of focused prayer and
meditation, we can deepen our relationship with God and discern His will
for our lives.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT LITURGICAL SEASONS OF THE CATHOLIC

LITURGICAL YEAR?

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT LITURGICAL SEASONS OF THE

LITURGICAL YEAR?

In her desire to unite her faithful to Our Lord Jesus Christ, our Holy
Mother Catholic Church celebrates the sacred mysteries of the life of
her founder — Birth, Hidden Life, Public life, Passion, Death,
Resurrection and Ascension of Our Lord, and His Second Coming
during the Final Judgment — throughout the entire Catholic liturgical
year, which, in turn, is divided into different liturgical seasons.
What are the different liturgical seasons of the liturgical year of
the Catholic Church?
 1. ADVENT (from 1st Sunday of Advent to December 24 afternoon
inclusive)
 The season of Advent is a 4-week preparation for the Coming of
Our Lord Jesus Christ (Know more in What is Advent?)
 It comes from adventus, a Latin word which means arrival, coming or
presence of someone or some event.
 It starts at Sunday after the last Sunday of Ordinary Time
(Solemnity of Christ the King).
 Color of vestments: VIOLET

“for you know very well that the day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night. ”1 Thessalonians 5:1-3

2. CHRISTMAS (eve prior to December 25 till January 12, Feast of

Our Lord’s Baptism)
 Christmas season starts from the eve prior to December
25 (Commemoration of the Birth of Our Lord Jesus Christ)
till January 12, the feast of Our Lord’s Baptism.
 This season commemorates Our Lord’s Birth in Bethlehem and the
other events which occurred immediately after: the Visit and
adoration of the Magi, the Feast of the Holy Innocents, the Flight
to Egypt, the feast of the Holy Family (Sunday after Christmas),
and the feast of Our Lord’s Baptism.
 Basically, we celebrate the mysteries of the Hidden life of Our Lord
during Christmas season.
 Color of vestments: WHITE
3. ORDINARY TIME*
 Ordinary time is a season which refers to the period when Jesus
began His Public ministry, evangelizing the peoples of Israel.
 This season consists in 34 weeks, which begins on the day after
January 13 and culminates with the Solemnity of Our Lord Jesus
Christ, King of the Universe (which celebrates the Second Coming
of Our Lord during the Final Judgment).
 This season is divided into 2 parts: the weeks before Lent, and
the weeks after Easter season has ended.
 Color of vestments: GREEN
 4. LENT (starts on Ash Wednesday till the Saturday of the 4th
week of Lent inclusive)
 Lent starts on Ash Wednesday and ends on the Saturday of the 4th
week of Lent.
 It is a 40-day preparation for the commemoration of the Paschal
Mystery (=Passion, Death and Resurrection of Our Lord) during the
Holy Week, an interior preparation of personal conversion.
 Color of vestments: VIOLET
5. HOLY WEEK (from Palm Sunday to Holy Saturday inclusive)
 Holy Week begins on Palm Sunday and ends on the eve of Easter
Sunday. It commemorates the Passion and Death of Our Lord on
the Cross for our Salvation, in what is called the Sacred
Triduum (Holy Thursday, Good Friday and the Easter Vigil)
 Color of vestments:
 Palm Sunday: RED
 Holy Thursday: WHITE OR GOLD
 Good Friday: RED

6. EASTER (from the Easter vigil to Pentecost inclusive)

 Easter begins on Easter eve which commemorates the Resurrection
of Our Lord Jesus Christ, and ends on Pentecost Sunday.
 It also consists in the 7 weeks which narrate Our Lord’s appearance
to his disciples after rising from the dead, his Ascension into
Heaven and the Descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles.
 After Easter, the Church resumes its liturgical year with
the Ordinary Time which ends on the Saturday after the Christ the
King Sunday. And a new liturgical year and season begins…
 Color of vestments: WHITE OR GOLD
* ORDINARY TIME
 After Easter, the Church resumes its liturgical year with
the Ordinary Time which ends on the Saturday after the Christ the
King Sunday. And a new liturgical year and season begins.

After Advent comes Christmas, a joyous season that lasts until the Feast of the
Baptism of the Lord. During this time, Catholics celebrate the birth of Jesus
and reflect on the mystery of the Incarnation. The season of Christmas is a time
of hope, joy, and renewal of faith.

Following Christmas, we enter the season of ordinary time, which is divided

into two parts: one that focuses on the teachings and miracles of Jesus and
another that emphasizes His parables and ministry. Ordinary Time is a time for
growth and discipleship, as we learn from the life and teachings of Jesus.

Lent is the next significant season in the liturgical calendar. It’s a season of
penance, fasting, and prayer that prepares Catholics for the celebration of
Easter. During Lent, Catholics are encouraged to examine their lives, repent of
their sins, and draw closer to God through acts of self-discipline and charity.

Easter, the most important feast in the Christian calendar, celebrates the
resurrection of Jesus from the dead. The season of Easter lasts for 50 days and
culminates in the feast of Pentecost, when the Holy Spirit descends upon the
apostles.