Student:

Course: 4th year

Teacher: Claudia F. Patagua
Year: 2024
Normal School “Gend. Nac.”
 Comparison of adjectives
When you compare two people or things you have to add –ER to the adjective ONLY IF IT IS A ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVE

Strong  StrongER
Weak  WeakER
Tall  TallER
Short  ShortER
Long  LongER
Ugly  UgliER
Pretty  PrettiER
Happy  HappiER
Sad  SaddER
Slow  SlowER
Fast  FastER
Fat  FattER
Slim  SlimmER
Brave  BravER
Shy  ShiER
Old OldER
New  NewER

When the adjectives have TWO SYLLABLES OR MORE you have to use MORE to make the comparison.

Beautiful  MORE Beautiful

Charming  MORE Charming
Cheerful  MORE Cheerful
Comfortable  MORE Comfortable
Delicious  MORE Delicious EXPENSIVE
Expensive  MORE Expensive
Famous  MORE Famous
Fortunate  MORE Fortunate
Intelligent  MORE Intelligent
Powerful  MORE Powerful
MORE EXPENSIVE

Note: It is important to remember that to make the comparison you have to use the word THAN

1. My sister is SHORTER THAN me

2. My bed is MORE COMFORABLE THAN yours

Compare

 Ann is ___________ (happy) than her sister.

 My hair is ______________ (long) than my sister’s hair.

 John is ____________ (thin) than Bob.

 Our ice-cream is ________________ (delicious) than this one.

 Steve is _____________ (tall) today than he was yesterday.

 Mary’s car is ____________ (large) than Mark’s car.

 A car is __________________ (expensive) than a bike.

 My bed is __________________ (comfortable) than yours

 My cousin is ____________ (strong) than my brother.

 A flower is __________________ (beautiful) than a ball.

Note:
Some adjectives change entirely in their
comparative form.
good better
bad worse

much more

far farther
old elder (people) // older (things)

 I am ___________ (old) than my sister

 Karina is __________________ (good) at sports than Susana

 It is ___________(bad) to be bald than to be hairy

 This table is _______________(old) than that chair

 Today I will eat __________________(much) potatoes than you.

 My house is _____________(far) than yours.

 Note:
Some adjectives have only one syllable, end with a consonant and have a single vowel
before the consonant. With these adjectives double the last letter before adding - ER
BIG  BIGGER
Some adjectives have two syllables and end in Y. Change the Y for I and then add –ER
DIRTY  DIRTIER

 Carlos is __________________ (busy) than his boss

 I am ___________(pretty) than you

 My dog is _______________(happy) than your cat because I feed twice a day.

 Pigs are __________________(dirty) than rabbits.

Compare according to the picture

BIG

FAMOUS

NICE

BEAUTIFUL

HAPPY

OLD
Superlatives
The superlative form of an adjective is used to compare three or more of them. To create a superlative you have to
add –EST to the adjective.

Clean CleanER CleanEST

Easy EasiER EasiEST
Fat FattER FattEST
Heavy HeaviER HeaviEST
Flat FlattER FlattEST
Hot HottER HottEST
Narrow NarrowER NarrowEST
Noisy NoisiER NoisiEST
Simple SimplER SimplEST
Thin ThinnER ThinnEST
Wet WettER WettEST

When the adjectives have TWO SYLLABES OR MORE you have to use MOST to make the superlative form.

Beautiful  MOST Beautiful

Charming  MOST Charming
Cheerful  MOST Cheerful
Comfortable  MOST Comfortable
Delicious  MOST Delicious
Expensive  MOST Expensive
Famous  MOST Famous
Fortunate  MOST Fortunate
Intelligent  MOST Intelligent
Powerful  MOST Powerful

Note: Don’t forget to add THE before the superlative form.

1. Florencia is THE OLDEST sister

2. This book is THE MOST EXPENSIVE of the store

Write the superlative form of each sentence

1) I am _____________________ (tall) in the class.

2) This is _____________________ (expensive) hotel I’ve ever stayed in.

3) This road is ___________________ (narrow) in all of California.

4) New York is one of the ____________________ (busy) cities in the USA.

5) Jack is _____________________ (good) football player on the team.

6) North Pole is _______________________ (cold) place on Earth.

7) My father is _______________________ (generous) person I know.

8) This is _____________________________(easy) way to do it.

Insert the comparative or superlative of the adjective depending on the case.

1) I think John is _____________ (happy) now than he was last year.

2) His _______________ (big) desire is to return home.

3) She is probably ________________ (angry) person I know.

4)Today’s weather is ____________ (bad) than yesterday’s.

5) My brother is ___________ (young) than me.

6) He drove _________ (fast) and __________ (fast) till we told him to stop.
 Comparatives and Superlatives

A) Fill in the blanks with the adjectives in brackets:

1. Tom is …………………………………………………… his brother. (old)

2. This problem is ……………………………………………. that problem. (easy)
3. John is …………………………………………………. boy in our class. (tall)
4. My friend is …………………………………………. my sister. (fat)
5. My room is ……………………………………… room in our house. (small)
6. Konya is ………………………………………… city in Turkey. (large)
7. The Kızılırmak is ………………………………… river in Turkey. (long)
8. Madonna is ………………………………………….. Sandra. (popular)
9. My English is ……………………………………….. your English. (good)
10. The weather today is ………………………………. the weather yesterday. (bad)
11. This garden is …………………………………………….. that garden. (large)
12. Elizabeth is …………………………………………. girl in our group. (beautiful)
13. I am ……………………………………………… girl in the class. (short)
14. What is ……………………………………….. film on TV today? (funny)
15. Who is ………………………………………… girl in your class? (pretty)

B) Fill in the blanks as in the example:

I went on holiday last year but it was a disaster! My hotel room was .. smaller than . (small)
the one in the photograph in the brochure. I think it was ………………………… (small) room in
the hotel. The weather was terrible too. It was …………………………… (cold) in England. The
beach near the hotel was very dirty – it was ……………………….. (dirty) all the beaches on the
island. The food was …………………………………. (expensive) than I expected and I didn’t have
enough money. One day I went shopping in a big department store and I broke a vase. It was
…………………………………………………… ( expensive) vase in the whole shop. But
………………………………………. (bad) thing all was that I lost my passport and I couldn’t go
back home. It was ………………………………………….. (horrible) holiday all my life.

C) Complete the sentences:

DAVID TOM GEORGE

Age 25 30 35
Weight 70 kgs 72 kgs 75 kgs
Height 1.68 1.72 1.80
Salary $800/month $1000/month $1500/month
House 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 rooms

1. (young) David is ….. younger than …. Tom and George.

2. (old) George and Tom are ………………………………………… David.
3. (heavy) George is the …………………………………………………. all.
4. (light) Tom is …………………………………………………. George.
5. (tall) Tom is ………………………………………………… David.
6. (tall) George is ……………………………………………… all.
7. (old) George is ……………………………………………… Tom.
8. (little) David gets ………………………… money ……………………. Tom.
9. (much) George gets ……………………….. money ……………………. Tom.
10. (small) David’s house is …………………………………………. Tom’s.
11. (big) George’s house is ……………………………………….. all.
12. (big) Tom’s house is ………………………………………….. David’s.
 D) Read the passage:

Mr. and Mrs. Smith are now flying to Canada. Miss Bennet is their stewardess. She
is very talkative and friendly. She is showing Mr. and Mrs. Smith some pictures of her family
and her best friend.

Miss Bennet: This is my best friend. Her name is Tina.

Mrs. Smith : She is very pretty. Is she older or younger than you?
Miss Bennet: She is one year younger.
Mrs. Smith : Aren’t you thinner than she is?
Miss Bennet: Yes, I am. Tina loves to eat very much.
Mrs. Smith : So do I. I hope it will be time for lunch soon.

Age Height Weight

Miss Bennet 21 1.73 57 kg
James Bennet 23 1.82 76 kg
Tina Robbins 20 1.68 61 kg

E) Look at chart. Compare Miss Bennet with her brother and her best friend Tina
Robbins:
Example: (Miss Bennet / tall / Tina Robbins)
Miss Bennet is taller than Tina Robbins.

1. (Miss Bennet / short / her brother James)

……………………………………………………………………………………..
2. (James / tall / her sister)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3. (Miss Bennet / old / her best friend)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
4. (Her best friend / young / Miss Bennet)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5. (Miss Bennet / short / her brother)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
6. (Her brother / tall / Miss Bennet)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
7. (Miss Bennet / fat / Tina)
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. (Tina / slim / Miss Bennet)
……………………………………………………………………………………
9. (Miss Bennet / slim / her brother)
……………………………………………………………………………………
10. (Her brother / fat / Miss Bennet)
……………………………………………………………………………………
 →Read the passage and answer the questions

My Family

Hi, my name is Eric. I am 10 years old. I want to talk about my family. I have two sisters. Their names are Rachel and
Carrie. Rachel is 18 years old. Carrie is 15 years old. Rachel is 178 centimeters tall. She is tall and slim. Carrie is short.
However, she is overweight.Only, Carrie has long and curly hair in my family.She has got the most beautiful hair. My sisters
are very nice. My mother's name is Julia. She is 40 years old. My mother is short and slim. She has short brown hair. My
mother is also very nice. My father's name is Richard. He is smart. He is an engineer. He is 45 years old. My grandparents
live with us.My grandfather’s name is Tom. He is 70 years old. My grandmother’s name is Sam. She is 65 years old. She has
got blue eyes.Also, She is a tall and slim woman. She is 170 centimeters tall. Rachel looks like my grandmother. We live in a
big house. I also have two dogs. Their names are Paw and Snoopy. Paw is a big dog. He is a brown dog. He is a big brown dog.
Snoopy is smaller than Paw but also faster. Because, Paw is old. I like playing with my dogs in the garden. It is the most
beautiful thing I do in my spare time.
I love my family.

→ Answer the questions

1. What is the name of Eric’s older sister ?
2. Is Rachel taller than Carrie ?
3. Is Rachel fatter than Carrie ?
4. Is Eric’s mother younger than his father ?
5. Who is the oldest person in the family ?
6. Who is the tallest person in the family ?
7. Who has got the most beautiful hair ?
8. Is Julia older than Sam ?
9. Which dog is the smallest one ?
10. Is Snoopy faster than Paw ?
11. Why does Paw run more slowly ?
12. What does Eric like in his spare time?

Activities:

1. Write the comparative forms of adjectives:

a. old older f. good ………
b. strong ……… g. large ………
c. happy ..…….. h. serious ………
d. modern ..…….. i. pretty ………
e. important ..…….. j. bad ……….

2. Complete the sentences with a superlative:

a. This building is very old. It’s the oldest building in the town.
b. It was a very happy day. It was ………….. of my life.
c. It’s a very good film. It’s ………………. I’ve seen.
d. It was a very bad mistake. It was …………….. in my life.
e. It was a very cold day. It was ……………… of the year.
f. She’s a popular singer. She’s …………….. in the country.
g. He’s a very boring person. He’s ……………….. I know.
h. This house is very big. It is ………………. I’ve lived in.
i. My cousin is very tall. He is…………………. I have.
j. Laura is a very pretty girl. She is …………… I know
 Past Simple - Verb “to be”
A- Complete the sentences with (( am / is / are))
1. My grandma and grandpa ……. both 60 years
old.
2. There …… many large branches on that tree.
3. The meal that I like best …….. dinner.
4. Some things ………. always the same.
5. This land ……… covered in grass.
6.My friend's name ........beauty.
7. ………. there life after death?
8. My friend ……… from IRAN.
9. What ________our duty in this world ?
10. My toys …….. in my closet.
11. What …….. her problem?
12. There …….. many buildings and storesin the
city.
13. The sunset over theriver ….. a very pretty
sight.
14. Life _______not a race.
15. ……… Bob at home now?
B- Complete the sentences with (( was /
were))
1. .......... they on First Street?
2. She.......... at the gas station.
3. Where ......... the calculators?
4. All our friends .........there.
5. It ...........a really special day.
6. Yesterday there ........ a concert at
school.
7. My birthday ..........yesterday.
8.This month ......... really busy.
9. He........ great at showing kindness.
10. Tom........... the funny kid in class.
11.My teacher .............. busy.
12. They ........... rich but they .........sad.
13. He......... a tourist.
14. it ........... expensive.
15. David .............. from IRAN.
 WAS/WERE THERE WAS/THERE WERE

THERE WAS

THERE WERE

1. Choose WAS or WERE 2. Complete with THERE WAS or THERE WERE

She WAS WERE home yesterday.

ten children in the park.
We WAS WERE at the zoo yesterday.
two kittens in
They WAS WERE in the disco last night.
basket.
You WAS WERE late for work yesterday
I WAS WERE very tired. bank and the supermarket.
It WAS WERE cold yesterday.
I WAS WERE in London in 2008. the fridge.
She WAS WERE shier when she was
younger.
He WAS WERE a good student. only one book on the
Ana WAS WERE born in September. table.
an old man in the street.
Mum and Dad WAS WERE in
a lot of noise in the
restaurant.
classroom.
Our teacher WAS WERE very funny
yesterday.
river.
Tom and Bill WAS WERE best friends.
My cousin WAS WERE at school.
Choose WAS, WERE, THERE WAS or THERE WERE in affirmative (√), negative (×) or questions (?):
My brother in the park at 4:30 pm. (√)
They at my house last night. (×)
any milk in the fridge. (×)
We on the mountains on Saturday. (√)
Mike playing videogames last Monday? (?)
You late for school this morning. (√)
three children in the park yesterday. (√)
Julie

the cinema in front of the library? (?)

a gym near your house when you were a kid? (?)No, (×)
I born in Madrid. (×) I born in London. (√)
Money
The Chinese invented paper and painting. Then they invented paper
money. Before coins and paper money, people used to trade for things
they needed. As time passed, people begin to use shells, jewels, or tea
leaves in the same way we use money now. People use about 140 kinds of
money today.
Records
In the past, when people wanted to listen to singers and musicians, they
had to do it in person. They didn’t have any way to keep the music they
heard. Then in 1877, Thomas Edison recorded human speech for the first
time. For many years, people used to play records made of plastic on
gramophones. Today we listen to music on tapes, CDs and on computers.
Plasters
Before Earle Dickson invented the Band- Aid in 1920, people had
different ways to stop bleeding and protect a wound. They used to chew
up leaves and put them in the wound, put in spider webs, or pack the cut
with sawdust. Today, we all have a box of sticking plasters at home.
Umbrellas
The first umbrellas were for shade from the sun, not for rain. Around
3,500 years ago, people used to make them from palm leaves, feathers or
paper. Later, women in ancient Rome put oil on the paper to keep rain
from coming through. Now everyone’s got an umbrella of cloth or plastic
for rainy days
Answer the following questions.

1. Who invented paper money?

________________________________________
2. What did people use for money in the past?
________________________________________
3. Why did people use umbrellas in the past?
________________________________________
4. What were they made of?
________________________________________
5. When did someone invent plasters?
________________________________________
6. Who recorded human speech for the first time?
_________________________________________
 SIMPLE PAST TENSE
1. Read the information about Charlie Chaplin. Use the information and the
words in the box below to complete the text.

1889 - Born in London.

Mother – dancer / Father – actor
Not much money
1894 - Started dancing and singing for money
1904 – Joined a travelling theatre company and went to America.
1910 – Someone offered him a part in a film. Went to Hollywood.
1914 – Became a film director
1914 – 1966 made many funny films
1977 _ Died in Switzerland. Public - very sad

AT FIRST WHEN LATER AFTER THEN

Charlie Chaplin was born in ……… in (1)….. His

mother was a (2)…………… and his father was an
(3)…………
(4)………….Charlie was only (5)…….years old, he
started (6)………..and (7)……….for money. He lived in
London for (8)……..years and (9)………..in
(10)……….., he went to America with a travelling
theatre company.
Six years (11)………someone offered him a part in a
film and he went to (12) ………….
(13)……………..he was an actor but (14)………..a few years he
became a (15)………….He made a lot of very funny films between
(16)………..and……….He (18)………….in 1977.
 2. Decide if these verbs are regular or irregular, and write the correct past
simple form in the boxes below.

ask join become return lose cry say study

REGULAR IRREGULAR
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……………………… ………………………
……… ……...

3. Use the verbs from the previous exercise to complete these sentences.
Example :
I .. Lost ..my favourite dress when we moved house, so now I can’t
wear it.
1. The film was so sad that Jolie……………… when she saw it.
2. Sam ………………….a swimming club last month and now he swims
every day.
3. Jane was a secretary until 1990. Then she changed her job and …………..
an actress.
4. Steve went to evening classes last year and ……….Italian and
Portuguese.
5. We went to Paris on Friday evening and ………..on Monday morning.
6. My brother……….. me to go to the jazz club last night, but I ……..no.
Natural disasters
 PAST SIMPLE
Form: we add “ed” to all regular verbs,
Irregular verbs must be learnt by heart.
WE USE SIMPLE PAST TO DESCRIBE A COMPLETED ACTION THAT
HAPPENED AT A SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME IN THE PAST.
TIME EXPRESSIONS: AGO, LAST, YESTERDAY, IN, WHEN, PARTS
OF THE DAY)
 He played tennis yesterday.
 The children went to the park this morning.
We use “did” to make questions and “didn’t” for negatives.
The verb stays in the base form.
 Did you see Bob yesterday?
 They didn’t come to the party on Sunday.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Form: was/were + verb + ing
WE USE PAST CONTINUOUS TO DESCRIBE AN ACTION THAT WAS
TAKING PLACE AT A SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME IN THE PAST.
TIME EXPRESSIONS: WHILE, AS, AT THAT TIME, AT THE TIME.
 We were playing tennis at 4 p.m. yesterday.
 They were eating when we arrived.
We use: wasn’t/weren’t + verb + ing for negatives:
 John wasn’t reading a book when we arrived.
We use: was/were + subject + verb + ing for
questions:
 Was she making dinner when you got home?

How did it happen?

1. How did Alice hurt herself? (play soccer)

. She hurt herself while she was playing soccer.
2. How did Martin burn himself? (iron his clothes)
3. How did Helen cut herself? (slice onions)
4. How did Jennifer meet her husband? (fix a flat tire)
5. How did Marvin break his arm? (skate)
6. How did you lose your wallet? (ride my bicycle)
7. How did Jeff meet his wife? (swim at the beach)
8. How did Bob get a black eye? (fight with his brother)
9. How did your children burn themselves? (make breakfast)
10. How did Martha fall? (dance)

What’s the matter?

What was he / What What’s

she doing? happened? the result?
ice-skate fall on break
Tina the ice foot
play football kick break
Jack the goalpost leg
cycle fall off injure
Bob the bike hand
skate fall break
Ann over arm
dance trip sprain
Alice over the carpet ankle
Make dialogues as in the example:

Example: You : Hi, Tina! What’s the matter with your foot?
Tina : I broke it.
You : How did it happen?
Tina : I fell on the ice while I was ice-skating.

Fill-in the gaps of the following conversations with the correct verb form in the simple past or
past continuous tense.
1. A: How ………………you………….(break) the window?
B: I ................(play) football and the ball………….(hit) the window accidentally.

2. A: …………you…………….(see) John at the party last night?

B:Oh yes!he…………………….(dance) with Jane when I………………(see) him

3. A: What ……………you…………….(do) at midnight last night?

B: I………………….(sleep)

4. A: I wonder how he……………..(break) his left arm yesterday.

B: He ……………….…..(paint) the walls of his bedroom when he
suddenly………………….(fall) off the ladder.

5. A: Why…………….she………………(have) an accident last week?

B: Because she………….……(drive) very fast and she…………(loose) control of her
car and eventually she………………(hit) a big tree.

6. A: Why……………(not) you………………(answer) my call an hour ago?

B: Because I………………………….(have) a bath.

7. A: What…………Terry…………….(do) when you …………..(see) him?

B: He …………………….(study) for his English exam.

8. A: What …………they…………..(do) when the power ………….(go) off suddenly?

B: They………………………(watch) TV.

9. A:……………..it……………(rain) when you……………….(get) up?

B: No. It …………………..(snow).

10. A: Where …………you…………..(go) when I …………..(see) you last week?

B: We……………….(go) to the cinema?
A: Oh nice! What…………….(be) the movie like?
B: Boring! I……………….(fall) asleep in the middle of the film while
I……………..(watch) it.
 Fill in the blanks with a correct form, the PAST SIMPLE or the PAST CONTINUOUS:

1. He ………………………………….. (talk) with Mary, when Mrs. Smith came in.

2. They ………………………………… (study) two hours last night.
3. Jane …………………………………. (sleep) when the telephone rang.
4. As I …………………………………. (walk) to the lab, I met my friend.
5. We ………………………………….. (watch) TV last night.
6. The customer ………………………… (pay) his cheque when he dropped his credit card.
7. The barber …………………………………. (cut) my hair yesterday.
8. She ………………………………. (dance) when she hurt her ankle.
9. It …………………………………. (rain) hard when I got up.
10. It …………………………………. (rain) hard last night.

Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses using the SIMPLE PAST or
the PAST PROGRESSIVE:

1. Sally ………………………… (eat) dinner last night when someone ………………..(knock) on the door.
2. I began to study at seven last night. Fred …………………………… (come) at seven-thirty. I
…………………………… (study) when Fred …………………….. (come).
3. While I ………………………………. (study) last night, Fred …………………(drop by) to visit me.
4. My roommate’s parents ………………………………. (call) him last night while we…………………………………….
(watch) TV.
5. My mother called me around five. My husband came home a little after five. When
he…………………………….. (come) home, I ……………………….. (talk) to my mother on the phone.
6. Yesterday Tom and Janice …………………… (go) to the zoo around one. They………. (see) many
kinds of animals. They stayed at the zoo for two hours. While they …………………………… (walk)
home, it …………….…….. (begin) to rain, so they ……………………….. (stop) at a small café and
……………………(have) a cup of coffee.
7. Yesterday afternoon I ………………………… (go) to visit the Parker family. When I ……………………..
(get) there around two o’clock, Mrs. Parker ………………….. (be) in the yard. She …………………
(plant) flowers in her garden. Mr. Parker……………………….. (be) in the garage. He
……………………………….. (work) on their car. He …………………………….. (change) the oil.
 What’s the question?

how what where

how long what kind of who
how many when why

1. ………..Who did you visit …………….? I visited my cousin.

2. ………………………………………….? We talked about my job.
3. ………………………………………….? She went to the beach.
4. ………………………………………….? She met her friend.
5. ………………………………………….? They spoke Russian.
6. ………………………………………….? They swam in the ocean.
7. ………………………………………….? He had dinner at 8:00.
8. ………………………………………….? I baked an apple pie.
9. ………………………………….? She cried because her dog ran away.
10. ………………………………………….? I stayed for a week.
11. ………………………………………….? I came home by train.
12. ………………………………………….? He ate three hamburgers.
13. ………………………………………….? He left the restaurant at 9:00.
14. …………………………………….? She wrote a letter to her mother.
15. ………………………………………….? They studied all morning.
16. ……………………………………….? We took a lot of photographs.
17. …………………………………….? We sent a postcard to our teacher.
18. …………………………………….? He fell asleep during the lecture.
19. ………………………………….? I lost my wallet while I was skating.
20. ……………………………….….….? They covered their eyes because
they were scared.
 WHEN OR WHILE, THAT’S THE MATTER

When + simple past , past While + past continuous , simple

continuous past
Past continuous + when + simple Simple past + while+ past
past continuous
Simple past + when + simple past Past continuous + while + past
continous

- Use when or while

1) ………….. Sherife was studying English, Esra was stduying
Maths.

2) What were you doing ……………. The thieves broke into house?

3) Halilcan came in the classroom ………… Nida teacher was

telling when and while.
4) ………….. İzzet saw Hüseyin, he was eating sandwich.

5) I entered the classroom ……………… the bell rang.

6) Hatice was cooking …………. Haticegül called her.

7) Meryem was sleeping ………….. Hilal teacher asked her a

Question.

8) ……….. Gürcan teacher drinking tea, Bayram teacher was

playing chess.

9) I lost my wallet …………. I was walking on the road.

10) I was carrying a box ………… she run into me.

 I
You
He
She
It +WILL+(not)+verb
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE We
We use Will(short We use: They
form):’ll Will not=won’t
to express :
Future:There will be For example:He is a
skycars. good manager. He QUESTION
Decision:The phone is won’t make any Will you come to my
ringing.I will answer mistakes. house ?
it. Short answer:
Offer:I’ll post the Yes, I will.
letter for you. No, I won’t.
Will she make the
bed?
Yes,she will.
No, she won’t.
Finish the sentence with a suitable verb:
will+ verb
*I am too tired to walk home. I think I
will get a taxi.
*I don’t know how to use this phone. OK. Will or won’t
I…… ………. you. My parents ………go to the market. (Get some
*Goodbye ! Have a nice holiday. Thanks vegetables).
…….. ……….. you a postcard. (Dennis doesn’t find his toothbrush.)He
*Are you coming with us? ……..brush his teeth.
No, I think I ……. ……… here. There………..be tennis match because my friend
*We haven’t got any cheese.Oh, haven’t
hurt her knee.
we. I ……. ……… and get some.
Finish the sentence :
*Thank you for lending me your book.
I …….. ………. it back to you on Friday. In the future I think________________
*There is someone at the door. OK. I …… ___________________________________
……… it. ___________________________________
*What would you like to eat? ___________________________________
I…… ……… a spaghetti bolognese. _______________________
*The phone is ringing.
Right, I …… ………. it.

What does WILL mean in the sentences?

a) future b) offer c) decision
The weather will be changeable. ____
They will help you arrange the room. ____
I am very bored. I’ll drive to the hills. ____
I ‘ll have this skirt, please. ____
Don’t cry darling. I’ll buy an other dog for you. ____
1) _Will_ they _marry_ soon?
2) Charlie _____________________ this car.
3) Dave _____________________ on the exam.
4) Jane _________________ the doctor on Friday.
5) Grandpa _____________________ on the coach.
6) The baby _____________________ on the wall.
7) ______ we ____________ the hidden treasure?
8) Sarah _____________________ all the candles.
9) ______ she ____________ a shopping list?
10) ______ Ted ____________ these books?
11) Pete _____________________ you up.
12) They _____________________ a pizza.
13) Dana _____________________ the door.
14) ______ Hank ____________ water?
15) I ____________ to a travel agency next week. 1

1) He _will bake_ heart shaped biscuits.

2) ______ they ____________ the drums?
3) She _____________________ juice for breakfast.
4) They _____________________ the rope in the garden.
5) They _____________________ a picnic.
6) ______ she ____________ the washing up?
7) They _____________________ to the lake.
8) ______ she ____________ to music?
9) They _____________________ a snowman.
10) They _____________________ a bath.
11) ______ she ____________ the dog for a walk?
12) She _____________________ a tree.
13) He _____________________ something delicious.
14) ______ she ____________ breakfast at half past 7?
15) She _____________________ the skirt.
 Will for Informing and Predicting
Exercise 1: Complete the text with the following words:
I’ll earn lots of money probably
think won’t buy I’ll still be living in Spain
sure

I ‘m not ________________what I’ll do when I’m older. Maybe ________________ play in a rock
band or work on a cruise ship. I definitely ________________have a boring office job! With a bit of
luck I’ll __________________. If I do, I’ll ___________ the house of my dreams. I
________________I’ll buy a Ferrari too. I imagine that ________________________because all my
family and friends are here. I’ll _________________travel around the world at some point though.

Exercise 2: Order the sentences:

1. this year / probably /won’t / in Guadalajara/ I / go to the festival
2. definitely / I / take my grandmother /won’t /to the rock concert
3. think / I / because it’s faster /go to Madrid by train/ I’ll
4. I’ll / soon /buy a new bike / probably
5. don’ t / because I can’t swim /think/have a swimming pool /I/ I’ll
6. when I’m older /imagine that /I’ll / I / continue to live in Spain
7. and make lots of money /hope / I/be a famous rock star / I’ll
8. hope / I / I /have a boring job/ won’t
9. definitely /big birthday party /I’ll /have a /

Exercise 3: Now answer the following questions using will:

1. What type of car will you drive in the future?
2. Do you think you’ll play in a rock band or an orchestra when you’re older?
3. What festival will you go to next?
4. Will you go to any concerts this year?
5. What will you do this weekend?
6. Do you think you’ll ride the same type of bike when you’re older or will you change?
7. How will you celebrate your next birthday?
 PLANS
You can use be going to + infinitive to talk about
about future plans . It expresses an intention,
decis decision which has already been made.
e.g. : I am going to tell him this evening.
She isn’t going to work there..
Are you going to read the book ?
PRESENT EVIDENCE
You can also use be going to + infinitive
to predict future from present evidence.
The future event is on the way.
e.g. : Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain !
Look at the boy. He’s going to fall.

Time words: tomorrow, next week, soon

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

I am going to play.
You are going to play.
He is going to play.
She is going to play.
It is going to play.
We are going to play.
You are going to play.
They are going to play.
I am not going to watch TV. Am I going to swim?
You aren’t going to watch TV. Are you going to swim?
He isn’t going to watch TV. Is he going to swim?
She isn’t going to watch TV. Is she going to swim?
It isn’t going to watch TV. Is it going to swim?
We aren’t going to watch TV. Are we going to swim?
You aren’t going to watch TV. Are you going to swim?
They aren’t going to watch TV. Are they going to swim?

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE VERBS IN BRACKETS

1.- Julian …………..(do) the washing up today. 2.-Martha ………………… (visit) her grandparents in the
country. 3.-Philip and you …………. (win) the football match tomorrow. 4.-We …………………..
(practice) these exercises. 5.-The girls …………………. (buy) some food for the party. 6.-My uncle
………………….. (do) some gardening. 7.-I ………………………….. (go) to help my friends to decorate their new flat.
8.-Patrick ……………….. (dust) the furniture. 9.-Mother ……………….. (feed) the baby. 10.- That actress
………………….. (receive) an Oscar in USA. 11.-That train …………………. (leave) the station in a few minutes. 12.-
The businessman ………………….. (fly) to Istanbul.

MAKE TRUE SENTENCES : FINISH THE SENTENCES. USE GOING TO:

e.g. (watch TV this evening)
I am not going to watch TV this evening.
1. ( go to the seaside this summer)
2. ( have a party this weekend)
3. ( do some sports this afternoon)
4. ( go to the cinema this week)
5. ( wash your hair tomorrow)
1. Her belly is very big. She ……………….twins.
2. Look at Peter. He is really pale. He ………..
3. Ronaldinho has the ball now and he ……….. !
4. Look at the plane. The engine is on fire! It ……
5. Careful! The egg …………
6. The sky is gray. It ………..
7. He is holding a handkerchief. He …
Match the two columns using be going to .
e.g. Jack is afraid of flying. That’s why he is going to drive all the way to Bulgaria.
1. Jim loves Jane very much. He ….
2. Her dog died last month but we…
3. I am really depressed today. I ….
4. Peter’s bought me The Da Vinci Code. I …
5. There is James Bond on TV tonight. We..
6. It’s Linda’s birthday on Saturday. We …
7. Diane adores Justin Timberlake. She …
8. I have all the ingredients I need so I …
9. Jack is afraid of flying. That’s why he ...
10. Susan wants to go to Spain this holiday so she..
a….make an apple pie this evening.
b …buy his new CD.
c …learn some Spanish.
d ... ask her to marry him this weekend.
e….drive all the way to Bulgaria.
f … give her a new one.
g …have a hot bath and eat chocolate.
h …read it as soon as I have more time.
i … throw a surprise party for her.
j ... watch it.
 Reading: The world in 2050
Read the texts and do the exercises

Samuel, 27
I think a lot of things will change in 2050.
India will overtake China as the first
largest economy in the world, but the
country will have many problems with its
demographics. The world will also have a
lot of problems with the pollution and the
climate changing. We will need to find
other resources, because there will be
more than nine billion people on Earth in 2050. We will also need to build
spaceships to travel to the Moon and to Mars, because we will have to take
resources from these places.

Lea, 25
Our world won’t be the same in 2050. We
will improve our technology and
everybody will be able to speak at least
five languages. People will live longer and
we won’t have health problems, because
we will improve our knowledge on
medicine. We will also live in peace and
the different countries won’t have
nuclear weapons anymore. We will also
have a single world government as we
already have the IMF (International Monetary Fund). I think 2050 will be a
great year for mankind!
Steven, 29
I hope that the world countries will be
able to overcome the different issues in
2050. We will live in peace and won’t
have any wars anymore. We will be able
to explore the space and to find other
habitable planets. We will perhaps find
other intelligent Beings on other planets
in 2050.
 Reading: The world in
2050
What will the world look like in 2050? What do they think? Fill in the table!

People Information

Your turn! What do you think? What will the world look like in 2050?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………..
Fill in WILL or BE GOING TO:

1. A: Why do you need so much sugar?

B: I ……………………………………… make a cake.
2. A: Oh no! I’ve left my purse at home and I haven’t got any money on
me!
B: Don’y worry. I …………………………………………. lend you some.
3. A: I don’t know how to use this mixer.
B: That’s OK. I ………………………………….. show you.
4. A: Why are all these people gathered here?
B: The Prime Minister ……………………………… open the new hospital ward.
5. A: Did you remember to buy the magazine I asked for?
B: Sorry, I didn’t. I …………………………………. buy it when I go out again.
6. A: What’s that on your curtains?
B: It’s a stain. I ………………………………….. take them to the dry cleaner’s
tomorrow.
7. A: These bags are very heavy. I can’t lift them.
B: I ………………………………… carry them for you.
8. A: I hear you’re going to Leeds University in September.
B: Yes, I ……………………………………. study French and German.

9. A: Why don’t you tidy your room?

B: I …………………………………….. play football in ten minutes, so I haven’t
got time.
10. A: How can we get all this home?
B: I ………………………………………. ask James to come and help.
11. She has bought some wool. She ……………………………. knit a sweater.
12. A: This problem is very difficult.
B: I ………………………. help you to solve it.
13. A: Why are you taking down all the pictures?
B: I ……………………………….. paint the room.
14. I ………………………… climb that mountain one day.
15. Look at that young man. He looks very pale. He …………………………….
faint.
16. A: Why are buying that spade?
B: I ……………………………… plant some trees in my garden at the back of
the house.
17. She …………………………….. get better. There are positive signs.
18. I’m hungry. I ………………………………. have something to eat.
19. I ………………………………… be 38 years old next week.
Put the verb in to the correct from using WILL or GOING TO:

1. A: Why are you turning on the television?

B: I …………………………………………… (watch) the news.
2. A: Oh, I’ve just realized. I haven’t got any money.
B: Don’t worry. That’s no problem. I ………………………………. (lend) you
some.
3. Those clouds are very black, aren’t they? I think it ………………………………
(rain).
4. A: I’ve got a terrible headache.
B: Have you? Wait here and I ……………………………. (get) an aspirin for
you.
5. A: Why are you filling that bucket with water?
B: I …………………………………… (wash) the car.
6. A: I’ve decided to re-paint this room.
B: Oh, have you? What colour …………………………………………. (you / paint)
it?
7. A: Look! There’s smoke coming out of that house. It’s on fire!
B: Good heavens! I ………………………… call the fire-brigade immediately.
8. A: The ceiling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does it?
B: No, it looks as if it ………………………………….. (fall) down.
9. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping?
B: Yes, I …………………………………….. (buy) something for dinner.
10. A: I can’t work out how to use this camera.
B: It’s quite easy. I ………………………………. (show) you.
11.A: What would you like to drink – tea or coffee?
B: I ……………………………. (have) tea, please.
12.A: Has George decided on what to do when he leaves school?
B: Oh yes. Everything is planned. He …………………………………… (have) a
holiday
for a few weeks and then he ……………………………………….. (start) a
computer
programming course.
 Zero conditional Used to talk about general truths or
scientific facts

If/when + Present Simple / Present Simple

Ex:
- If you freeze water it turns into ice.
- If I work too much I get tired.

FIRST CONDITIONAL
Form
If + Present Simple - modal (will, can, may, must) + infinitive.
Example: If you listen to this song, you´ll like it.
USE
Conditions which are very probable in the present or future.

SECOND CONDITIONAL
Form
If+ Past Simple - modal (would, could, might) + infinitive
Example: If I had more money, I would buy a new computer.
USE
Conditions which are improbable or impossible in the present or future.
UNLESS
Unless is used instead of if+ not in conditional sentences of all types.
Example: You´ll get sick unless you stop smoking. (= You´ll get sick if you don´t stop smoking.
1. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense and form.
I. He __________________ ( not be) very good football player if he didn´t train hard.
II. She won´t finish her report on time if you __________________(not / help) her.
III. I won´t be surprised if they __________________(get married)
IV. If they moved to Rome, I __________________(not see) them very often.
V. If it rains, they __________________(not go) to the football match.
VI. If someone __________________(have) an electronic shock, what would you do?
VII. If we __________________(not work) hard, we could fail the exam.
VIII. If your friend got hurt, what __________________(you / do)?
IX. She won´t take a course unless she __________________ (listen) to her father´s advice.
X. Sara will be sad if Juan __________________leave).
XI. If you cook the dinner, I __________________(wash) the dishes.
XII. She´ll look completely different if she __________________ (cut) her hair.
XIII. You __________________ (get) heart disease if you eat too much meat.
XIV. Your blood pressure may rise if you __________________ (be) a heavy smoker.
XV. If you don´t put so much sugar in your tea, you __________________(put on) so much weight!

2. Complete the sentences by using your own words.

I. I´ll lend you my umbrella if you _______________________________

II. The sea level will rise unless _________________________________

III. Unless he saves more money, he _____________________________

IV. If you talked to him, he _____________________________________

V. If my father were here, he ___________________________________

VI. I would sing you a song if ____________________________________

Conditional sentences express a condition (if…) and the consequence of the
condition.
The consequence can be expressed before or after the condition:
 If you come to Canada, we can visit Vancouver = we can visit Vancouver if
you come to Canada.
Note: if the condition comes first, a comma is used. If the consequence
comes first, no comma is used.
0º - Zero conditional.
If + present tense, -present tense: if the teacher is late, it sets a bad
example to the class.

Zero conditional is used to express:

Things that are always or generally true: people get annoyed if you
shout at them
Scientific facts: if water boils, it evaporates
• Situations whose result is certain or normal.
If water gets to 100ºC it boils.

• instructions
Press this green button if you want the machine to start.

• logical deductions
If that’s burning, it isn’t water.

1º - First conditional.
If/Unless + present tense, - future tense/modal verb (may, should, can,
etc.)/imperative:
 If you wash the car, it will look much smarter. Future tense
 You can have an ice-cream if you behave well. Modal
 If he phones, tell him I’m in a meeting. Imperative
 I won’t phone unless it’s urgent. Future negative
 You shouldn’t go swimming unless you think it’s safe. Modal

 The first conditional is used to express a future condition the speaker

thinks is possible or likely: if I get the job, I’ll buy myself a new car.
2º Second conditional
If/Unless + past tense, - would/could/might + infinitive:
 If she wasn´t so busy, she could come to the party.
 I would go for a walk if it wasn’t so cold.

 The second conditional is used to express a present or future

condition which is imaginary, contrary to the facts, impossible or
improbable:
 If I was as rich as Bill Gates, I wouldn’t work. Imaginary situation
 I wouldn’t fly in a helicopter unless I was sure it was completely safe.
Imaginary situation
 Her English would be better if she came to class more often. Contrary to
the facts as she doesn’t come to class often enough.

Exercices:
A- Match the columns.

If you need to have 1 a don’t drive.

dinner at 1 sharp,
If you want to get 2 b sai it.
to work on time,
If it pours with rain, 3 c please take the
message.
If you drink, 4 d don’t go outside.
If the client 5 e get a taxi.
phones,
If you know the 6 f heat the oven now.
answer,

1. ___ 2. ___ 3. ___ 4. ___ 5. ___ 6. ____

B- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in

brackets.

1. Plants die if they ________ (not/ get) enough water.

2. If someone enter the building, the alarm ________ (go) off.
3. If we ________(be) late for school, our teacher gets angry.
4. If you ________ (not / eat) on time, you get hungry.
5. If you don’t have a job, you ________(feel) useless.
6. The sun burns if the weather ________(be) hot.
7. If the machine ________(run), don’t touch it.
Exercises:
> Transform these sentences using the First Conditional.

1 Rachel might fail her driving test. But she can take it again.

2 United might lose. If they do, Tom will be upset.

3 The office may be closed. In that case Mark won't be able to get in.

4 Nick may arrive a bit early. If he does, he can help Tom to get things

ready.

5 The party might go on all night. If it does, no one will want to do any work

tomorrow.

6 Emma may miss the train. But she can get the next one.

7 Is Matthew going to enter the race? He'll probably win it.

> Transform these sentences using the Second Conditional.

1 You can't look the word up because you haven't got a dictionary.
I'm sorry. ..........................................................................................................
2 You don't write to your friends because you're so busy.
I’ve got so much to do ..................................................................................
3 You can't play tennis because your back is aching.
It's a nuisance .................................................................................................
4 Claire won't marry Henry because she doesn't love him.
Of course, ........................................................................................................
5 Nick can't find the way because he hasn't got a map.
Nick's lost, but ................................................................................................
6 David has so many accidents because he's so clumsy.
You know, ...........................................................................................................

1. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense and form.
I. He __________________ ( not be) very good football player if he didn´t
train hard.
II. She won´t finish her report on time if you __________________(not /
help) her.
III. I won´t be surprised if they __________________(get married)
IV. If they moved to Rome, I __________________(not see) them very often.
V. If it rains, they __________________(not go) to the football match.
VI. If someone __________________(have) an electronic shock, what would
you do?
VII. If we __________________(not work) hard, we could fail the exam.
VIII. If your friend got hurt, what __________________(you / do)?
IX. She won´t take a course unless she __________________ (listen) to her
father´s advice.
X. Sara will be sad if Juan __________________(leave).
XI. If you cook the dinner, I __________________(wash) the dishes.
XII. She´ll look completely different if she __________________ (cut) her
hair.
XIII. You __________________ (get) heart disease if you eat too much meat.
XIV. Your blood pressure may rise if you __________________ (be) a heavy
smoker.
XV. If you don´t put so much sugar in your tea, you _________________(put
on) so much weight!

2. Complete the sentences by using your own words.

I. I´ll lend you my umbrella if you _______________________________

II. The sea level will rise unless _________________________________

III. Unless he saves more money, he _____________________________

IV. If you talked to him, he _____________________________________

V. If my father were here, he ___________________________________

VI. I would sing you a song if ____________________________________

 Form : HAVE / HAS + Past Participle

+ Affirmative - Negative ? Interrogative

I/you/we/they Have I/you/we/they have not worked Have I/you/we/they worked?

(I’ve worked) (haven’t worked)
He/she/it Has worked He/she/it has not worked Has he/she/it worked?
He’s worked) (hasn’t worked)

When do we use the Present perfect? Present perfect indicators

1) For actions which happened at an indefinite time
Just : To talk about actions that
in the past when the exact time is not important.
happened a short time before now.
These actions often have consequences in the
Tom has just arrived.
present.
Already: To emphasize that something
I’ve lost my keys. ( I can’t open the door )
happened before now, or before it was
2) Recent actions where results are often visible in the expected to happen.
present: used with key adverbs Just, already and Tom has already arrived.
Yet. Yet:
Tom has just left.  With a negative verb to say that
3) Experiences “up to now” : Key adverbs Ever and something has not happened but
Never. we think it will happen.
Have you ever been to New York? Tom hasn’t arrived yet.
4) For an action that began in the past and continues  In questions to ask whether
up to now: often used with Since and for. something that we expected to
I have lived in Italy for three years. happen, has happened.
5) With superlatives Has Tom arrived yet?
This is the best pizza I’ve ever had. Ever: Is used in questions and goes
6) With expressions the first time, the second time etc. between subject and main verb.
This is the second time I’ve read this Have you ever travelled
novel. abroad?
7) ith today, this morning/afternoon/evening / Never: Is used in negative
year to talk about a period of time that is not yet statements and goes between the
finished. auxiliary and the verb.
I have seen him today. I have never travelled
abroad.
For: When we are talking about a
period of time.
He has lived here for 5 years
Since: When we are talking about
the start of the period .
He has lived here since 2005

Note: Been and gone

He’s gone to Australia ( he’s there now)

He’s been to Australia ( He went there some in the
past but he’s here now)
 1 For and since
a) ……………. a second
c) ……………. nine o’clock
e) ……………. was at school
g) ……………. a long time
i) ……………. many years
k) ……………. five months
b) ……………….. a year
d) ……………….. last Spring
f) ……………….. Christmas
h) ……………….. a few minutes
j) ……………….. my birthday
l) ……………….. World War two

2 Complete the sentences using the present
perfect
a) My father …………………. (buy) a new car.
b) The students who……………………..(finish,
already) the test , can leave.
c) Mum……………….(bake) a cake for the party.
d) I………………….(study) all day.
e) Jane …………….( do) the washing up so we can
go out.
f) …………. you ………… (make) the beds?
g) He ………………(write) 7 novels.
h) They ……………….(be) to South America.
3 Write affirmative (+) or negative (-)
sentences
a) Francesca…………..(speak +) to the head
teacher.
b) We………………(have-) lunch yet.
c) This is the best novel I …………..(read+)
d) We …………………(see+) this film 3 times.
e) I …………….(blow-) up all the balloons yet.
f) She…………………(photocopy+ ) the book for the
exam.
g) I…………………..(pack-) my rucksack yet.
h) We…………………(know+) them for ages.

4 Complete the dialogue using present perfect or past simple.

John: How long 1) …………………( you/know) each other?
Tony: We 2)…………..(meet) three years ago.
John: And when 3)……………………..(you/decide) to sing together?
Sally: We 4) ……………..(begin) singing together after a few months.
Tony: When we 5) ………….(start), we 6)…………………..(buy) some equipment we
7)…………………(run) out of money.
Sally: It 8)………(be) terrible.
Tony: We 9)…………..(have) to borrow some money and of course we 10) …………….(not pay) it all back
yet.
John: But now you are quite famous and your Cd 11) ……………….( win) an award and all of your
problems 12)…………………… (disappear_)

5.Complete the sentences with a word or 6 Present perfect or past simple

phrase from the box. Correct the mistakes
a) Jack has broken his leg yesterday
ago just ever for never b) They arrived a few hours ago
a) I don’talready
want to gostill
in the yet
water since
now I’ve …………had c) We’ve lived here since five years
lunch. d) What time has Jane phoned?
b) My family has lived in this house …………. ages. e) Have you ever worked in an office?
c) Sonia has ……………..skied . She hates the snow. f) She’ s my best friend and I know her for
d) I haven’t seen john ………….. last weekend. fifteen years.
e) We’ve ……………… booked our holiday. We’re going g) I haven’t played volleyball since I was sixteen.
to the Caribbean Islands. h) Mel lived in Malaga since 1998.
f) Have you ……………. worked in an office ? i) He’s gone to London twice.
g) The boss hasn’t arrived …………. so we can have a j) I have won three awards.
cup of coffee. k) He wrote ten bestselling novels.
h) Sonia …………. hasn’t paid me the money she owes l) He has been married twice.
me. m) When have you been to Rome?
i) John left the school a year …………….
 Ken and Laura are
having a party on
Saturday. It is
Wednesday and they
are talking on the sofa.

 Put the verbs in the brackets into the Present Perfect Tense

Ken: Let’s see what we______________________(already, take care of) and

what still needs to be done.
Laura: Fine. I _____________________ (order) the food and flowers.
_________ you _________ (see) to the drinks?
Ken: Sure, I _________. I _________ also _____________ (choose) thmusic.
Laura: Well, then we ______________________ (make) all the
arrangements. Tell me, __________ you __________ (hear) from Paul? Is
he coming? He ____________________ (not, call) to confirm yet.
Ken: I _________. He sent me an e-mail last night. He’ll make it.
Laura: Great! I ____________________ (not, see) him for ages.
Ken: He’s got some news, too. But, I’m not telling you anything.
Laura: Oh, tell me, please! I can’t wait till Saturday.
Ken: Oh, well then. He ________________ (get) engaged.
Laura: No!? You’re pulling my leg. When did that happen?
Ken: Two days ago. But, please, try to act surprised.
Laura: Don’t worry. I’m an expert. I _____________________ (have) a lot of
practice over the years.
Ken: What do you mean?
Laura: Darling, a woman never tells her secrets.
 Since is used for a Task 1 - Choose the correct answer.
specific time. 1) Why haven’t you called the doctor _____?
e.g.: since 8 o’clock
A) already B) yet C) ever D) still
Meaning: ________________
2) Have you _____ been to the Bahamas?
A) lately B) still C) ever D) already
For is used for general 3) I have _____ read your e-mail.
periods of time. A) just B) ever C) still D) yet
e.g.: for two weeks 4) We haven’t met _____ the summer festival.
Meaning: __________
A) still B) never C) for D) since
5) The manager _____ hasn’t decided what to do.
We use it in A) still B) never C) ever D) yet
affirmative statements. 6) Have you seen him _____?
It goes between the auxiliary A) already B) ever C) recently D) still
verb and the perfect participle
7) They have had their house _____ two and a half years.
form.
A) already B) for C) since D) still
e.g.: Mary has already baked a
cake. 8) Dan has _____ climbed a mountain. (This is the first time.)
Meaning: ____________ A) yet B) never C) since D) for
9) I have _____ written an article about drug addiction but I have to write
one about tourism.
We use it in
A) already B) still C) since D) yet
interrogative and
negative sentences. It goes at
10) Prices have gone up _____.
the end of the sentence. A) for B) still C) yet D) lately
e.g.: Have you seen it yet?
Meaning: ______________
Task 2 - Write the suitable signal words on the lines. There are sentences
You can make the
where more signal words can be used. (Write all possibilities.)
sentence negative if you A)already F) never
put never between have/has B) ever G) recently
and the past participle form of C) for H) since
the verb. This time you D)just I) still
mustn’t negate the verb. E) lately J) yet
e.g. I have never been here.
1) Sally has _________ finished his last book. I have _________ read such an
Meaning: _______________
interesting novel _________.
Mostly used in 2) We _________ haven’t received their invitation card.
interrogative sentences.
3) * What a great smell! * I have _________ baked a cake for my children.
It goes between have/has
and the past participle form. 4) Our team has had more trainings _________.
e.g. Have you ever been here? 5) My mum hasn’t had an accident _________ she got her driving licence.
Meaning: ____________
6) Has the prime minister _________ travelled to the USA?

It is used in negative 7) They’ve been on holiday _________ a fortnight.

sentences in present 8) Steve has _________ tried to cheat on a test. He studies hard.
perfect. It goes before the
9) I have _________ thought about our possibilities.
negative form of the auxiliary
verb. 10) She hasn’t played tennis _________ then.
e.g.: I still haven’t done it. 11) We can have lunch. I have _________ set the table.
Meaning: ____________
12) His uncle has written two books _________.

It is used in affirmative 13) Ms Greene has acted in our theatre _________ a season.
sentences in present perfect. 14) My neighbours _________ haven’t cut the grass.
It goes between have/has and
15) Dave has _________ been late. He is always on time.
the past participle form.
e.g.: I have just heard it. 16) Heidi has ridden a bike in the park _________ the end of her last lesson.
Meaning: ____________ 17) Have they taken some photos _________?
18) Have you _________ told a lie to your mum?
We use it in each
19) He has _________ found his pen.
sentence. It goes at the end
of the sentence. 20) Jane has seen the doctor _________.
e.g.: She hasn’t been here lately
Meaning: ____________
 Past Simple Present Perfect
Action in the past (determined time) Action in the past (undetermined time)
Action that starts / ends in the past Unfinished action starting in the past

Examples
I bought a beautiful blouse yesterday.
I bought a pie when I was at the supermarket.
I worked at that office for 3 years.
I lived in Miami before moving to Australia.
Examples
I have bought a beautiful blouse.
I have gone to Australia several times.
I have worked here since I moved to this town.
I haven’t read the newspaper yet.

Complete with the verb given in the present perfect or the past simple:
1. I __________________ your sister when I ______________ at the movie theater
Saturday night. She looks like you. [ meet; be]
2. Tony _______________________ the dishes yet. I ____________ him to do it after
lunch, maybe he _________________ me. [ do; ask; hear / not]
3. Claire _______________ to Canada three years ago. I miss her very much. [ move]

4. Dan should be more careful. He _________________ his wallet at the mall yesterday. [ lose]
5. Ann is so absent-minded! Do you believe she ___________________ the wrong tickets? [ get]
6. _____ you ________ Sarah yet? She _______________ while you ____________ away. [ call;
phone; be]
7. I ______________ the garage this morning to see if the car ___________ ready but they
___________________ it yet. They ______________ me it’ll be ready by the weekend. [ phone;
be; repair / not; tell]
8. When I ______________ in Columbia I ___________ to have a Porsche, but since I
___________ to Maine I ___________________ a Mercedes. [ live; use; move; have]
9. Calm down, Lucy! Carl _____________________ yet, but he may get here soon. [ arrive / not]
10. Paula _______________ from Italy this morning. She ___________ she wants to see you as
soon as possible. [ arrive / say]
11. We _____________________ to Europe several times. It’s always a wonderful trip. [ be]
12. I ______________________ here for fourteen years, so I think you should listen to me. [
work]
13. Peter ________________ last year and since then he ____________________ his time to
gardening. [ retire; dedicate]
14. Emily should go with us. The last time we ________________ there we _____________ a
great time. [ go; have]

15. When I _______________ in Paris I _______________ to the Eifel Tower just because
everyone _______________ it. [ be; go; visit]
16. I _____________________ some weight because I ______________ every night after work
for the past three weeks. [ lose; jog]
17. Philip ____________________ to ballet classes. I don’t know if he wants to lose weight or to
shock his family. [enroll]